This thesis sought to improve our understanding of how kidneys become injured as a consequence of organ donation, with the aim of improving the outcomes of transplantation. Every year, hundreds of patients on the waiting list die whilst awaiting a kidney transplant. With an ever-increasing demand for suitable organs, supply cannot keep up with the pressures on the transplant waiting list. As a consequence the transplant community are forced to use organs that previously would not have been considered suitable for transplant, including from older donors with additional comorbidities. This thesis aimed to develop an understanding as to how the kidney becomes injured during the donation process, identifying which key cellular homeostatic processes are disturbed as a consequence of donation. The thesis outlines the experimental development of rodent models of organ donation replicating the donation process for donation after brain death (DBD) and donation after circulatory death (DCD) donors and also the development of a kidney ischaemia reperfusion injury (IRI) model. Proteomics was subsequently used to identifying global protein alterations in the kidney as a consequence of brain death and ischemia reperfusion injury using bioinformatics tools to identify involvement of cellular pathways. The results indicated alterations in mitochondrial function and metabolic homeostasis occurring following brain death. Alterations in cellular metabolism and mitochondrial function were then confirmed using metabolomics and mitochondrial functional assays. I subsequently evaluated how alterations in cellular hypoxia and the hypoxia inducible factor system is altered in the brain dead organ donor kidney and aimed to target this system as a means of conditioning the brain dead organ donor to prevent mitochondrial and metabolic mediated injury to kidney cells following brain death. This involved exploring the role of prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors, including dimethyloxalylglycine, on mitochondrial function and whether this could be a therapeutic target in organ donation. This thesis provides important insights into the mechanism of injury of kidneys following brain death, providing evidence that even before procurement and preservation in the DBD donor alterations in mitochondrial function and metabolic homeostasis occur. I provide preliminary data on the use of prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors in altering mitochondrial function. I also outline my involvement in other ongoing projects in organ donation and machine perfusion that also aim to improve the outcomes of deceased donor kidney and liver transplantation.

abstract: Despite the minor differences in the inclusiveness of the word, there is a general assumption among the scientific community that the 'pursuit of knowledge' is the most fundamental element in defining the word 'science'. However, a closer examination of how science is being conducted in modern-day South Korea reveals a value system starkly different from the value of knowledge. By analyzing the political discourse of the South Korean policymakers, mass media, and government documents, this study examines the definition of science in South Korea. The analysis revealed that the Korean science, informed by the cultural, historical, and societal contexts, is largely focused on the values of national economic prosperity, international competitiveness, and international reputation of the country, overshadowing other values like the pursuit of knowledge or even individual rights. The identification of the new value system in South Korean science deviating from the traditional definition of science implies that there must be other definitions of science that also deviates, and that even in the Western world, the definition of science may yield similar deviations upon closer examination. The compatibility of the South Korean brand of science to the international scientific community also implies that a categorical quality is encompassing these different contextual definitions of science. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Biology 2011

A possibilidade da substituição de órgãos e tecidos que estão comprometidos por outros que estão com suas funções vitais adequadas para o corpo humano, acontece por um principal objetivo, preservar a saúde do homem buscando maior sobrevida e principalmente proporcionando melhor qualidade de vida. O trabalho aborda o assunto doação de órgãos, onde será explorado o tema relacionando à percepção da família sobre morte encefálica e os impedimentos para a doação, tendo como principal objetivo conhecer as principais dificuldades e fatores que impedem os familiares de pacientes com morte encefálica autorizarem a doação de órgãos. Foram analisados 66 prontuários de prováveis doadores (pacientes com Morte encefálica), sendo 36 prontuários do ano de 2010 e 30 prontuários do ano de 2011. No entanto dos 66 prováveis doadores, foram doados os órgãos de apenas 16 pacientes, dos demais prováveis doadores (50 pacientes) não aconteceram as doações, houve recusa por parte da família, 46% alegaram que não tiveram informações sobre o que estava acontecendo, que houve pouco diálogo dos profissionais com a família e que principalmente o atendimento inicial na emergência não teve humanização. São muitas dúvidas que acometem as famílias em todo o processo, referente à morte encefálica, a liberação do corpo e outros questionamentos que surgem, porém quando os familiares são esclarecidos e informados pela equipe de saúde gera uma satisfação quanto ao atendimento prestado durante o período de internação do paciente, proporcionando assim um conforto às famílias e, consequentemente, auxiliando na diminuição da dor e do sofrimento. / The possibility of substituting organs and tissues which are damaged with others which have their vital functions working adequately for the human body, takes place for one main reason, to preserve the health of the person seeking a longer life and mainly to propitiate a better quality of life. This paper deals with the subject of organ donation, where the theme will be explored relating it to the family‟s perception of brain death and the impediments for donation, having as its main goal to get to know the main difficulties and factors which impede relatives of brain dead patients to authorize organ donation. 66 patient records of probable donors (brain dead patients) were analyzed, 36 of which were from the year 2010 and 30 from the year 2011. However, of the 66 likely donors, organs of only 16 patients were donated. There were no donations from the other probable donors (50 patients). The families refused. 46% alleged that they did not have information about what was happening, that there was little dialog of the professionals with the family and mainly, that the initial service in the emergency room was not humanized. Many doubts afflict the families in the whole process with regard to brain death, to liberating the body and other questions which arise. If the health team clarifies and informs the family adequately there will be greater satisfaction with regard to the service rendered during the patient‟s period of internment, propitiating comfort for the families and consequently helping to diminish the pain and suffering.

This thesis investigates how street performers entertain passers-by and audience members in exchange for money. Specifically, it investigates how this exchange relationship is accomplished in light of exchange happening outside the routine context of “the market”, where payment for goods and services is ordinarily enforceable. In this regard, this thesis seeks to uncover the ways that exchange in street performance is alternatively organised through donations, and how giving donations are produced and recognised as interactionally relevant and morally accountable actions. To that end, this thesis employs the allied approaches of ethnomethodology and conversation analysis. It empirically examines video recordings of street performances, mostly collected at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. Three kinds of street performance encounter are considered: these are musical busking, living statue performing, and circle show performing. The order of the discussions of these performances reflects the extent to which the performers explicitly recruit interactional resources —including talk, gesture and material objects—to morally obligate audience members and passers-by to give donations. The main thrust of this thesis is that street performers, passers-by and audience members collaboratively produce and recognise street performances as gifts that should be reciprocated. The street performances are initially freely given, but participation entails indebtedness that in various ways make remuneration interactionally relevant. In this regard, this thesis also explores how money, value and materiality feature in the giving and receiving of donations. This thesis provides new knowledge about how street performance encounters are ordered, how moral obligation is interactionally worked up through the sequential organisation of social actions, and how money donations are exchanged in return for entertainment. It also provides new understanding about how different kinds of street performance encounters share organisationally similar properties for solving the “payment problem”, but at the same time possess properties that are distinct.

This diploma work deals with the issue of charity at elementary schools. At the beginning of the writing there are briefly defined basic terms and kinds of charity. Other chapters concern with the development of charity in Czech countries and particular motives that instigate somebody to do charity. In other parts of the writing there is the charity in the school context. First there are characterized the non-profit institutions dealing with the charity at elementary schools and their specific activities and there are also analysed school documents, school textbooks and other school materials, that are used in the teaching process at the lower secondary schools. The second part of the writing deals with a case study where the results of the research are presented. In this research there are analysed two elementary schools in more details. The aim of the research is to find out: if the charity activities are established in school´s curricular documents, what charitable activities the schools do, if the charity is taught in civics classes etc.

Assentada numa abordagem pós-estruturalista de Estudos Culturais, de inspiração foucaultiana, esta dissertação buscou tensionar a intersecção entre o campo das ciências e o das artes. Para tanto, tomou os discursos contemporâneos sobre o corpo, especialmente sobre a doação de órgãos e tecidos, como seu mote organizador. A ação artística Doações do Corpo, constituída por objetos artísticos para serem doados durante esta pesquisa, mimetizou os processos seletivos adotados pelo sistema de transplantes, na escolha dos receptores para os órgãos, e pelo sistema das artes, na escolha dos artistas para as exposições. Isso fez com que o público ocupasse o lugar de paciente que necessita de um transplante de órgão e, ao mesmo tempo, o lugar de artista, que busca espaço para expor suas obras no circuito das artes. A análise foi realizada sobre os textos dos participantes, produzidos com o intuito de receberem o órgão/obra. A partir dos textos produzidos desde a perspectiva dos receptores para os órgãos/obras, poder-se-ia apontar, além dos aspectos simbólicos sobre a temática dos transplantes que circulam em nossa cultura, a recorrência de discursos sobre a optimização do corpo, visando maximizar suas capacidades produtivas. Além disso, a necessidade da transformação dos indivíduos em empreendedores de si, através do investimento constante sobre o corpo e a saúde, o aperfeiçoamento associado à retórica do risco, considerando que os indivíduos são livres para escolherem as ações a serem empreendidas durante esses processos, ao mesmo tempo em que são os responsáveis por suas consequências. / This work is based in a post-structuralist approach in Cultural Studies, inspired by Michel Foucault. It aimed to provoke a tension at the intersection between the field of sciences and of the arts. For that, the contemporary discourses on the body, especially those about the organs and tissues donation, were its main subject. The artistic action entitled Donation of the Body was constituted of artworks to be donated during this research. The action followed the similar processes adopted by the system of transplants, to choose recipients for the organs, and by the system of arts, to choose the artists for exhibitions. This process made the public to take place of a patient who needs an organ transplant and at the same time, the place of artist, seeking space to exhibit his (her) works in the circuit of art. The analysis was done on the texts of the participants, produced in order to receive the organ/artwork. Among these texts – produced from the perspective of the recipients for the organs/artworks –, one could point out the recurrence of the discourses regarding the symbolic aspects of the transplants, that circulate in our culture, as well of discourses about the optimization of the body in order to maximize its productive capacities. In addition, the need of transforming individuals into entrepreneurs of themselves, through the constant investment on the body and the health, the improvement associated to the rhetoric of risk, taking into account that the individuals are free to choose the actions to be developed during these processes, at the same time that they are the responsible for their consequences.

176 f. / Submitted by Ana Valéria de Jesus Moura (anavaleria_131@hotmail.com) on 2013-08-08T13:06:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TACIANA PALMEIRA ANDRADE.pdf: 717253 bytes, checksum: c8857f412a3564ee49e95e9e34112dd5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Valéria de Jesus Moura(anavaleria_131@hotmail.com) on 2013-08-08T13:12:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TACIANA PALMEIRA ANDRADE.pdf: 717253 bytes, checksum: c8857f412a3564ee49e95e9e34112dd5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-08T13:12:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TACIANA PALMEIRA ANDRADE.pdf: 717253 bytes, checksum: c8857f412a3564ee49e95e9e34112dd5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal demonstrar a possibilidade do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro abarcar a hipótese de escolha pelo doador do destinatário dos seus órgãos na doação de órgãos post mortem. Inicialmente, busca-se enquadrar o direito ao próprio corpo como direito da personalidade, relativizando o caráter de indisponibilidade desses direitos de forma a reconhecer a incidência da autonomia privada em seu campo. Ainda, será analisado o princípio da autonomia na sua concepção bioética e sua influência na determinação da possibilidade da escolha pelo doador de órgãos post mortem. Outrossim, ficará demonstrado que o sistema atual possui falhas e que a compatibilização do modelo atual com a possibilidade de escolha pelo doador é possível,utilizando-se como parâmetro o tratamento dado à doação em vida no direito pátrio, bem como na legislação estrangeira. / Salvador

This thesis analyses the acquisition of donations by the German faith missions from their beginnings up to the outbreak of World War II. The focus is directed to the three oldest German faith missions: the Neukirchener Mission, the Allianz-China-Mission, and the Liebenzeller Mission. As a specific characteristic of faith missions, the contemporary literature mentions the so-called faith principle. This faith principle, propagated by such personalities as Hudson Taylor and Georg Müller, stands for the deliberate renunciation of public fundraising. It is the leading question of this thesis whether the German faith missions have adopted and realized this principle. Analysing the theory and the methodology, it becomes clear, that the three oldest German faith missions have not renounced the principle of obtaining donations. This thesis offers also a model of interpretation to determine the factors that are of relevance for the acquisition of donations by the mentioned missions. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / (M.Th.(Missiology))

FERNANDES. Luciana Freitas. Histórias de doação de rim: explorando narrativas e repertórios interpretativos de doadores. 2011. 117 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Psicologia) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Psicologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia, Fortaleza-CE, 2011. / Submitted by moises gomes (celtinha_malvado@hotmail.com) on 2012-03-09T17:31:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_LFFernandes.PDF: 1314577 bytes, checksum: 66f5b1b7b38bf43a974004117821eaac (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2012-03-14T14:32:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_LFFernandes.PDF: 1314577 bytes, checksum: 66f5b1b7b38bf43a974004117821eaac (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-03-14T14:32:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_dis_LFFernandes.PDF: 1314577 bytes, checksum: 66f5b1b7b38bf43a974004117821eaac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Living organ donation has been considered an alternative to the shortage of organs for transplantation; as such it is part of medical procedures where we can see the intricate relationship between biotechnology and the process of meaning making in everyday life. This research discusses organ donation, understood as a social practice supported by a network of various human and non human actors. More specifically, our research focuses on narrative types and interpretative repertoires used by living kidney donors to build versions about organ donation. Interviews were conducted with three donors, two potential donors and three recipients at the kidney transplantation department of Hospital Universitário Walter Cantídio, in Fortaleza (CE-Brazil). The interviews were transcribed and analyzed in terms of narrative types and interpretative repertoires in use. Among the results, we can highlight the predominant use of restitution narratives to talk about kidney donation as an expedient to restore the recipient’s lost health. This finding shows the powerful discursive matrix, supported by biotechnology and contemporary Western medicine, which values health as a normal condition and establishes the need for repair in cases of illness. Among the arguments and metaphors used to build the donation, we highlight the act of love and gift of life, which compose the “language of gift”. The donor tends to be positioned as a brave, heroic person, whose altruism saves lives; while the organs to be donated are formulated as rare and valuable resources that must be recycled, specially in case of a close parent’s need. We conclude that the ways of telling stories of renal donation and the interpretive repertoires used in those narratives produce specific effects in the living transplant actors’ network, functioning to promote the recruitment of donors in the family. / A doação de órgãos intervivos tem sido considerada uma alternativa à escassez de órgãos para transplante, figurando entre os procedimentos médicos onde podemos observar a intrincada relação entre as biotecnologias e a produção de sentidos no cotidiano. Esta pesquisa tem como objeto a doação de órgãos entendida como uma prática social sustentada por uma rede de atores humanos e não humanos. Mais especificamente, nossa pesquisa focaliza os tipos de narrativa e os repertórios interpretativos que os doadores vivos usam para construir versões sobre a doação de órgãos intervivos. Foram realizadas entrevistas com três doadores, dois potenciais doadores e três receptores no setor de Transplante Renal do Hospital Universitário Walter Cantídio, em Fortaleza. As entrevistas foram transcritas e analisadas em termos dos tipos de narrativa e dos repertórios interpretativos empregados. Como resultados, podemos destacar a predominância do uso de narrativas de restituição que constroem a doação de rim como um expediente para restaurar a saúde perdida pelo receptor. Esse achado remete a uma matriz discursiva poderosa, sustentada pela biotecnologia e pelas práticas da medicina ocidental contemporânea, que valoriza a saúde como condição de normalidade e institui o imperativo de sua reparação nos casos de adoecimento. Entre os argumentos e metáforas usados para construir a doação, destacam-se o ato de amor e de doação de vida, que compõem uma “linguagem da dádiva”. O doador tende a ser posicionado como pessoa corajosa e heróica, cujo altruísmo permite salvar vidas; enquanto os órgãos a serem doados são construídos como recursos escassos e valiosos que devem ser reciclados, especialmente no caso de demanda de um parente próximo. Concluímos que os modos de narrar histórias de doação renal e os repertórios interpretativos empregados nesses relatos produzem efeitos específicos na rede de atores que compõem o transplante intervivos, operando para favorecer o recrutamento de doadores na família.

Introdução: A doação de plaquetas por aférese é um método de coleta que vem aumentando em relevância. Sabe-se que esta técnica apresenta inúmeras vantagens em comparação à doação de sangue total. Observamos que há uma preocupação na qualidade dos hemocomponentes enviados ao paciente, no entanto, não se observam muitas pesquisas em busca do cuidado com o doador. Órgãos como o Food and Drug Administration (FDA) já publicaram normas mais restritivas em relação à doação de plaquetas por aférese, pois pesquisas apontaram uma diminuição de algumas células e proteínas do sistema imunológico em doadores de repetição. Objetivos: Analisar doadores de plaquetas de repetição quanto a parâmetros hematimétricos e quantificação de subpopulações linfocitárias comparando-os com um grupo controle composto por doadores de sangue total que não doam há no mínimo um ano ou doando pela primeira vez e, ainda avaliar se a frequência de doações, o tempo de procedimento e o número de plaquetas doadas influenciam na contagem de leucócitos totais e nas subpopulações de linfócitos. Metodologia: Foram analisados 88 indivíduos em um estudo caso-controle, sendo que o grupo controle (CO) incluído foi de doadores de sangue total que haviam doado pela primeira vez ou haviam doado sangue total há mais de um ano. Os casos (CA) incluídos foram os doadores de repetição de plaquetaférese (quatro ou mais doações no último ano). O pareamento foi feito por sexo e idade. As amostras de sangue periférico foram coletadas em tubos contendo EDTA e analisadas em até 6 horas por citometria de fluxo, através da utilização de anticorpos monoclonais anti-CD3, CD4, CD8, HLADR, CD19 e CD56. Resultados: Foram avaliados 44 pares de doadores (caso vs controle). Destes, 81,8% eram homens, a média de idade dos grupos foi de 46 ±13 anos nos casos e 47 ±11 nos controles. Comparando os dois grupos, observou-se diferença estatisticamente significativa (p<0,05) na média de quantificação de leucócitos absolutos CA= 6476,6/μL vs CO=7115,4/μL (p=0,017), na média de linfócitos absolutos CA= 1862,6/μL vs CO= 2239,2/μL (p=0,007) e nos marcadores: CD3+/CD8+ (absoluto) CA= 437/μL vs CO= 597/μL (p=0,01), CD3+/CD4+(%) CA= 47,3/μL vs CO= 42,77/μL (p=0,007). Conclusões: Neste estudo foi possível observar que há uma diminuição em algumas células linfoides dos doadores de repetição em relação aos doadores convencionais, no entanto essa diferença não tem relevância clínica, demonstrando que os intervalos de doações que estes doadores estão sendo submetidos é adequado. A contagem de plaquetas dos doadores de repetição se mantiveram no decorrer do ano, este dado nos auxilia para mantermos um banco de dados de doadores de repetição com uma quantificação de plaquetas adequada, podendo ser convocado sem risco de ser bloqueado por contagem inferior ao preconizado. / Introduction: The donation of platelets by apheresis as a collection method has lately grown in relevance. This technique presents several advantages when compared to total blood donation. We understand there is a concern about the quality of the hemocomponents that are administered to the patients; however, there are not many researches concerned with caring for the donor. Entities such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have published more restricting regulations regarding the donation of platelets by apheresis, since researches indicate a decrease in some cells and proteins present in the immunological systems of repeat donors. Objectives: To analyze repeat donors of platelets with regards to hematimetric parameters and quantification of lymphocyte sub-populations by comparing them with a control group consisting of total blood donors that have not donated blood for the past year at least or that are donating for the first time. Additionally, to evaluate if the frequency of donations, the duration of the procedure, and the donated platelet counts influence in the total leukocyte counts and in the sub-populations of lymphocytes. Methodology: We analyzed 88 individuals in a control case study. The control group (CG) consisted of total blood donors in their first donation or that had donated for the last time more than a year before. The cases (CA) included were the repeat donors by platelet apheresis (four or more donations in the past year). We matched the individuals by gender and age. Peripheral blood samples were collected in tubes containing EDTA and analyzed up until 6 hours later by flow cytometry, through monoclonal antibodies anti-CD3, CD4, CD8, HLADR, CD19, and CD56. Results: 44 pairs of donor were evaluated (case vs control). Among them, 81.8% were men, the average age of the groups was 46 (±13) years in the cases and 47 (±11) in the controls. When comparing the two groups, we observed a statistically significant difference (p<0,05) in the average of the quantification of absolute leukocytes CA= 6476.6/μL vs CG=7115.4/μL (p=0.017), in the average of absolute lymphocytes CA= 1862.6/μL vs CG= 2239.2/μL (p=0.007), and in the markers: CD3+/CD8+ (absolute) CA= 437/μL vs CG= 597/μL (p=0,01), CD3+/CD4+(%) CA= 47.3/μL vs CG= 42.77/μL (p=0.007). Conclusions: We were able to note in this study that there is a significant decrease in some lymphoid cells of repeat donors when compared to conventional donors. This difference, however, is not clinically relevant, which demonstrates that the donation intervals to which the donors are subject are appropriate. Platelet numbers of repeat donors remained the same throughout the year. This piece of data helps us keep a database of repeat donors with an adequate platelet number. These donors can be called for without risking of their being blocked in the screening for a number lower than the recommended.