This thesis advances a feminist critique of Canadian legal responses to disputes over frozen in vitro embryos and embryo donor anonymity. It argues that current laws that provide spouses or partners with joint control over the use and disposition of embryos created from their genetic materials, that mandate the creation of agreements setting out these parties intentions in the event of a disagreement or divorce and that protect donor anonymity without providing mechanisms to allow donors, recipients and donor offspring to voluntarily exchange information do not adequately account for the lived experiences of women who undergo in vitro fertilization treatment or who serve as embryo donors. This thesis provides recommendations for how Canadian laws and policies might better support the express objectives and intentions of Canadian federal and provincial statutes to protect the rights, interests and health of women who seek to build their families through assisted reproductive technologies.

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Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Sectional ownership has introduced several new concepts of property that differ significantly from prevailing as well as common-law concepts of property. The right of extension with regards to sectional titles is one such concept. The right entails a subtraction from the dominium of sectional owners and is widely regarded as a limited real right. It is submitted that the right cannot be categorised into any common-law category. The right is a statutory limited real right sui generis that has its own characteristics with regards to the way it is established, transferred, alienated, burdened or lapses. The right should also be recognised as constitutional property. The study concludes with an investigation into selected aspects relating to the right as an estate asset and points to problems relating to the valuation of the right for purposes of estate, capital gains and donation tax. / LLM (Estate Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The decision of an estate owner to employ a trust as an estate planning instrument normally involves the disposal of all or part of his growth assets to the trust. This is done to ensure that the value of such growth assets is pegged down in his personal estate, whilst any growth in the assets occurs in the trust. The objective is to minimise any estate duty that will be payable after his death. The transfer of such assets and the concomitant negotiation of the settlement of the purchase price are normally agreed to occur on loan account which will be repayable on demand. Subsequent to the disposal of the assets, it is a well established estate planning technique for the estate owner to reduce the loan account by annually waiving R30 000 of such loan in favour of the trust. This results in reducing the debit loan (asset) in the hands of the estate owner and thereby also improving his position from an estate duty point of view. The liability (credit loan) of the trust is thereby annually reduced. Because an individual can donate R30 000 annually free of donations tax, no additional donations tax liability will be incurred when applying this technique. Most estate owners that have applied the abovementioned technique, include in their will a provision whereby they bequeath any outstanding loan from the trust at the date of the testator's death, to the trust as a legatee. On 1 October 2001 South Africa entered into a new tax dispensation with the introduction of capital gains tax (CGT). Comprehensive legislation was included in the Income Tax Act (8th schedule) to regulate this new form of taxation. Paragraph 12(5) of the 8th schedule specifically stipulates that a reduction or waiver of a loan/debt will attract CGT. Therefore the above mentioned techniques of donating a portion, and subsequently bequeathing the outstanding loan amount to a trust suddenly became the target of SARS' close scrutiny from a CGT perspective. Hence, it was no surprise that the first High Court decision on CGT had recently been delivered in this regard. The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate and scrutinise, not only the decision in the abovementioned court case, but also the various opinions and arguments raised on this topic. The submission is that the findings and conclusions of such an investigation should enable those involved in estate planning and the preparation of wills to be wary of the CGT risks attached to the abovementioned techniques and to avoid the pitfalls. Certain recommendations and conclusions to achieve the same estate planning result, are proposed in this dissertation. Certain suggestions were also made with regards to the wording of provisions to be included in a will in order to bequeath a loan or debt to a trust without the risk of attracting unforeseen CGT. / Thesis (LL.M. (Estate Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

Bakgrund: Sjukvården är i ständigt behov av blod och bloddonation har under senaste åren minskat. En viktig uppgift för blodcentraler är att rekrytera nya blodgivare. Forskning på gymnasieelevers inställning till blodgivning saknas. Syfte: Att undersöka gymnasieelevers inställning till blodgivning och deras anledningar till att donera och att inte donera. Könsskillnader ska också utredas. Syftet är också att utreda vad dem vet om blodgivning. Metod: Etthundra fyrtiofem gymnasieelever från Uppsala och Stockholm besvarade en enkät inriktad på bloddonation. Resultat: Endast 22,1% visste vad som krävdes för att donera blod. Majoriteten av gymnasieeleverna ansåg att det var bra med bloddonation. Hälften ville donera blod (52,4%). Den främsta anledningen att donera blod var att vilja hjälpa andra. Stick- och blodrädsla var den främsta anledningen till att inte donera blod. Främsta anledningen att inte donera blod för männen var ointresse (21,8%). Medicinska skäl var en viktig anledning för kvinnor att inte donera blod (19,1%). Slutsats: Kunskapen hos gymnasieelever angående bloddonation är bristfällig. Gymnasieelever anser att bloddonation är bra. Gymnasieelever vill donera blod för att hjälpa andra, och väljer att inte donera blod på grund av att de har stickrädsla och är rädda för blod. Anledningar till att donera blod är liknande mellan män och kvinnor, medan anledningarna till att inte donera blod har stor spridning. / Background: Health care is in constant need of blood and blood donation during the last few years has declined. An important task for blood centers is to recruit new donors. There’s a lack of research on high school students' attitudes towards blood donation. Objective: To examine high school students' attitudes towards blood donation and their reasons for donating and not donating. Gender differences will also be investigated. The aim is also to investigate what they know about blood donation. Method: One hundred forty-five high school students from Uppsala and Stockholm answered a questionnaire focused on blood donation. Results: Only 22.1% knew what was required to donate blood. The majority of high school students felt that it was good with blood donation. Half wanted to donate blood (52.4 %). The main reason to donate blood wanted to help others. Needle phobia and fear of blood was the main reason not to donate blood. Main reason for not donating blood for men was lack of interest (21.8 %). Medical reasons were an important reason for women not to donate blood (19.1 %). Conclusion: The knowledge of high school students about blood donation is flawed. High school students believe that blood donation is good. High school students want to donate blood to help others, and chooses not to donate blood because of their needle phobia and fear of blood. Reasons to donate blood are similar between men and women, while reasons for not donating blood is widespread.

Withdrawal of life support therapy involves controlled removal of life support modalities including artificial respiration and circulation with intent to provide a comfortable death. Withdrawal of life support therapy is necessary prior to procedures such as organ donation after cardio-circulatory death, but remains poorly explored in current literature. To enhance the current evidence, we conducted a thorough structured review, an observational study, and a qualitative comparison of components comprising withdrawal of life support therapy in both donor and non-donor patient groups. At all stages, we considered how results impacted donation after cardio-circulatory death. Withdrawal of life support therapy processes vary between countries, hospitals, practitioners, and patients. Variability in practice impacts care and outcomes for both donor and non-donor patients. Improved definitions and consensus about the process of withdrawal of life support therapy may improve patient care, success of organ donation after cardio-circulatory death, and uptake of donation protocols.

Denna kandidatuppsats undersöker vilka upp­fattningar sjuksköterskor och homo­sexuella män har kring reglerna för blodgivning, med inriktning på att homosexuella män i praktiken inte får donera blod. Studien har genomförts med kvalitativ intervju som metod. Resultatet framhäver att mina informanter klassificerat blod och människor olika, där både utländskt blod och svenskt blod rangordnas efter potentiell risk för smitta. Sjuksköterskorna och de homosexuella männen hanterar även reglerna olika, där sjuksköterskorna lägger ett större fokus på att skydda de som ska få blodet. Samtidigt anser de i likhet med de homosexuella männen att reglerna är diskriminerande och bygger på fördomar om att homosexuella män skulle bete sig mer riskfyllt än andra i samband med smitta. Egentligen går det inte med säkerhet att veta om någon är ärlig när de besvarar hälsodeklarationen som ska hjälpa blodcentralen att sålla bort olämpliga donatorer. Bloddonation från homosexuella män går att se från olika håll och är därför ett komplext ämne utan ett lätt svar, då tekniken inte kan upptäcka smitta omedelbart från smittillfället. Däremot framhäver mina informanter att alla bör bli bedömda efter individuellt beteende istället för kollektivt. Exempelvis bör homosexuella män i monogama förhållanden få donera blod. / This Bachelor Thesis investigates the perceptions nurses and homosexual men, respectively, have concerning the rules for blood donation, focusing on the fact that homosexual men in practice aren't able to donate blood. The study was conducted using qualitative interviews. The results emphasise that my informants classify blood and people differently, where both foreign and Swedish blood are rated on potential risk of infection. Nurses and homosexual men also handle the various rules differently, the nurses placing greater focus on protecting receivers of blood. At the same time nurses, like the homosexual men, find the rules discriminatory and based on the prejudice that homosexual men have a riskier lifestyle than others relating to infection. In reality, there can be no certainty in knowing if someone is honest when answering the health declaration which is meant to help the blood bank weed out unsuitable donors. The issue of blood donation by homosexual men can be approached from different angles and is therefore a complex topic without an easy solution, especially since current testing cannot detect the HIV virus immediately after transmission. In contrast, my informants emphasise that everyone should be judged on individual behaviour instead of collectively; for example, homosexual men in monogamous relationships should also be able to donate blood.

This work represents a significant contribution to the body of knowledge in the area of renal transplantation as it brings together the research related to policy analysis, empirical research, and cultural and religious issues related to organ donation and transplantation among South Asians in the UK. The candidate's work in this area is the first in the UK to systematically document and map a national picture of kidney transplant waiting lists and to identify and examine the complex reasons underlying how and why patient ethnicity impacts upon the likelihood of receiving a kidney transplant. The candidate has also developed a new evidence-base exploring the adequacies of the existing procurement arrangements and the implications of introducing any alternative policies within the context of a multi-ethnic and multifaith UK. Finally, the candidate's work has focused on developing an evidence-base of the public perceptions, attitudes, and religious viewpoints towards organ donation and transplantation among a cross-section ofthe South Asian population. The candidate's published works have been the foundation blocks for stimulating and informing the debate on the provision of renal transplant services for minority ethnic groups through the generation of an empirical evidence-base in a subject area which has traditionally relied upon anecdotal evidence. The evidence-base illuminates a very complex issue which has multi-faceted solutions that need to be addressed in different settings.

Darbo tikslas. Įvertinti kraujo donorystės įstaigos organizacijos kultūrą. Uždaviniai. 1. Išanalizuoti ir pasirinkti organizacijos kultūros vertinimo metodą. 2. Pagal atliktus tyrimus įvertinti ir palyginti trijų kraujo donorystės įstaigų organizacijos kultūrą. 3. Pagal kraujo donorytės įstaigos organizacijos kultūros vertinimą nustatyti organizacijos kultūros bruožus ir ją formuojančius veiksnius. Tyrimo metodika. Anketinė darbuotojų apklausa, tyrimo instrumentarijus remiasi D.Denison parengta metodologija, n=126, atsako dažnis 90,64%, statistinei duomenų analizei naudota SPSS 21,0. Aprašomoji analizė: kiekybiniai duomenys – vidurkis ±standartinis nuokrypis, kokybiniai parametrai – dažnis. Proporcijų tarp klausimų atsakymo variantų palyginimui naudojome χ² testą, ryšiui tarp kintamųjų - korealiacinės analizės metodas, poriniam procentų palyginimui taikyta z kriterijus. Rezultatai. Įvertinus ir palyginus trijų kraujo donorystės įstaigų organizacijos kultūrą, duomenys statistiškai reikšmingai parodė, kad: įsitraukimo bruožo veikiama daugiausiai NKC Pn organizacinė kultūra - 78,3% aiškiai žino, ką ir kaip turi daryti, daugiausiai NKC Kl 61,5% ir mažiausiai NKC 32,5% – tiesioginio vadovo sprendimai priimami atsižvelgiant į jų nuomonę; nuoseklumo bruožo veikiama organizacinė kultūra - daugiausiai patenkinti NKC Kl 50% ir daugiausai ne visada patenkinti NKC Pn 65,2% respondentai darbo organizavimu; adaptyvumo bruožo veikiama daugiausiai NKC Kl 64% organizacinė kultūra ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Aim of the study. To evaluate the organizational culture in the blood donation institution. Objectives. 1. To analyze and select a method for the evaluation of organizational culture. 2. According to the performed studies, to evaluate and compare organizational culture in three blood donation institutions. 3. According to the evaluation of the organizational culture in the blood donation institution, to determine the features of organizational culture and factors affecting its formation. Methods. Questionnaire for the employees, statistical analysis was based on the D. Denison methodology, n=126, response rate – 90.64%, statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0. Descriptive analysis: quantitative data – mean ± standard deviation, qualitative variables – frequency. We compared the proportions of answer variants using χ² test. To find associations between variables, we used correlation analysis. To compare paired proportional data we used z criterion. Results. After the evaluation and comparison of the organizational culture (OC) in the three blood donation institutions, we received statistically significant data, showing that: involvement feature mostly influences the OC of the National Blood Centre (NBC Pn) Panevėžys division – 78.3% respondents clearly know what has to be done and how to perform the task, most respondents from the National Blood Centre Klaipėda division (NBC Kl) (61.5%) and fewest from the... [to full text]