Esta pesquisa teve por objetivos conhecer a percepção de enfermeiros sobre conflitos éticos no processo de doação de órgãos e tecidos para transplante, como são tomadas as decisões e o que é levado em consideração para a tomada de decisão frente a conflitos éticos. Foi realizado um estudo exploratório, descritivo e de abordagem qualitativa, sendo utilizada a análise de conteúdo proposta por Bardin. Foram realizadas onze entrevistas com enfermeiros que prestaram assistência a potenciais doadores na prática profissional, há pelo menos um ano, lotados nas seguintes unidades: UTI adulto e pediátrica, Pronto socorro, Centro cirúrgico, Unidades de internação e na Comissão Intra Hospitalar de Doação de Órgãos e Tecidos para Transplante. Após a análise emergiram cinco categorias: 1. Dificuldade em aceitar a morte encefálica; 2. Não aceitação da equipe multiprofissional de desconectar o ventilador mecânico do paciente em morte encefálica não doador de órgãos; 3. Dificuldades da equipe multiprofissional durante o processo de doação de órgãos; 4. Situações que podem interferir no processo de doação de órgãos e 5. Tomada de decisão frente a conflitos éticos no processo de doação de órgãos. Os resultados mostraram que os enfermeiros identificam conflitos éticos no processo de doação de órgãos, gerados por diversos fatores como: a dificuldade em aceitar a morte encefálica como morte do individuo, a resistência em aceitar a suspensão do suporte terapêutico no paciente em morte encefálica, a falta de conhecimento e comprometimento durante o processo de doação, o descaso e assistência inadequada ao potencial doador de órgãos, a dificuldade com a alocação de recursos humanos e materiais incluindo a liberação de leitos de UTI para o potencial doador; as crenças religiosas e as falhas de comunicação. Além disso, para tomar decisão frente aos conflitos éticos, eles levam em conta o princípio da beneficência, o dever legal e, principalmente, o diálogo com os colegas. Assim, ficou evidenciado que o processo de doação de órgãos está permeado por conflitos éticos, demonstrando uma necessidade de reflexão e discussão sobre o tema, incluindo as situações geradoras e as tomadas de decisão frente aos conflitos éticos / This research aimed to know the perception of nurses on ethical conflicts in the process of donating organs and tissue for transplantation, as decisions are made and what is taken into account in decision-making in the face of ethical conflicts. We conducted an exploratory, descriptive and qualitative approach, using the content analysis proposed by Bardin. Eleven interviews were conducted with nurses who provided assistance to potential donors in professional practice for at least one year, allocated in the following units: adult and pediatric ICU, First Aid, surgical center, inpatient units and the Commission Intra Hospital Organ Donation and Tissues for Transplantation. After analyzing five categories: 1. Difficulty accepting brain death, 2. Non-acceptance of the multidisciplinary team to disconnect the ventilator patient\'s brain-dead organ donor is not 3. Difficulties of the multidisciplinary team during the process of organ donation 4. Situations that may affect the process of organ donation and 5. Decision making in the face of ethical conflicts in the process of organ donation. The results showed that nurses identify ethical conflicts in the process of organ donation, generated by several factors: the difficulty in accepting brain death as death of the individual, the resistance to accept the suspension of therapeutic support in brain death, the lack of knowledge and commitment during the donation process, neglect and inadequate care of the potential organ donor, the difficulty with the allocation of human and material resources including the release of ICU beds for the potential donor, religious beliefs and failures communication. Moreover, to make decisions in the ethical conflicts, they take into account the principle of beneficence, the legal duty, and especially the dialogue with colleagues. Thus, it became evident that the process of organ donation is permeated by ethical conflicts, demonstrating a need for reflection and discussion on the topic, including generating situations and decision making in the face of ethical conflicts

The primary goal of this dissertation was to gain a better understanding of individuals’ membership benefits preferences and attitudes toward donation programs in the context of urban zoo settings. The first objective of this dissertation was to provide a background on membership and donation related research in the context of zoos and other relevant organizations. Based on the review of literature, the second objective was to empirically examine, through two independent studies, zoo membership benefit preferences and attitudes toward a donation program. <div><br></div><div>Despite a wealth of knowledge in the literature with respect to zoo visitors, animals, exhibits, and related programs, little research has been conducted on individuals’ preferences for zoo membership benefit packages and attitudes toward donation programs. To fill the gaps in these areas, the first empirical study examined factors that influence current and prospective members’ decision-making when choosing a membership package at an urban zoo. More specifically, the study explored preferences for selected membership program benefits and benefit levels, as well as how these preferences varied among visitors grouped by key segmentation variables. The study findings suggested that price of membership package was the most important factor, followed by the discount on food and beverage and the proportion of membership fees devoted to animal conservation. As expected, the visitors who scored high on place attachment to the zoo were more supportive of the zoo and less sensitive to variations in the specific options included in the zoo’s membership package. <br></div><div><br></div><div>In the second study, attitudes toward a donation program at an urban zoo were examined. In particular, this study investigated subgroups’ differences segmented by their membership status, place attachment levels, and attitudinal positions. A two-dimensional/bivariate attitude approach was employed to explore potential differences among attitudinal position groups. The study findings indicated while most respondents held positive attitudes toward the donation program, zoo members and nonmembers did not differ significantly. The likelihood of joining the donation program was significantly higher for those in the positive dominant attitude group compared to those in the negative dominant and equally ambivalent groups. Additionally, a qualitative analysis revealed that many respondents were concerned about the cost or affordability of the donation program; and perceived the benefits of the program as a poor value.<br></div><div><br></div><div>Collectively, the two empirical studies provide useful insight for managers and professionals charged with developing membership and donation programs in zoological parks and other relevant organizations. The study results also suggest a number of potentially productive directions for future research in these areas.<br></div><div><br></div>

As an Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) that has been available for over twenty years, the transfer of healthy eggs from a presumably fertile woman into the womb of a woman diagnosed as infertile has become a common part of the landscape of human reproduction in the United States. Yet the general societal acceptance of this practice commonly known as "egg donation" oversimplifies the complex medical, ethical, and societal issues ignited by its use. In light of the limited critical discussions presently occurring about egg transfer, I will interrogate some of the silences and more ambiguous issues invoked by its practice. By giving particular attention to the often ignored experiences of egg "donors," I will analyze the popularly used discourses around this ART. In doing so, I will investigate the ways in which egg donation complicates notions of altruism, autonomy, and exploitation as well as what consequences this has for women's reproductive freedoms as envisioned by many U.S. feminists.

中華血液基金會二十年來運用各種宣傳策略，成功的推廣台灣的自願無償捐血運動。同時，美國的捐血事業在過去三十年來也有很大的轉變，行銷觀念應用在非營利事業已逐漸受到重視，自願無償捐血運動以行銷觀念召募血源已成為必要的趨勢。 　　說服傳播是傳播效果研究中的重要課題之一。中華血液基金會近年來，陸續以各種傳播媒介進行宣傳活動，希望激發社會大眾捐血的意願。依據「社會行銷」及「說服傳播理論」效果模式指出，大眾傳播與人際傳播活動，會影響個人的知曉(Awareness)、態度(Attitude)和行為(Behavior)。本研究基於此模式中的各個變項，提出所欲探討的問題與變項關係為：捐血人對捐血宣傳訊息之大眾媒介注意程度與人際交往活動，對其捐血行為的影響；以及捐血態度、動機對捐血行為的影響。 　　本研究採實證方式進行，以適當的結構性問卷，蒐集上述變項的資料，以中華血液基金會台北捐血中心業務區（包括台北市、台北縣）為母體，採「集群抽樣法」進行抽樣。同時，為顧及樣本代表性問題，特將抽樣集群分為「定點」捐血車、「巡迴」捐血車及捐血站、捐血室等，並針對一般捐血人進行抽樣調查。資料的分析方式，採用SPSS套裝軟體，分析描述受訪者在各項中的分佈狀況及各變項間的影響關係。 　　研究的重要發現為：1.大部份的捐血人都曾在大眾媒介上接觸過捐血宣傳的訊息，且捐血人對大眾傳播媒介報導捐血訊息注意程度愈高，則愈可能捐血。2.捐血人對捐血訊息的人際傳播活動愈頻繁，則愈可能捐血。3.捐血人愈喜歡捐血廣告及文宣，則愈可能捐血。4.捐血人愈傾向利他動機，則愈可能捐血。5.捐血人愈傾向正面捐血態度，則愈可能捐血。

The purpose of this study is to identify and explore issues and challenges that impact on transplant coordinators and their practice. Such identification enhances understanding of their role, provides evidence for decision-makers to facilitate the positive aspects of the coordinators' practice, highlights their professional needs and contributions and provides baseline data for future research, education and policy development. The study used both qualitative and quantitative data. Data collection methods involved focus group interviews and Delphi surveys. Participants were coordinators who were employed on a full-time, part-time or relieving basis. Recruitment of participants was done by purposive and snowball sampling. There were 112 coordinators in the study and each was randomly assigned to the focus groups or Delphi survey phases of the research. The analysis of the focus group data together with the literature, informed the development of the first Delphi survey. The second Delphi survey was developed using the data from the focus groups, literature and the first survey. Four categories emerged from the data. The first involved 'knowledge and experience', which explored the education needs of coordinators and the issue of nursing qualification requirements. The work environment, demands and conditions, together with role attributes were discussed in the next category - 'the role'. Recipient, donor family and transplant coordinator outcomes were addressed in the 'outcomes’ category. The basic social process – building relationships - explored the relationships that coordinators have with the health team and their client groups. Four types of relationships emerged which were supportive, non-supportive, aggressive and virtual relationships. The emergent theory of the challenges that transplant coordinators face relates to the building of relationships. The theory also discovers how knowledge and experience, the role and outcomes impact on the building of these relationships in an interdependent manner. This study also emphasises that the transplant coordinators' role is complex, demanding and distinctly unique in terms of the context within which coordinators practice. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1311520 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Population Health and Clinical Practice, 2008

<p>Syftet med studien var att beskriva vilka attityder som finns bland recipienter och donatorer angående de riktlinjer som bör efterföljas för ägg- och spermiedonation. Syftet var även att undersöka om det finns skillnader i attityder inom grupperna recipienter kvinnor respektive män och donatorer till huruvida barnet har rätt att få kunskap om sitt ursprung.</p><p>Studien blev en del av ett stort nationellt projekt. Data samlades in med enkäter som berörde de tidigare beskrivna områdena. Enkäterna var utformade med påståenden att ta ställning till som ”instämmer” eller ”instämmer inte”. Antal deltagare var 333 stycken och data samlades in från april 2005 till och med våren 2008.</p><p>Huvudresultatet som framkom i studien var att för donatorernas attityder gällande barnets rätt att få kunskap om sitt ursprung så visade det sig att kvinnorna var i flera påståenden i signifikant högre grad mer positiva än männen. I resultatet angående attityder till riktlinjer som bör efterföljas för könscellsdonation så hade recipienter och donatorer snarlika inställningar, om än inte fullt ut. Gällande för recipienter så var det endast kvinnorna som hade en signifikant skillnad i ett påstående, i övrigt fanns det inga skillnader för de båda grupperna i attityderna till barnets rätt att få kunskap om sitt ursprung.</p> / <p>The purpose of the study was to describe what attitudes there were among recipients and donors about the guiding principles that should comply with oocyte- and sperm donation. The purpose was also to investigate if there were any differences within the groups of recipient women and men and the donor group considering disclosure to the child about their origin.</p><p>The study became a part of a national project. Data were collected with questionnaire that included earlier described aspects. It was formed with statements to take stands towards in form of “agree” or “disagree”. Number of participants were 333 and data were collected from April 2005 until spring 2008.</p><p>The main results found that among donors and the attitudes toward the child’s right to get knowledge about their origin showed that women was significantly more positive in several aspects then the men. The results also showed that considering the guiding principles that should comply with gametes donation the recipients and donors had just about similar attitudes. For the recipients there was only the women who had a significant difference in one of the statements, otherwise there was no difference in either of both groups for the attitudes about disclosure to the child.</p>

<p>Throughout the years more and more charitable organisations have appeared and the competition between them has increased. This has forced the charities to use more marketing strategies in their work in order to strengthen their competitiveness. </p><p>Research in philanthropy in terms of economy and marketing has been neglected in Sweden and the research that is done today is mainly focused on why individuals donate to charity. A donation, according to the writers of this thesis, has been seen as an economical activity and can therefore be explained and understood through economical models and theories. This thesis aims to see <em>how </em>a contributor to charity makes the decision to donate money, consequently see how the donation decision process actually works from a theoretical model of a buying decision process from marketing literature. </p><p>The purpose of this thesis is therefore to from a buying decision process concerning products describe the donation decision process for contributors to charity. By achieving this purpose the writers aim to compare if a donation decision process go through certain steps similar to a buying decision process. This is expected to give a theory-testing contribution to science where the chosen theoretical model for a buying decision process is strengthened. </p><p>The thesis is based on a qualitative method of research to achieve this purpose where the main information comes from semi-structured interviews with three charities and ten individuals who all contribute to charity.</p><p>From the gathered empirical data and the following analysis, several conclusions are presented in the thesis based on earlier research questions. The purpose of the thesis is considered to have been fulfilled, the chosen theory of buying decision process is considered to be fully proficient to explain a donation decision process. A donation to charity is, according to the thesis, considered as an impulse decision with low involvement that has strong emotional factors, such as motivation, which influences the decision. The writers believe that this thesis could be useful to other researchers within this field of science, or charities searching for insight into individual’s donation decision process. </p> / <p>Genom åren har allt fler hjälporganisationer etablerats på marknaden och konkurrensen mellan dem ökar. Detta har inneburit att hjälporganisationerna har blivit tvingade att använda marknadsföringsstrategier i större utsträckning än tidigare för att stärka sin konkurrenskraft. </p><p>Forskningen inom filantropi i samband med ekonomi och marknadsföring är eftersatt i Sverige och den forskning som sker idag är främst inriktad på varför individer donerar pengar till välgörenhet. Denna uppsats vill undersöka <em>hur </em>en bidragsgivare kommer fram till beslutet att donera pengar.</p><p>Syftet med uppsatsen blir därför att utifrån en köpbeslutsprocess gällande produkter beskriva donationsbeslutsprocessen för bidragsgivare. Genom detta syfte vill uppsatsförfattarna se hur donationsbeslutsprocessen går till och jämföra den utifrån en modell för köpbeslutsprocesser som finns inom marknadsföringsteorin. Detta förväntas ge ett teoriprövande bidrag till forskningen och stärka och vidga användningsområdet för den valda modellen för köpbeslutsprocessen. </p><p>För att uppnå detta syfte har uppsatsen en kvalitativ metod där den primära källan för information är semistrukturerade intervjuer med tre stycken hjälporganisationer och tio stycken bidragsgivare. Utifrån empirin och den följande analysen presenteras ett antal slutsatser. </p><p>Syftet med uppsatsen ansågs vara uppfyllt då den valda teorin om köpbeslutsprocessen väl kunde förklara en donationsbeslutsprocess. En donation enligt uppsatsen är ett impulsbeslut med låg involvering trots att motiven bakom är av emotionell natur. Det låga engagemanget grundar sig i att bidragsbranschen ses som homogen. Tilliten spelar stor roll, men är komplex för bidragsgivarna och många är väldigt känsliga för medierapportering. </p><p>Det förväntade bidraget till forskning kan därmed sägas ha uppnåtts, marknadsföringteorin om köpbeslutprocessen kan användas för att beskriva en donationsbeslutsprocess. Uppsatsförfattarna anser att denna uppsats kan komma till användning för andra forskare inom området eller för hjälporganisationer som vill få insikt i bidragsgivarnas beslutsprocess.</p>

Marketing research has attempted to shed light on donor responses to a variety of donation appeals and strategies. More recently, research has examined the effect of changing the content of an appeal in both a donation solicitation and a cause-related marketing context. Some charities are highly successful with their marketing and fundraising strategies, while many others struggle to fund their services. This discrepancy in donor support is cause for concern from a public policy perspective, where optimizing the distribution of dollars is a key objective. Particularly in a recessionary economy, with more and more charities appealing to donors for their support, charity choice has become more crowded than ever before. The question of which charity is chosen and how much to spend on that charity can determine which charities succeed and which ones fail, as donors become increasingly concerned with maximizing the impact of their donor dollars. I begin the dissertation with a thorough review of the relevant literature to provide a foundation and backdrop to the issues I study in two sets of studies. In the first set of studies, I examine deservingness of a recipient, where judgments are affected by the donation appeal content. Specifically, I look at how recipient information profiles can affect donor response. In the second set of studies, I examine donor response in a novel cause-related marketing format - online charity auctions where I vary factors related to the auction products, price and the percentage of auction price that is donated to charity. These two papers contribute to the research in donor response to charity appeals by shedding light on the deliberative aspect of the decision process. Public policy and managerial implications are discussed, where an increasingly competitive environment with many comparative options are becoming standard challenges for charity fundraisers. A review of the relevant research areas for both papers precedes the studies to provide a foundation and motivation for our hypotheses and research designs. / Marketing

Thesis (Ph.D., Dept. of Religion and Political Philosophy)--Harvard University, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 309-327). Also available on the Internet.

Throughout the years more and more charitable organisations have appeared and the competition between them has increased. This has forced the charities to use more marketing strategies in their work in order to strengthen their competitiveness.  Research in philanthropy in terms of economy and marketing has been neglected in Sweden and the research that is done today is mainly focused on why individuals donate to charity. A donation, according to the writers of this thesis, has been seen as an economical activity and can therefore be explained and understood through economical models and theories. This thesis aims to see how a contributor to charity makes the decision to donate money, consequently see how the donation decision process actually works from a theoretical model of a buying decision process from marketing literature.  The purpose of this thesis is therefore to from a buying decision process concerning products describe the donation decision process for contributors to charity. By achieving this purpose the writers aim to compare if a donation decision process go through certain steps similar to a buying decision process. This is expected to give a theory-testing contribution to science where the chosen theoretical model for a buying decision process is strengthened.  The thesis is based on a qualitative method of research to achieve this purpose where the main information comes from semi-structured interviews with three charities and ten individuals who all contribute to charity. From the gathered empirical data and the following analysis, several conclusions are presented in the thesis based on earlier research questions. The purpose of the thesis is considered to have been fulfilled, the chosen theory of buying decision process is considered to be fully proficient to explain a donation decision process. A donation to charity is, according to the thesis, considered as an impulse decision with low involvement that has strong emotional factors, such as motivation, which influences the decision. The writers believe that this thesis could be useful to other researchers within this field of science, or charities searching for insight into individual’s donation decision process. / Genom åren har allt fler hjälporganisationer etablerats på marknaden och konkurrensen mellan dem ökar. Detta har inneburit att hjälporganisationerna har blivit tvingade att använda marknadsföringsstrategier i större utsträckning än tidigare för att stärka sin konkurrenskraft.  Forskningen inom filantropi i samband med ekonomi och marknadsföring är eftersatt i Sverige och den forskning som sker idag är främst inriktad på varför individer donerar pengar till välgörenhet. Denna uppsats vill undersöka hur en bidragsgivare kommer fram till beslutet att donera pengar. Syftet med uppsatsen blir därför att utifrån en köpbeslutsprocess gällande produkter beskriva donationsbeslutsprocessen för bidragsgivare. Genom detta syfte vill uppsatsförfattarna se hur donationsbeslutsprocessen går till och jämföra den utifrån en modell för köpbeslutsprocesser som finns inom marknadsföringsteorin. Detta förväntas ge ett teoriprövande bidrag till forskningen och stärka och vidga användningsområdet för den valda modellen för köpbeslutsprocessen.  För att uppnå detta syfte har uppsatsen en kvalitativ metod där den primära källan för information är semistrukturerade intervjuer med tre stycken hjälporganisationer och tio stycken bidragsgivare. Utifrån empirin och den följande analysen presenteras ett antal slutsatser.  Syftet med uppsatsen ansågs vara uppfyllt då den valda teorin om köpbeslutsprocessen väl kunde förklara en donationsbeslutsprocess. En donation enligt uppsatsen är ett impulsbeslut med låg involvering trots att motiven bakom är av emotionell natur. Det låga engagemanget grundar sig i att bidragsbranschen ses som homogen. Tilliten spelar stor roll, men är komplex för bidragsgivarna och många är väldigt känsliga för medierapportering.  Det förväntade bidraget till forskning kan därmed sägas ha uppnåtts, marknadsföringteorin om köpbeslutprocessen kan användas för att beskriva en donationsbeslutsprocess. Uppsatsförfattarna anser att denna uppsats kan komma till användning för andra forskare inom området eller för hjälporganisationer som vill få insikt i bidragsgivarnas beslutsprocess.