Nesta dissertação procuramos evidenciar a crise do dever moral em Crime e Castigo, de Dostoiévski, exemplo da nossa própria crise contemporânea, ao mesmo tempo em que buscamos investigar os contornos de um princípio de justiça derivado do dever kantiano. A partir daí, pretendemos evidenciar como este princípio de justiça pode ser partilhado por Dostoiévski, uma vez que o romancista, no seu ideal de comunidade moral, dá continuidade ao sentido ético proposto no dever kantiano, por meio do qual supera a crise que o próprio romance lança. / In this dissertation we seeks to show the crisis of moral duty in Crime and Punishment, Dostoevsky, example of our own contemporary crisis, while we seek to investigate the outlines of a principle of justice brought by Kantian duty. Thereafter, we intend to show how this principle of justice can be shared by Dostoevsky, as the novelist, in his ideal of moral community, continues the ethical sense proposed in the Kantian duty, through which overcomes the crisis that spear the novel.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo discutir o pensamento político de Dostoiévski a partir de uma comparação entre Notas de Inverno sobre Impressões de Verão (1863) ciclo de artigos reunindo as impressões do autor sobre sua primeira viagem à Europa, em 1862 e outro importante relato de viagem anterior ao de Dostoiévski, Cartas de França e Itália (1855), de Aleksandr Gertsen (Herzen). Estas duas obras, cujos autores ocupam posições bastante distintas dentre o espectro Ocidentalista-Eslavófilo do século XIX russo, contêm em germe as ideias políticas de ambos, sobretudo no que diz respeito à complexa relação Rússia-Ocidente. Entendo que cotejar Dostoiévski com um dos principais representantes de seus adversários ideológicos é um modo profícuo de problematizar, e assim melhor compreender, suas ideias políticas / The dissertation aims at discussing Dostoevsky\'s political thinking. This shall be done through the comparative analysis of Winter Notes on Summer Impressions (1863) a collection of articles on the author\'s impressions after his first trip to Europe, in 1862 and another important travelogue that preceded Dostoevsky\'s, Letters from France and Italy (1855), by Aleksandr Gertsen (Herzen). These two works, whose authors take rather divergent positions within the Westernizers-Slavophiles spectrum in 19th century Russia, synthesize their political views, chiefly concerning the complex relationship between Russia and the West. My claim is that comparing Dostoevsky to one of the main spokesmen of his ideological antagonists may prove fruitful to understanding his political ideas

O presente trabalho apresenta as concepções de identidade nacional em Machado de Assis e Dostoiévski, a comparação entre elas e suas relações com a literatura. Esta pesquisa se fundamenta na análise de dois textos: Instinto de Nacionalidade, ensaio de crítica literária publicado em 1873, do autor brasileiro; e Discurso a Púchkin, proferido na Celebração de inauguração da estátua a Púchkin em 1880, pelo autor russo. Sentimento íntimo sintetiza, em Machado de Assis, a identidade nacional. Em Dostoiévski, a singularidade do povo russo é expressa pela sensibilidade universal. / This dissertation presents the conceptions of national identity in Machado de Assis and Dostoevsky, the comparison between them and their relations with literature. This research is based on analysis of two texts: The Instinct of Nationality, a brazilian author´s essay of literary criticism, 1873; and Pushkin Speech, pronounced by the russian author at the inauguration of Pushkins statue in 1880. Intimate feeling summarizes the national identity in Machado de Assis. In Dostoevsky, the uniqueness of the Russian people is expressed by the universal sensibility.

Nesta dissertação procuramos evidenciar a crise do dever moral em Crime e Castigo, de Dostoiévski, exemplo da nossa própria crise contemporânea, ao mesmo tempo em que buscamos investigar os contornos de um princípio de justiça derivado do dever kantiano. A partir daí, pretendemos evidenciar como este princípio de justiça pode ser partilhado por Dostoiévski, uma vez que o romancista, no seu ideal de comunidade moral, dá continuidade ao sentido ético proposto no dever kantiano, por meio do qual supera a crise que o próprio romance lança. / In this dissertation we seeks to show the crisis of moral duty in Crime and Punishment, Dostoevsky, example of our own contemporary crisis, while we seek to investigate the outlines of a principle of justice brought by Kantian duty. Thereafter, we intend to show how this principle of justice can be shared by Dostoevsky, as the novelist, in his ideal of moral community, continues the ethical sense proposed in the Kantian duty, through which overcomes the crisis that spear the novel.

This thesis is focused on a concept of revolution in writings of Russian philosopher Nikolai Berdyaev. It starts with general characteristics of a philosopher's works and special attention is given to the style of his writing. Main objective of the thesis is a description of Berdyaev's relation to the term revolution itself, which is given from philosophical, sociological and his- toriosophical perspective, as well as putting his notion of revolution into the context of histor- ical events that has occurred during the first quarter of 20th century in Russia. Thesis draws on Berdyaev's articles that appeared in these collections of papers: The Problems of Idealism (Problemy idealizma), Signposts (Vekhi), De profundis (Iz glubiny) and on his works: The Spir- itual Crisis of the Intelligentsia, The Philosophy of Inequality, The Spiritual Origins of Russian Revolution.

Since time immemorial, humankind has been concerned with freedom. This thesis introduces the most important thinkers who devoted themselves to studying freedom and who greatly influenced the perception of freedom. The thesis includes historical overview focusing on the problem of freedom mainly from theological and philosophical point of view. However, two authors in the field of psychology and sociology are mentioned as well. In existentialist philosophy, the human freedom is one of the most crucial topics, and it is presented here on the work of the writer Fyodor Mikhaylovich Dostoyevsky, the philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre and the theologist Paul Tillich.

This dissertation addresses two questions fundamental to Russian nineteenth-century intellectual history: 1) Why does literature about paranoid psychosis figure so centrally in the nineteenth-century canon? and 2) How did the absence of an epistemological tradition of reflexive self-consciousness influence the development of Russian ideas of subjectivity? I propose that the presence of paranoia in Russian fiction extends beyond the medical or psychoanalytic aspects of character traits or themes. I argue that literary representations of paranoia perform fundamental philosophical gestures and function as "epistemological speech acts." Russian narratives of paranoia (e.g., Pushkin, Gogol, Dostoevsky, Chekhov, Garshin, Sologub) constitute a means of exploring the operations of a self-reflexive consciousness, familiar in the West through the Cartesian Cogito. In other words, the theme of paranoia in nineteenth-century Russian fiction actively responds to the regnant philosophical discourse and functions as a praxis for the exploration of philosophical questions. However, this is done in an alternative discourse to the propositional language generally favored in philosophical texts; as a result, the philosophical function of the fictions of paranoia has gone unrecognized, and the genre has been "exiled" from philosophical discourse. I argue that Russian texts of paranoid psychosis should be reconceived as venues for the play of the transcendental ego outside social or communal axes. Paranoia emerges as the Jakobsonian “dominant” within these texts, in that it is paranoia that engages with other narrative components and transforms them. Further, as prose fiction, these texts had the discursive and social capacity to resonate and divagate in ways impossible to philosophical texts. Ultimately, these narratives of paranoia are meta-epistemologies that interrogate their own discursive function and status. They raise critical questions not only about the ways in which we represent truth but about the ontological status of truth itself. / Slavic Languages and Literatures

O presente trabalho apresenta as concepções de identidade nacional em Machado de Assis e Dostoiévski, a comparação entre elas e suas relações com a literatura. Esta pesquisa se fundamenta na análise de dois textos: Instinto de Nacionalidade, ensaio de crítica literária publicado em 1873, do autor brasileiro; e Discurso a Púchkin, proferido na Celebração de inauguração da estátua a Púchkin em 1880, pelo autor russo. Sentimento íntimo sintetiza, em Machado de Assis, a identidade nacional. Em Dostoiévski, a singularidade do povo russo é expressa pela sensibilidade universal. / This dissertation presents the conceptions of national identity in Machado de Assis and Dostoevsky, the comparison between them and their relations with literature. This research is based on analysis of two texts: The Instinct of Nationality, a brazilian author´s essay of literary criticism, 1873; and Pushkin Speech, pronounced by the russian author at the inauguration of Pushkins statue in 1880. Intimate feeling summarizes the national identity in Machado de Assis. In Dostoevsky, the uniqueness of the Russian people is expressed by the universal sensibility.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo discutir o pensamento político de Dostoiévski a partir de uma comparação entre Notas de Inverno sobre Impressões de Verão (1863) ciclo de artigos reunindo as impressões do autor sobre sua primeira viagem à Europa, em 1862 e outro importante relato de viagem anterior ao de Dostoiévski, Cartas de França e Itália (1855), de Aleksandr Gertsen (Herzen). Estas duas obras, cujos autores ocupam posições bastante distintas dentre o espectro Ocidentalista-Eslavófilo do século XIX russo, contêm em germe as ideias políticas de ambos, sobretudo no que diz respeito à complexa relação Rússia-Ocidente. Entendo que cotejar Dostoiévski com um dos principais representantes de seus adversários ideológicos é um modo profícuo de problematizar, e assim melhor compreender, suas ideias políticas / The dissertation aims at discussing Dostoevsky\'s political thinking. This shall be done through the comparative analysis of Winter Notes on Summer Impressions (1863) a collection of articles on the author\'s impressions after his first trip to Europe, in 1862 and another important travelogue that preceded Dostoevsky\'s, Letters from France and Italy (1855), by Aleksandr Gertsen (Herzen). These two works, whose authors take rather divergent positions within the Westernizers-Slavophiles spectrum in 19th century Russia, synthesize their political views, chiefly concerning the complex relationship between Russia and the West. My claim is that comparing Dostoevsky to one of the main spokesmen of his ideological antagonists may prove fruitful to understanding his political ideas

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