Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:52:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissAGAS.pdf: 1061659 bytes, checksum: 9b944fefc872e4e510339bfd66f1f6f0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-12-16 / This dissertation investigates the organization architecture of franchise chains in Brazil, particularly in food franchising. We analyze the organizational architecture by means of a set of variables that allows to classify franchise chains in accordance with the typology of franchising generations, as it is usual in the franchising literature. In order to proceed with the analysis, this dissertation carried out an extensive survey with 223 Brazilian franchise chains and a qualitative research with six case-studies in food franchising. After a general description of the franchising system, the dissertation analyzes the organizational architecture of Brazilian franchise chains focusing on the following features: contractual mix, risk of brand name loss, upstream and downstream coordination. Based on these features, the dissertation describes the concept of franchising generations. In order to distinguish franchising generations, the following characteristics are investigated: number of company-owned and franchised units, experience in franchising, required standardization, consumer sensitivity to variation in product attributes, and governance structures in upstream and downstream transactions. By means of these variables, the dissertation classifies franchise chains into the two most relevant franchising models, the 3rd and 4th generations, i.e., Business Format Franchising and Learning Network Franchising. The empirical analysis indicates that the features of 3rd and 4th generation are sometimes present in the same chain, suggesting that there is a continuum between these two ideal models to organize a franchise chain. / Esta dissertação de mestrado analisa o modo de organização da relação entre franqueador, dono do negócio e da marca, e seus franqueados, associados à rede a partir de um contrato de franquia, com ênfase ao franchising brasileiro de alimentos. Esse modo de organização é definido por meio de um conjunto de variáveis, descrito a seguir, que permite classificar as redes de franquias de acordo com a tipologia de gerações de franchising, usual na literatura específica sobre o tema. Do ponto de vista empírico, esta dissertação apóia-se em um extenso survey com 223 redes de franquias brasileiras, seguido por uma pesquisa qualitativa, baseada em seis estudos de casos de redes de franquias brasileiras que atuam no segmento de alimentação. A partir da apresentação do sistema de franquias, o trabalho descreve a organização das redes de franquias brasileiras por meio da análise das seguintes características: mix contratual, risco de perda do valor da marca, coordenação a montante e a jusante da cadeia. Por meio dessas características, o trabalho apresenta o conceito de gerações de franquias. Para as análises são observadas as seguintes variáveis: número de unidades próprias e franquias, tempo de experiência da rede, nível de padronização das atividades, sensibilidade dos consumidores, estrutura para aquisição dos principais insumos e nível de participação dos franqueados nas decisões. Por meio dessas variáveis, o trabalho classifica as redes de franquias nos modelos de 3ª e 4ª gerações, ou seja, Business Format Franchising e Learning Network Franchising. Observou-se que há, em diversos casos, uma clara sobreposição entre as características de 3ª e 4ª gerações, o que sugere a existência de um contínuo entre esses diferentes modelos de se organizar uma rede de franquias.

Submitted by Erick Marcone Teles Colares (erickcolares@hotmail.com) on 2013-01-14T14:31:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Colares, Erick - Dissertaçao v1.pdf: 1244525 bytes, checksum: 3cc12aee87991385e1bbeef65ddc9a4a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Eliene Soares da Silva (eliene.silva@fgv.br) on 2013-01-14T16:45:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Colares, Erick - Dissertaçao v1.pdf: 1244525 bytes, checksum: 3cc12aee87991385e1bbeef65ddc9a4a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-01-14T16:53:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Colares, Erick - Dissertaçao v1.pdf: 1244525 bytes, checksum: 3cc12aee87991385e1bbeef65ddc9a4a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-14 / Com a globalização e o consequente aumento da concorrência no mercado de commodities, cada vez mais se acirra a batalha de preços, o que traz rentabilidades cada vez menores. Como o diferencial entre produtos commodity é praticamente nulo, existem dois caminhos que podem ser trilhados pelas empresas para tentarem defender a rentabilidade - reduzir custos e criar diferenciação. A criação da diferenciação pode seguir o caminho de agregar serviço ao produto e/ou realizar o movimento de downstream, ou seja, avançar para os elos mais próximos do cliente final, podendo esse movimento também agregar serviço ao produto ou não. Esse movimento agregando serviço ao produto tem sido uma das soluções utilizadas pelas empresas de manufatura visto que, muitas vezes, no próximo elo da cadeia se encontra boa parte da rentabilidade dela e os clientes tem demandado cada vez mais serviço agregado ao produto, podendo assim concentrar-se no seu produto core. Porém, a definição de qualidade no serviço não é tão clara quanto nos produtos. É mais valiosa a percepção de qualidade pelo cliente que a qualidade propriamente dita. Uma das dimensões da qualidade no serviço que tem maior impacto nessa percepção segundo Chowdhary e Prakash (2007) é a confiabilidade. Ela é diretamente impactada negativamente pelo percentual de utilização da capacidade em que a empresa está operando, o que gera um trade-off a ser solucionado pelas fornecedoras desse serviço. Essa dissertação apresenta os principais motivadores e desafios para a realização do movimento de downstream, bem como a importância do nível de serviço prestado pela empresa após o movimento no sucesso dessa estratégia. Como o nível de serviço sofre impacto da utilização da capacidade, foram apresentadas estratégias da gestão da demanda e capacidade que através do estudo de caso em um negócio de serviço de corte e dobra de vergalhão pertencente a uma grande produtora de aço, se mostraram viáveis na redução do impacto no nível de serviço causado pelo aumento da utilização da capacidade.

Streams and rivers are examples of vital ecosystems that frequently undergo various environmental and anthropogenic stresses. A core question in population ecology is whether a given population will persist under changing ecological conditions. This thesis consists of three papers and is devoted to the mathematical analysis of responses of river-dwelling species to population persistence threats. The first paper presents a stochastic approach to the 'drift paradox' problem, where the classical reaction-advection-diffusion model is replaced by a birth-death-emigration process. We explore the effects of temporally varying flow on the persistence probability and highlight the importance of the benthic stage for the persistence of stream organisms. The second paper addresses the problem of river network fragmentation through disconnecting structures such as dams. We construct a population matrix model that incorporates the spatial structure of the studied river network and compare structural connectivity to an indicator of population persistence. The third paper adapts the same basic matrix model to examine fish response to disturbances travelling downstream from upstream sites. The study of these three aspects of persistence challenges for river populations contributes to the cumulative effects assessment on river networks.

Les eaux continentales sont des sources de méthane (CH4), de dioxyde de carbone (CO2)et de protoxyde d’azote (N2O). Dans le but de préciser leur importance dans le bilan global des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES), de nombreuses études ont été réalisées afin de quantifier les différents flux de carbone et d’azote les parcourant. Ces flux sont perturbés par la mise en place de barrages sur le lit des fleuves. Peu d’études présentent des bilans de carbone et d’azote complets (apports, exports, flux vers l’atmosphère et enfouissement) pour les lacs de barrages, et elles concernent uniquement des écosystèmes boréaux et tempérés. Suite à la création d’un barrage, de la matière organique (MO) est mise en eau (sols et forêts), elle se dégrade rapidement les premières années suivant la mise en eau puis plus lentement par la suite. L’état de dégradation de la MO et la principale source de GES dans un lac de barrage près de 20 ans après la mise en eau sont souvent méconnus. L’étude réalisée 18 ans après la mise en eau du lac de Petit Saut (Guyane Française) est la première étude où les principaux éléments des cycles du carbone et de l’azote d’un lac de barrage hydroélectrique, et de son fleuve en aval, situé en climat équatorial et dont la création a entraîné la mise en eau de forêt primaire, sont étudiés près de 20 ans après la mise en eau. Cette étude se base sur (i) la mesure mensuelle de la qualité des eaux et des concentrations en carbone et azote en amont, dans, et en aval du lac de barrage, (ii) la mesure et/ou le calcul des différents flux de GES vers l’atmosphère, (iii) des données de la signature isotopique et de l’état de dégradation de la MO en amont, dans, et en aval du lac, (iv) des prélèvements de sédiments et de troncs d’arbres ennoyés en 1994 et (v) des incubations d’eau du fleuve, de sédiments et de troncs d’arbres du lac. L’ensemble des données collectées au cours des 12 mois de campagnes réalisées en 2012 - 2013 nous a permis de déterminer que (i) les sols inondés sont toujours des sources significatives de GES contrairement aux troncs d’arbres ennoyés, (ii) dans le lac 84 % des émissions de CH4 et 51 % des émissions de CO2 ont lieu dans la zone littorale (< 10 m de profondeur), (iii) 54 % du CO2 produit dans le fleuve en aval provient de la dégradation de la MO apportée par le lac. Cette étude nous a aussi permis de réaliser des bilans de carbone et d’azote à Petit Saut et un bilan des émissions de chacun des GES émis (CH4, CO2, N2O) près de 20 ans après la mise en eau. / Inland waters are sources of methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O). In order to define their importance in the global balance of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions, numerous studies have been conducted to quantify the different fluxes of the carbon and nitrogen browsing them. These fluxes are modified by the creation of dams on river beds. Few studies present full carbon and nitrogen balances (inputs, outputs, fluxes to the atmosphere and sequestration) for reservoirs, and they concern only boreal and temperate ecosystems. The creation of a dam floods organic matter (OM) (soils and forests), which is rapidly degraded the first years following the impoundment and thereafter more slowly. The state of degradation of the OM and the main source of GHG in a reservoir nearly 20 years after impoundment are often unknown. The study conducted 18 years after the impoundment of the Petit Saut Reservoir (French Guiana) is the first study where the main elements of carbon and nitrogen cycles of an hydroelectric reservoir, and its river downstream, located in equatorial climate and which creation resulted in the flooding of primary forest, are studied nearly 20 years after impoundment. This study is based on (i) a monthly measurement of water quality and carbon and nitrogen concentrations upstream, in, and downstream of the reservoir, (ii) measurements and/or calculations of the different fluxes of GHG through the atmosphere, (iii) data of the isotopic signature and of the state of degradation of OM upstream, in, and downstream of the reservoir, (iv) sediments and 1994’s flooded tree trunks sampling and (v) incubations of downstream river water, sediments and tree trunks from the reservoir. All the data collected during the 12 months of campaigns carried out in 2012 - 2013 allowed us to determine that (i) flooded soils are still significant sources of GHG unlike flooded tree trunks, (ii) in the reservoir 84 % of CH4 emissions and 51 % of CO2 emissions occur in the littoral zone (< 10 m depth), (iii) 54 % of the CO2 produced in the river downstream of the dam come from the degradation of the OM provided by the reservoir. This study also allowed us to achieve carbon and nitrogen balances in Petit Saut and emission balance of each GHG emitted (CH4, CO2, N2O) nearly 20 years after impoundment.

MEnv.Sc / Department of Geography and Geo-Information Sciences

There is a concern that the ecosystems around the world are suffering from fragmentation. Ecosystems such as rivers have lost their connectivity to a large extent due to hydroelectric dams with no or insufficient passways for the natural flow of organisms, matter and energy. The Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, is anadromous, migrating up rivers to spawn as adults and downstream to the sea as juveniles to feed. Before entering the sea, juveniles go through a parr-smolt transformation which alters their behavior, morphology, and physiology. Using radio telemetry, we assessed how the degree of smoltification, in combination with migrational timing and the juvenile’s size, affected their migration. Overall migratory success was found to differ significantly across the range of smoltification, with more fully smoltified juveniles having the highest probability (94%) of reaching the sea. No relationship was found between smoltification status and average migrational speed or delays when passing a dam. Migrational timing was also correlated to migrational success, with earlier juveniles being 50 % more likely to reach the sea than those leaving 2-3 weeks later. All of the tagged juveniles (28) that passed the dam were delayed by an average of 1,32 km/h relative to their median speed in the river, and 18 of the juveniles made it down to the sea. No effect of migrational timing was found with average migrational speed or with dam delays however. Unexpectedly, larger lengths were correlated with slower average migration speeds and greater delays when encountering a dam. This new knowledge about the degree of smoltification and its relation to migration success can help river management to direct their efforts in the right direction to strengthen salmon populations. / Ekosystem som älvar och åar har i stor utsträckning förlorat konnektiviteten till följd av vattenkraftverk med otillräckliga passager för det naturliga flödet av organismer, materia och energi. Atlantlax Salmo salar är en anadrom fisk vars livscykel kräver att den vandrar mellan olika habitat. Den vandrar upp i vattendrag som vuxna för att leka och ut till havet som unga för att äta. De unga laxarna går igenom en utvecklingsprocess (smoltifiering) innan de simmar ut i havet vilket förändrar deras beteende, morfologi och fysiologi. Med hjälp av radiotelemetri bedömde vi hur graden av smoltifiering i kombination med timing och storlek påverkade deras nedströmsvandring. Vi såg en avsevärd skillnad inom dem olika smoltifierings graderna och en lyckad nedströmsvandring, de fullständigt smoltifierade fiskarna var mest sannolika att klara nedströmsvandringen (94%). Inget samband hittades mellan smoltifieringsgrad och genomsnittliga vandringshastigheten genom ån eller förbi ett vattenkraftverk. En lyckad nedströmsvandring var relaterad till tid och vi fann att de som vandrade tidigt hade 50% större chans att nå ut till havet än de som lämnade 2–3 veckor senare. Alla radiomärkta fiskar (28) som passerade vattenkraftverket vart försenade med -1,32 km/h jämfört med deras genomsnittliga hastighet, av 48 märkta fiskar klarade sig 18 ut till havet. Oväntat nog var längre längd relaterat till större förseningar både i medianhastighet och vid passage av en damm. Den här kunskapen om sambandet mellan smoltifieringsgrad och lyckad nedströmsvandring kan förbättra insatser som görs i åar och älvar för att optimera för djur och natur.

Vattenkraften har en negativ miljöpåverkan på flera sätt, inte minst genom fragmentering av vattendrag. Därför är det viktigt att studera åtgärder som potentiellt minskar vattenkraftens inverkan. Här undersöktes experimentellt avledningseffektivitet och tidsåtgång för nedströmsvandrande atlantlaxsmolt hos låglutande avledare i en strömränna. Smolten startade uppströms om anläggningen och registrerades ifall de besökte flyktöppningarna i passagelösningen för nedströmsmigrerande fisk. Inom båda huvudtyperna, α- och β-avledare, testades tre olika avledare vardera där α-avledarna bestod av galler med spaltvidderna 15, 18 och 30mm. β-avledarna innefattade två galler med spaltvidderna 15 och 30 mm samt ett kevlarnät med entumsmaskor. Resultaten visade att hos α-avledare hade spaltvidden hos gallret betydelse för effektiviteten mellan största och minsta gallret. Mellan β-avledarna med 15 och 30 mm spaltvidd hade spaltvidden ingen betydelse varken för avledningseffektivitet eller tid till passage. Däremot var entumsnätet mindre effektivt. Resultaten indikerade att β-avledare var generellt mer effektiva än α-avledare med högre avledningseffektivitet, möjligen på grund av olikheter i konstruktionerna av flyktöppningarna i anslutning till avledarna. Resultatet pekar också på att β-galler kan ge upphov till en beteenderespons hos smolten som inte registrerades hos α-galler. / Hydropower has a negative environmental impact in several ways, not least through fragmentation of watercourses. This makes it important to study measures that potentially reduce the impact of hydropower. Here, diversion efficiency (passage) and time spent migrating by Atlantic salmon smolts was tested experimentally in a flume equipped with low-slope diverters, simulating passage of a hydropower plant. The smolt were released upstream of the facility and were registered if they visited the entrance to the flume’s passage solution for downstream migrating fish. In both main types, α- and β-diverters, three different diverters were tested each, where the α-diverters consisted of bar racks with gap widths of 15, 18 and 30mm. The β-diverters included two bar racks with gap widths of 15 and 30 mm and a kevlar net with 25 mm meshes. The results showed that in α-diverters, the gap width of the racks was important for the efficiency between the largest and smallest gap widths. Between the β-diverters with 15- and 30 mm gap width, the gap width had no significance either for efficiency or time to passage. However, the one-inch net was less efficient. The results indicated that β-racks were generally more efficient than α-racks with higher diverting efficiency, possibly due to differences in the constructions of the escape openings adjacent to the diverters. The result also suggests that β-racks may give rise to behavioral responses in the smolt that was not registered in α-racks.

Transboundary water treaties are often expected to prevent conflicts over waters from shared rivers. However, empirical evidence shows that some upstream countries continue to experience conflict after signing a water treaty. This study explains why some upstream countries experience high post-treaty transboundary water conflict levels while others do not. Departing from theories on the character of states, I argue that weaker upstream countries are more likely to experience post-treaty transboundary water conflict than stronger upstream states. This is because a weak upstream state has fewer capabilities, which creates an imbalance of power with its downstream riparian neighbor and presents a zero-sum game condition. As a result, the upstream state is more likely to experience a high level of conflict after signing an agreement. The hypothesis is tested on two transboundary river cases, the Helmand River Basin and the Indus River Basin, using a structured, focused comparison method. The data is collected through secondary sources, including books, journals, news articles, and reports, government records. The results of the study mainly support the theoretical arguments. It shows a significant relationship between the character of the upstream state and the level of post-treaty transboundary water conflict in the upstream state.

Abstract Vertical integration is a strategy where the firm owns the supply chain activities to gain control over the business operations, increasing the market share, and lowering the transaction costs. The vertically integrated firms tend to make more in-house operations. In the supply chain, vertical integration is performed either upstream or downstream. In the automobile industry, upstream integration is chosen to acquire or increase control over the suppliers by manufacturing goods internally while downstream integration is preferred to gain ownership with the previous distributors and dealers. This thesis work is carried out in the department of New and Strategic Project Markets in Sales and Marketing, Scania. The department New and Strategic Project Markets works with identifying the market potential in a country and future expansion of the sales and service network. A significant part of the Scania business is delivered through the sales and service network, which differentiates Scania from the competitors and provides the basis for profitability. Scania currently has models for identifying market potential and setting up the business in a market. With the future expansion, the establishment of a competitive sales and service network is a core part of the Scania business model. Currently, with changing market dynamics, Scania needs to evaluate the appropriate level of vertical integration to capture market potential, achieve profitability, and manage risk for the sales and service network. This led to the development of a decision model for vertical integration of the sales and service network. The purpose of this research is to develop a structured decision model for performing vertical integration and disintegration in the sales and service business of Scania to maintain or improve profitability by considering the risks. The current state illustrates an overview of the sales and marketing business process in Scania. As a pre-study phase, the thesis project includes reviewing Scania’s current practice for evaluating the market which contains market screening model and distributor development process (market establishment). Adding to that, an empirical study is carried out through interviews to identify the factors, forces, and risks involved in driving captive and non-captive markets. The above-mentioned information will act as a base for performing the analysis on building the decision model. From the acquired information, the analysis is carried out by prioritizing and categorizing the predominant factors and forces of vertical integration. Further, by performing risk analysis the decision model is built into four levels and the appropriate decisions are made to identify the level of vertical integration in the sales and service network. At last, to check the credibility of the decision model, a country is chosen for analysis, and the results are discussed.

Abstract The aim of the present study was to increase the understanding of how the cell surface properties affect the performance of unit operations used in primary protein purification. In particular, the purpose was to develop, set up and apply methods for studies of cell surface properties and cell interactions. A method for microbial cell surface fingerprinting using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is suggested. Four different Escherichia coli strains were used as model cells. Cell surface fingerprints were generated by registration of the interaction between the cells and four different surfaces, with different physical and chemical properties, when a cell suspension was flown over the surface. Significant differences in fingerprint pattern between some of the strains were observed. The physical properties of the cell surfaces were determined using microelectrophoresis, contact angle measurements and aqueous two-phase partitioning and were compared with the SPR fingerprints. The generated cell surface fingerprints and the physical property data were evaluated with multivariate data analysis that showed that the cells were separated into individual groups in a similar way using principal component analysis plots (PCA). Studies of the behaviour of the model cells on stirred cell filtration and in an interaction test with different expanded bed adsorption (EBA) adsorbents were performed. It could be concluded that especially one of the strains behaved differently. Differences in the properties of the model cells were indicated by microelectrophoresis and aqueous two-phase partitioning which to some extent correlated with observed differences in behaviour during filtration and in an interaction test with EBA adsorbents. The impact of high-pressure homogenisation of E. coli cell extract was examined, with a lab scale and a pilot scale technique. The DNA-fragmentation, visualised with agarose gel electrophoresis, and the resulting change in viscosity was analysed. A short homogenisation time resulted in increased viscosity of the process solution that correlated with increased concentration of released non-fragmented DNA. With longer homogenisation time the viscosity decreased with increasing degree of DNA-fragmentation. The results show that strain dependant cell surface properties of E. coli may have an impact on several primary steps in downstream processing. / QC 20101129