This thesis addresses the controversy of Nazism as a political ideology in an ethical context, with emphasis on the role of man. The descriptive section looks at the origins and history of Nazism, its formation as a political party (NSDAP) and its main attributes. The topics of the prescriptive section are disputations the question of how Nazism stands in the context of various historical periods from antiquity to the peak period of Nazism. This section also deals with the problems of neo-Nazism. Two controversial publications of the major neo-Nazism promoters are subjected to examination and criticism. These publications and their promoters are ?My Awakening? by David Duke from the context of the world, and ?Taboos in the Social Sciences? by Petr Bakalář from the context of the Czech Republic.

The main purpose of this thesis is to present the biography of Arthur Wellesley, the first duke of Wellington (1769-1852) with the connection to his political career in the top political offices primarily in the years 1815-1832. With the respect to the way how Wellington concerned to his political negotiations, this thesis also try to look at the duke's childhood and adolescence. Based on the chronological order the large area of the thesis especially attends to the British facts, which comes close to us through the Wellington's political activity. This work deals with the key political issues incidental to the duke's career, e.g. Bill of Pains and Penalties, Catholic Emancipation, or Parliamentary Reform. We can come to the conclusion that his key political attitudes which had a great impact on his decisions were "the service to the state and the King", "non-party feeling in political debates", and "the demand of a discipline", not only for himself, but for his colleagues and subordinates too. Key words: Arthur Wellesley, the duke of Wellington, biography, Great Britain, the 1st half of the 19th century, political history, correspondence

La noblesse du Sarladais avait la réputation d'être pléthorique et désargentée, mais ce point de vue traditionnel doit être nuancé : les nobles n'étaient nombreux que dans les villes de Sarlat, de Monpazier, et dans les vallées. Ils étaient effectivement pauvres, mais leurs lignées étaient anciennes : un partage favorable à l'aîné et l'exercice d'activités sans dérogeance pour les cadets permettaient aux uns et aux autres de se distinguer de leur environnement social. Leurs relations avec l'Etat évoluèrent : aux XVI ° et XVII ° siècles, la noblesse lutta pour son indépendance, encouragée par les La Tour d'Auvergne, dont la vicomté de Turenne était souveraine. Vers 1740, avec le déclin de cette lignée, le second ordre se soumit au monarque : il s'intégra dans ses clientèles pour le servir, et il renforça ses liens avec lui, par des unions avec de vieilles lignées d'officiers, qui faisaient de l'ancienneté un élément essentiel de l'identité nobiliaire. Bien que vaincus, les nobles envisagèrent de réformer l'Etat absolutiste, car la noblesse voulait rester maîtresse chez elle en se protégeant de la domination parisienne et bordelaise. Mais, la réforme n'était pas sans risques, car la noblesse était isolée : d'une attitude ambivalente avec la bourgeoisie, elle se heurtait à des paysans hostiles aux droits féodaux, qu'un noble pauvre ne pouvait abandonner sans perdre sa supériorité dans la paroisse. / The nobility of Sarlat region was know to be overed and penniless, but this reputation needs to be qualified : the noblemen were numerous only in Sarlat, Monpazier and the valleys. They were poor indeed, but their lineage was ancient : the sharing out was in favor of the eldest and the activities reserved to the nobility of the younger brothers allowed them to distinguish themselves from their social environment. The relationships between the nobility and the State also deserve a closer investigation : throughout the 16 th and the 17 th centuries, the nobility fought for its independence, and it's supported by La Tour d'Auvergne whose the viscountey of Turenne was sovereign. Around 1740, with the decline of this lineage, the members of the "second ordre" submitted themselves to the Monarch and joined as it's followers to serve him. Trough this, they also strengthened bonds with him through the unions of old officer lineages for whom length of service was the fundamental element of the identity nobility. Although they had been defeated, the noblemen considered that it was a necessity to reform the absolutistic State, for the nobility wanted to remain in control protecting itself from the domination of Paris and Bordeaux. Yet, the reforme included risks, for the nobility was isolated : its ties with the "bourgeoisie" were ambivalents, but they faced farmers hostile to the feudals rights which a poor nobleman could not give up on, without losing superiority within the parish.

No description available.

No description available.

Cette thèse propose une étude régionale des deux premiers siècles de l’Islam au cœur de la vallée du Nil. Elle se concentre sur la Moyenne-Égypte, plus précisément sur deux divisions administratives byzantines au moment de la conquête de l’Égypte par l’armée de ‘Amr b. al-‘Āṣ : celle de la capitale de la province de Thébaïde, Antinoé, et une de ses dépendances, la pagarchie d’Hermopolis Magna. Nous suivons dans cet espace les situations de contact entre conquérants et conquis au niveau local, entre les VIIe et IXe siècles, afin d’interroger l’évolution de ces deux catégories d’acteurs jusqu’à l’arrivée des Tulunides (868). Le corpus disponible pour cette étude est formé principalement par des papyrus arabes, grecs et coptes, alors que les sources littéraires s’intéressent très peu à la région. Ce riche ensemble documentaire permet de bien connaître la région et sa population à la fin de l’époque byzantine ainsi que de proposer un point de vue local sur l’histoire de la conquête. Un intérêt particulier est porté au développement d’une administration islamique locale née de la refonte du système régional byzantin en place au milieu du VIIe siècle. Au sein du développement de cette nouvelle structure administrative et provinciale au cours de la période umayyade, Antinoé perd tout statut administratif provincial. Elle prend le nom arabe d’Anṣinā, et Hermopolis celui d’Ašmūn(ayn). Cette dernière devient le principal échelon administratif de la Moyenne-Égypte islamique. En parallèle, nous pouvons suivre le développement d’une communauté musulmane de Moyenne-Égypte, impliquée à partir du VIIIe siècle dans l’administration et au cours de la période abbasside dans la propriété terrienne et dans la vie citadine et villageoise de la région. / This thesis offers a regional study of the two first centuries of Islam in the heart of the Egyptian Nile valley. It concentrates on Middle Egypt, precisely on the administrative divisions of the Byzantine system at the time of the conquest of Egypt by the armies of ‘Amr b. al-‘Āṣ (642) : the capital of the province of the Thebaid, Antinoe, and one of its dependencies, the pagarchy of Hermopolis Magna. Particular focus is given to the relationships between conquerors and conquered in this region between the 7th and the 9th century, the goal being to question the evolution of those two categories until the rise of the Tulunid dynasty (868). The sources available for this research are mainly non-literary papyri written in Arabic, Greek, and Coptic, as literary sources rarely express interest in this region. This rich documentary corpus allows us to examine in detail the administrative geography of the region and its population before the conquest and to offer a local point of view on the history of the conquest. Particular attention is given to the development of a new administrative and provincial structure during the Umayyad period in which the Thebaid is suppressed and Antinoe loses its place in the provincial structure of Egypt. It then appears under the Arabic name of Anṣinā and Hermopolis, as Ašmūn(ayn). The latter becomes the main administrative centre of Middle Egypt in the Islamic period and even supervises Anṣinā. In parallel, we can follow the development of the Muslim community involved in the administration of the region from the 8th century, in landholding and in city and village life in the Abbasid period.

Cette thèse étudie les modalités et les conséquences politiques de la crise qui ébranle l’autorité royale française durant le très court règne du jeune François II et fait basculer le royaume dans le temps des troubles de religion. Dans le contexte de la fin des guerres d’Italie et après la tragique mort d’Henri II, l’avènement d’un roi âgé de quinze ans refusant le pouvoir qui lui revient, déclenche une contestation politique inédite dans la France du XVIe siècle. La situation s’envenime d’autant plus pour l’autorité monarchique que le gouvernement royal, conduit par les Guise, oncles du roi, répond par une sévère répression antihérétique au succès de la Réforme protestante. En mars 1560, la conjuration manquée d’Amboise révèle au pouvoir l’ampleur et l’imbrication de ces mécontentements à la fois politiques que religieux. À la faveur d’acteurs aussi essentiels pour la France du XVIe siècle que Catherine de Médicis, le cardinal de Lorraine ou Michel de l’Hospital, un processus d’inflexion politique majeure s’initie alors : le pouvoir opte pour une modération religieuse et une politique d’apaisement qu’il s’efforce d’ajuster à la « nécessité des temps » autant qu’à l’accélération des élans catholiques et protestants. Si le règne de François II ouvre le temps des troubles civils, il ouvre donc aussi celui des tentatives et des expérimentations politiques dont les édits des guerres de Religion seront les héritiers. Appuyé sur une fine analyse de l’enchaînement événementiel, le présent travail s’efforce de révéler la complexité de ce règne « à la croisée des temps » autant que son caractère décisif pour la réflexion politique du second XVIe siècle français. / This thesis focuses on the processes and political consequences of the crisis which destabilizes the French royal authority during the short-lived reign of young Francis II and propels the kingdom into the French troubles of religion. In the wake of the Italian Wars and the tragic death of Henry II, the accession of a fifteen-year-old king who refuses the power that is handed down to him entails a political contestation that is unprecedented in sixteenth-century France. The situation further deteriorates for the monarchical authority since the royal government led by the King’s uncles, the Guises, responds to the successful Protestant Reformation with severe repressive measures against heretics. In March 1560, the failed Amboise conspiracy reveals to the royal authority the extent and interconnectedness of the political and religious discontents. Thanks to figures of paramount importance to sixteenth-century France, such as Catherine de’ Medici, the Cardinal of Lorraine or Michel de l’Hospital, a process of major political reorientation is then initiated : the royal authority opts for religious moderation and an appeasement policy it tries to adapt to both the “necessities of times” and the increasing Catholic and Protestant momentums. Though the reign of Francis II opens the era of civil wars, it also opens that of political trials and experimentations which will eventually bring about the Wars of Religion edicts. This work is based on a detailed analysis of the chain of events, and endeavours to reveal the complexity of a reign “at the crossroads of times” as well as its determining role in the political reflection of the second half of the sixteenth century in France.

Title: The Last Princess of Luxembourg. The Life Elizabeth of Görlitz in the Period between Years 1390 - 1425. Abstract: The thesis aims to describe the life of the last princess of the House of Luxembourg, Elisabeth of Görlitz. Based on an analysis of narrative and diplomatic material spanning between 1390 - 1425 it describes her life from birth until the moment she ultimately became a widow. Elisabeth of Görlitz (1390 - 1451) was the granddaughter of the emperor Charles the IV. and the Swedish king Albrecht I. During a significant period she used to be the only heir of the House of Luxembourg and therefore since her childhood she was an important woman from the political point of view. She married Anthony Duke of Brabant after several unsuccessful engagements. This marriage led Elizabeth to the Western Europe, where she spent the rest of her life. Thanks to this marriage, Luxembourg became the property of the newly married couple. After few years Anthony died in one of the most famous battles of Hundred Years' War - The battle of Agincourt. Soon after that, Elizabeth got married for the second time. Her second husband was John III the Pitiless, the former Prince-Bishop of Liège, which was during this time most known for his efforts of acquiring Holland and Zeeland. However, John died a few years after the...

The aim of this thesis is to describe in detail three military campaigns of Emperor Charles IV. (1316 - 1378) within the territory of the Holy Roman Empire. It uses diplomatic and narrative historical sources to map the political circumstances, proces, and military aspects of the three given campaigns. The first campaign is Charles IV's struggle for power over the Holy Roman Empire in the years 1347 - 1349. The second is the military expedition against counts of Württemberg in 1360. The third conflict is Emperor's conquest of Mark Brandenburg, connected with the pursuit of a second electoral vote for the house of Luxembourgs, which took place in the years 1371 - 1373. The thesis tries to be beneficial to the question of the role, that the use of military power might have had in the politics of Charles IV. By comparing the process and circumstances of the three given conflicts, the thesis aims to confirm or deny the existence any kind of specific military-strategic doctrine of Charles IV. One of the discussed problems is also the structure of the armyies that Charles IV had at his disposal during the studied campaigns. It seeks to answer, whether the core of Emperor's forces was made rather by noblemen of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown, or for example mercenaries hired in various locations of the...

The diploma thesis deals with the topic of illegitimacy of the last Přemyslids. The main focus of the thesis is to outline the life and careers of illegitimate children of the last Přemyslid kings. The core of the thesis deals with illegitimacy in the Middle Ages. In this recpect, the author tries to compare the conditions at the Prague Přemyslid court with other European countries, taking into consideration the historical context of that time. Last but not least, the author tries to evaluate the position of illegitimate children in the medieval society. Key words: Přemyslids, illegitimacy, illegitimate child, Ottokar I of Bohemia., Ottokar II of Bohemia, Nicholas I Duke of Opava, Jan Volek, Wenceslaus II of Bohemia, Wenceslaus III of Bohemia, Guglielma of Milano, bastard