Submitted by Marcos Anselmo (marcos.anselmo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2016-05-03T19:44:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LEANDRO ZIEMER CARNEIRO.pdf: 5141284 bytes, checksum: 967ea86595423b1d3aa3442bdec2b570 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcos Anselmo (marcos.anselmo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2016-05-03T19:45:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 LEANDRO ZIEMER CARNEIRO.pdf: 5141284 bytes, checksum: 967ea86595423b1d3aa3442bdec2b570 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-03T19:45:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LEANDRO ZIEMER CARNEIRO.pdf: 5141284 bytes, checksum: 967ea86595423b1d3aa3442bdec2b570 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-31 / Osteotomia intertrocantérica varizante (OIV) objetiva diminuir o ângulo de inclinação de cabeça e colo femoral, comumente aumentado em animais displásicos. Pode ser estabilizada por diferentes métodos, sendo a placa de compressão e parafusos o método mais tradicional. Embora a haste intramedular bloqueada (HIB) ainda não tenha sido relatada em estabilizações pós OIV, sabe-se que em fraturas femorais este método é considerado mais eficiente que as placas compressivas, além de permitir tempo cirúrgico menor. Deste modo, objetivou-se avaliar a aplicabilidade da HIB como método de fixação pós OIV em comparação com a placa compressiva. Foram utilizados dez cadáveres caninos com peso superior a 15 kg, com ambos os fêmures intactos. Nos fêmures esquerdos foram realizadas as OIVs, com remoção de cunha óssea de 20o na face medial e fixação por meio de HIB. Os fêmures contralaterais foram utilizados como controle e, após a realização da mesma técnica cirúrgica, fixou-se os segmentos ósseos por meio de placas de compressão e parafusos. As articulações coxofemorais foram radiografadas em projeção ventrodorsal e os ângulos de Norberg e de inclinação de cabeça e colo femoral comparados antes e após o procedimento cirúrgico entre os métodos de fixação. Também foi comparado o tempo dispendido para a colocação dos implantes. Os resultados demonstraram aumento do ângulo de Norberg em relação ao ângulo pré-operatório (passando de 106,84±5.55o para 111.22o ± 3.89) apenas no grupo HIB; ambos os grupos apresentaram redução do ângulo de ICF, mas sem diferença entre eles; e o tempo de colocação de cada implante também não diferiu entre os dois grupos. Assim, o uso da HIB na estabilização pós OIV foi factível em cadáveres, produzindo resultados similares à placa em relação ao tempo de execução e redução do ângulo ICF, além de permitir aumento o ângulo de Norberg. / Intertrochanteric varus osteotomy (IVO) aims to decrease the angle of head and femoral neck, commonly increased in dysplastic animals. It can be stabilized by different methods, and the compression plate and screws is the most commonly applied. The application of locked intramedullary nail (IN) in femoral fractures has been more efficient and faster than the compressive plates. However, is not known if the IN would be effective in stabilization post IVO. Thus, this study aimed to compare the application of the IN post IVO with compression plate. For this, were used ten canine cadavers weighing more than 15 kg, with both intact femurs. In the left femur were performed IVO, with bone wedge removal of 20o on the medial side and fixation with IN. The contralateral femurs were used as control and, after performing the same surgical technique, the bone segments were fixed with compression plates and screws. The hip joints were radiographed in Ventrodorsal projection, and compared the angles of Norberg and inclination of the head and femoral neck (IHF), obtained before and after surgery. The time spent for the placement of implants as compared too. IHF between the fixing methods before and after surgery. Finally, there was an increase of Norberg angle (from 106.84 ± 5.55o to 111.22o ± 3.89) only in the IN group; Similar results between the two groups were obtained with regard to reducing the IHF angle and the implant placement time compared to the compression plate. Thus, the use of IN post IVO stabilization was feasible in cadavers, producing similar results to the plate in relation to the execution time and reducing the angle IHF, and increasing the Norberg angle.

Retinal dysplasia has been documented in many breeds of dogs. It has recently been hypothesized that Miniature Schnauzer dogs affected with retinal dysplasia and associated persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous have a decreased amount of Tfam and several mtDNA transcripts in the retina and RPE. Affected dogs were also hypothesized to have a decrease in leukocyte mtDNA compared to normal dogs. Additionally, using electron microscopy, these dogs were hypothesized to having decreased mitochondrial numbers and size with altered morphology in multiple tissues, including neutrophils. Due to these recent discoveries in this breed it has been proposed that retinal dysplasia could be the result of an altered energy supply to the retina and RPE. The objective of this study was to further investigate the pathogenesis of retinal dysplasia in the Miniature Schnauzer and English Springer Spaniel dog.<p> The hypothesis of an altered Tfam gene sequence in affected Miniature Schnauzer dogs leading to a decreased amount of Tfam transcript in the retina and RPE was tested by amplifying, cloning and sequencing the coding, 5 and 3non-coding regions, and intron 1 of the Tfam gene from affected and normal Miniature Schnauzer dogs. Using transmission electron microscopy, affected and normal lymphocyte mitochondria were also objectively measured and quantified in this breed along with mitochondrial morphology assessment. In the English Springer Spaniel dog, the hypothesis of a decreased amount of leukocyte mtDNA in affected dogs was tested using real-time PCR. In addition, using transmission electron microscopy, affected and normal lymphocyte mitochondria were objectively measured and quantified in this breed with mitochondrial morphology assessment.<p> Sequencing of the particular regions of the Miniature Schnauzer Tfam gene revealed no significant nucleotide changes between affected and normal dogs. Evaluation of lymphocyte mitochondrial size, number and morphology also revealed no significant differences between the two groups. In the English Springer Spaniel dog a relative decrease in leukocyte mtDNA did not exist in dogs affected with retinal dysplasia. Furthermore, evaluation of affected English Springer Spaniel dog lymphocyte mitochondria revealed no significant differences in mitochondrial number, surface area or morphology when compared to normal English Springer Spaniel dogs.<p> To conclude, we failed to demonstrate a mutation in the areas of the Tfam gene sequenced in Miniature Schnauzers affected with retinal dysplasia and associated persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous. In contrast to previous findings of decreased leukocyte mtDNA in the affected Miniature Schnauzer dog, no evidence was found to support a relative decrease in leukocyte mtDNA in English Springer Spaniel dogs affected with retinal dysplasia. Furthermore, the hypothesis of altered mitochondrial size, number and morphology in affected dogs is not supported by this study. Further evaluation of mitochondria, mtDNA and mitochondrial gene expression within age-matched retina and RPE of Miniature Schnauzer and English Springer Spaniel dogs is necessary to determine if mitochondria and altered energy supply play a role in the pathogenesis of retinal dysplasia in these breeds.

Retinal dysplasia has been documented in many breeds of dogs. It has recently been hypothesized that Miniature Schnauzer dogs affected with retinal dysplasia and associated persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous have a decreased amount of Tfam and several mtDNA transcripts in the retina and RPE. Affected dogs were also hypothesized to have a decrease in leukocyte mtDNA compared to normal dogs. Additionally, using electron microscopy, these dogs were hypothesized to having decreased mitochondrial numbers and size with altered morphology in multiple tissues, including neutrophils. Due to these recent discoveries in this breed it has been proposed that retinal dysplasia could be the result of an altered energy supply to the retina and RPE. The objective of this study was to further investigate the pathogenesis of retinal dysplasia in the Miniature Schnauzer and English Springer Spaniel dog.<p> The hypothesis of an altered Tfam gene sequence in affected Miniature Schnauzer dogs leading to a decreased amount of Tfam transcript in the retina and RPE was tested by amplifying, cloning and sequencing the coding, 5 and 3non-coding regions, and intron 1 of the Tfam gene from affected and normal Miniature Schnauzer dogs. Using transmission electron microscopy, affected and normal lymphocyte mitochondria were also objectively measured and quantified in this breed along with mitochondrial morphology assessment. In the English Springer Spaniel dog, the hypothesis of a decreased amount of leukocyte mtDNA in affected dogs was tested using real-time PCR. In addition, using transmission electron microscopy, affected and normal lymphocyte mitochondria were objectively measured and quantified in this breed with mitochondrial morphology assessment.<p> Sequencing of the particular regions of the Miniature Schnauzer Tfam gene revealed no significant nucleotide changes between affected and normal dogs. Evaluation of lymphocyte mitochondrial size, number and morphology also revealed no significant differences between the two groups. In the English Springer Spaniel dog a relative decrease in leukocyte mtDNA did not exist in dogs affected with retinal dysplasia. Furthermore, evaluation of affected English Springer Spaniel dog lymphocyte mitochondria revealed no significant differences in mitochondrial number, surface area or morphology when compared to normal English Springer Spaniel dogs.<p> To conclude, we failed to demonstrate a mutation in the areas of the Tfam gene sequenced in Miniature Schnauzers affected with retinal dysplasia and associated persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous. In contrast to previous findings of decreased leukocyte mtDNA in the affected Miniature Schnauzer dog, no evidence was found to support a relative decrease in leukocyte mtDNA in English Springer Spaniel dogs affected with retinal dysplasia. Furthermore, the hypothesis of altered mitochondrial size, number and morphology in affected dogs is not supported by this study. Further evaluation of mitochondria, mtDNA and mitochondrial gene expression within age-matched retina and RPE of Miniature Schnauzer and English Springer Spaniel dogs is necessary to determine if mitochondria and altered energy supply play a role in the pathogenesis of retinal dysplasia in these breeds.

<p>Cancer is now the leading cause of death in developed countries. Despite advances in strategies aimed at the prevention and treatment of the disease, early detection of precancerous growths remains the most effective method of reducing associated morbidity and mortality. Pathological examination of physical tissues that are collected via systematic biopsy is the current "gold standard" in this pursuit. Despite widespread acceptance of this methodology and high confidence in its performance, it is not without limitations. Recently, much attention has been given to the development of optical biopsy techniques that can be used clinically and are able to overcome these limitations. This dissertation describes one such optical biopsy technique, angle-resolved low coherence interferometry (a/LCI), its adaptation to a clinical technology, and its evaluation in clinical studies.</p><p> The dissertation presents the theory that underlies the operation of the a/LCI technique, the design and validation of the clinical instrument, and its evaluation by means of two clinical trials. First, an account of the manner in which the depth-resolved angular scattering profiles that are collected by a/LCI can be used to determine nuclear characteristics of the investigated tissues is given. The design of the clinical system that is able to collect these scattering profiles through an optical fiber probe that can be passed through the accessory channel of an endoscope for <italic>in vivo</italic> use is presented. To demonstrate the ability of this system to accurately determine the size of cell nuclei, a set of validation experiments are described.</p><p> In order to evaluate the clinical utility of this a/LCI system, two clinical trials intended to assess the ability of a/LCI to detect the presence of early, pre-cancerous dysplasias in human tissues are presented. The first of these, an <italic>in vivo</italic> study of Barrett's esophagus (BE) patients undergoing routine surveillance for the early signs of esophageal adenocarcinoma, is described. This study represents the first use of the a/LCI technique in vivo, and confirms its ability to provide clinically useful information regarding the disease state of the tissue that it examines, with performance that compares favorably to other optical biopsy techniques. Next, an <italics>ex vivo</italics> study of resected intestinal tissue is presented. The results of this study demonstrate the ability of a/LCI to provide information that can be used to detect dysplasia in the lower gastrointestinal tract with high accuracy. This study will enable future development of the technology to allow conduction of <italic>in vivo</italic> trials of intestinal tissue. The results of these two clinical studies demonstrate the clinical utility a/LCI, illustrating its potential as an optical biopsy technique that has great potential to provide diagnostically relevant information during surveillance procedures. This is particularly relevant in the case of BE, where its successful use has been demonstrated <italic>in vivo</italic>.</p> / Dissertation

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2001. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 163-189).

The present study was performed to determine whether ongoing oxidative stress in some BPD infants contributes to their increased energy expenditure leading to growth failure. The study consisted of two parts. The first is a descriptive census of BPD infants (n = 38) followed at the outpatient clinics at The Montreal Children's Hospital (MCH). The second is a cross-sectional study of fifteen patients wherein anthropometric parameters, energy intake, and oxidative stress measures (red cell glutathione (GSH) and plasma malondialdehyde (MDA)) were assessed. Nine infants with growth failure were compared to six thriving infants with respect to their nutritional and oxidative stress status. Growth failure was defined as weight for age and weight for height for age less than the tenth percentile (z score $ leq - 1).$ Results revealed that the prevalence of growth failure in the BPD infants followed at MCH ranged between 45% and 55%. The mean ($ pm$ SD) energy intakes for thriving and failing to thrive infants expressed as a percent of the recommended nutrient intake were 104 $ pm$ 46% and 133 $ pm$ 35% respectively. Six infants had reduced mean ($ pm$ SD) blood glutathione per hemoglobin (3.63 $ pm$ 0.37 umol/g) compared to adult controls (6.57 $ pm$ 1.04 umol/g). Four of the six infants had growth failure while two were thriving. Fourteen Infants including all failing to thrive infants had elevated mean ($ pm$ SD) plasma MDA levels compared to adult controls (129 $ pm$ 48 vs 55 $ pm$ 3 nmol/l). Differences in oxidative stress markers were not observed between the two groups. These results suggest that growth failure is associated with an increase in caloric consumption and not with a decrease in caloric intake. The preliminary findings on oxidative stress markers suggest a depletion of the GSH antioxidant in some infants and marked lipid peroxidation in the BPD population.

No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1995. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [109]-121).

Orientador: João Guilherme Padilha Filho / Banca: André Luiz Selmi / Banca: Gustavo Garkalns de Souza Oliveira / Banca: Júlio Carlos Canola / Banca: Márcia Rita Fernandes Machado / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi aplicar cunhas de polímero de mamona poroso com adição de cálcio na junção sacroilíaca, avaliar clinicamente a interferência da técnica na deambulação dos cães e, radiograficamente, verificar o aumento da cobertura acetabular à cabeça femoral. Para tal, foram utilizados oito cães, adultos, com peso entre 16,5 a 32 kg, quatro normais e quatro displásicos, porém sem sintomatologia dolorosa. Na junção sacroilíaca esquerda foi aplicada cunha de 30°. Foram realizadas avaliações clínicas pós-operatórias, perimetria da coxa, avaliação do apoio do membro do lado operado, aferição dos ângulos de flexão e extensão. Para avaliação da ventroversão acetabular foram empregados os métodos radiográficos do ângulo de Norberg e a porcentagem de cobertura acetabular. Os animais foram avaliados no pré-operatório, pós-operatório imediato, 30, 60 e 90 dias. Para a avaliação clínica, perimetria da coxa, avaliação da claudicação e apoio do membro, flexão e extensão, também se incluiu os períodos de sete, 14 e 21 dias. Observou-se na avaliação radiográfica aumento da cobertura acetabular logo no pós-operatório imediato, tanto no método do ângulo de Norberg quanto na porcentagem de cobertura acetabular. Não houve interferência na deambulação dos animais, uma vez que todos retornam a deambulação normal ao término do período de avaliação. Do ponto de vista clínico, a cunha comportou-se como biopolímero, suportando a aplicação de parafuso em efeito compressivo. A técnica promove aumento da cobertura acetabular, comprovado radiograficamente, podendo ser empregada em cães displásicos / Abstract: The goal of this study was to apply castor oil porous polymer wedges with addition of calcium in the sacroiliac joint; to evaluate clinically the interference of the technique in the walking of dogs and, radiographically, to check the increasing of the acetabular covering to the femoral head. In order to accomplish it, eight adult dogs weighting 16.5 - 32 kg were used, four of them normal and four of them dysplastic, although without painful symptomatology. In the left sacroiliac joint was applied 30 wedge. Postoperative clinical evaluations, thigh perimetry, evaluation of the support of the operated side member, gauging of the flection and extension angles were carried out. To evaluate the acetabular ventroversion the Norberg angle radiographic methods and the percentage of acetabular covering were used. The animals were evaluated in the preoperative, immediate postoperative, 30, 60 and 90 days. To the clinical evaluation, thigh perimetry, claudication evaluation and member support, flection and extension, they were also included the periods of seven, fourteen and twenty-one days. It was observed in the radiographic evaluation an increasing of the acetabular covering soon in the immediate postoperative, in both the Norberg angle method and the percentage of acetabular covering. There wasn't interference in the walking of the animals, considering that all of them recover the regular walking at the end of the evaluation period. From the clinical point of view, the wedge behaved as biopolymer, bearing the screw application in compression effect. Such technique promotes the acetabular covering increase, radiographically proven, and it can be employed in displastic dogs / Doutor

O manejo clínico dos pacientes com pólipos colorretais é principalmente baseado na histologia das lesões removidas. Em conseqüência, o diagnóstico histológico tem um papel muito importante na decisão terapêutica e a uniformidade de interpretação dos diferentes laudos de patologia é essencial. Apesar destas relevantes implicações, poucos estudos existem avaliando a variabilidade interobservador na elucidação dessa doença e a concordância não é considerada satisfatória. Objetivo: avaliar a variabilidade interobservador no diagnóstico histológico dos pólipos colorretais. Metodologia: foram avaliados 230 pólipos colorretais no Serviço de Patologia do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA). Quatro patologistas examinaram todas as lâminas de forma independente e “cega”, ou seja, sem conhecimento do diagnóstico elaborado pelo seu colega. As lesões colorretais foram classificadas em relação ao diagnóstico: pólipo e carcinoma invasivo e quanto ao tipo de pólipo: adenomatoso versus hiperplásico. Nos adenomas foi avaliado o tipo histológico (tubular, túbulo-viloso e viloso) e o grau de displasia (baixo e alto grau). Resultados: o Kappa médio, em relação ao tipo de lesão, foi de 0,794, considerado moderado. Quanto ao tipo de pólipo, o Kappa médio foi 0,852, ou seja, uma ótima concordância. Em relação aos adenomas, no que se refere ao tipo histológico, obteve-se um Kappa médio, fraco de 0,291, e na avaliação do grau de displasia o Kappa médio foi regular com valor de 0,420. Conclusão: o índice de concordância, entre os quatro observadores foi considerado de moderado a ótimo no tipo de lesão e de pólipo, porém a variabilidade foi grande na avaliação dos adenomas, tanto no que concerne ao tipo histológico quanto ao grau de displasia com um kappa de fraco a regular. / The clinical management of patients with colorectal polyps is mainly based on the histology of the removed lesions. Therefore, the histological diagnosis has a very important role in deciding the treatment and the uniform interpretation of the different pathology reports is essential. In spite of these relevant implications, there are only very few studies assessing the interobserver variability in such diagnosis and the concordance of reports among different examiners is not considered satisfactory. Objective: to assess interobserver variability in the pathology reports in the diagnosis of colorectal polyps. Method: at the Department of Pathology of HCPA [Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre] 230 slides of colorectal polyps were examined by four independent pathologists “blindly”, that is, the diagnosis given by their colleagues was not known. Colorectal lesions were classified according to the diagnosis as polyp or invasive cancer and to the polyp type (adenomatous or hyperplasic). The histological type of the adenomas (tubular, tubulovillous and villous) and the grade of dysplasia (high or low) were also assessed. Results: mean kappa of the type of lesion was 0.794, which is considered moderate. The mean kappa of 0.852 for the type of polyp is considered excellent concordance. Regarding the histology of adenomas, the mean kappa was 0.291, considered weak. The assessment of the degree of dysplasia showed a regular Kappa of 0.420. Conclusion: the concordance rate among the four pathologists was considered to be moderate to excellent for the type of lesion and of polyp but there was great variability in the assessment of adenomas both for the histological type and for dysplasia, showing a weak to regular kappa.