The Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), a mercantile venture that was founded by royal charter in 1670, conceived, constructed and ran Fort Vancouver as its economic center in the Pacific Northwest, a colonial outpost at the edge of the company's holdings in North America. Research into the history of the HBC revealed that the company was motivated by mercantile interests, and that Fort Vancouver operated under feudal land policies while steadily adopting a hierarchical structure. Following the work of Marxist archaeologist Mark Leone whose work in Annapolis, Maryland explored the effects of capitalist ideology on archaeological assemblages of ceramics, this study sought to locate the material signatures of ideologies in the ceramic assemblages recovered from the Fort and its adjacent multi-ethnic Village sites. In Annapolis, matching sets of ceramics were used as a material indicator of the successful penetration of capitalist ideals of segmentation, division and standardization that accompanied the carefully cultivated ideology of individualism, into working class households. Following this model, this study analyzed six assemblages for the presence of matched sets of ceramic tablewares using the diversity measures of richness and evenness. The results of this analysis for five assemblages from households in the Village were then compared to those expected for a model assemblage that was inferred to represent the ultimate model of participation in and dissemination of the same ideals of segmentation and division: that recovered from the Chief Factor's House within the fort. Documentary research confirmed that ideology was used to indoctrinate workers into the unique relations of production at Fort Vancouver however it was an ideology of paternal allegiance to the company rather than one of possessive individualism, as in Annapolis. At Fort Vancouver the notion of individuality was subtly downplayed in favor of one that addressed the company's responsibility to its workers and encouraged them to view its hierarchy, which was reinforced spatially, socially and economically, as natural. Analysis of the archaeological assemblages revealed that it is unlikely that the Village assemblages are comprised of complete sets of matching ceramicwares. The lack of these sets is likely the result of the multivalent nature of the economic system at the fort and its distinct ideology of paternalism, as well as the diverse backgrounds and outlooks of the Village occupants themselves, who appear to have purchased and used these European ceramics in unique ways.

No description available.

The natural vegetation of the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site (COH WHS) was classified using Braun-blanquet methodology. This identified 22 distinct plant communities and 2 variants. Sampling took place over two growing seasons with a total of 91 releves being compiled. A stratified random approach to sampling used Land Types as a means of primary area stratification, with terrain position providing the means for further refinement. The grassland comprised of 12 plant communities and 2 variants and the woodland comprised of 10 plant communities. The classification of the woodland areas included some bush clumps associated with the entrances of caves which were also described independently in which seven distinct plant communities were identified A positive linear correlation exists between the size of the cave entrances and the extent to which the surrounding woody vegetation extends. This suggests the likelihood of cave entrance size influencing the surrounding vegetation. / Environmental Sciences / M. Tech. (Nature Conservation)

Résumé : Malgré l’apport de nouvelles armes thérapeutiques, le cancer du sein reste la première cause de décès par cancer chez la femme de moins de 65 ans. Le cancer du sein dit «triple-négatif», un sous-type représentant environ 10 % des cancers du sein, est caractérisé par l’absence de récepteurs hormonaux aux oestrogènes et à la progestérone et aussi par l’absence d’expression du récepteur de croissance HER-2. Ce type de cancer considéré comme étant le plus agressif des cancers du sein, possède un profil clinique défavorable avec un haut risque de rechute métastatique. Les seuls outils thérapeutiques disponibles actuellement contre ce type de cancer sont la chimiothérapie et la radiothérapie, qui s’avèrent être très toxiques pour le patient et ne ciblent pas de manière spécifique la tumeur. Il a été ainsi démontré qu’il existe au sein du kinome (i.e. l’ensemble des protéines kinases du génome humain), 26 protéines kinases surexprimées dans le cancer du sein dit «triple-négatif» et dont le rôle s’avère être critique dans la croissance de ces cellules cancéreuses. Nous avons utilisé différentes méthodes computationnelles développées au sein de notre laboratoire afin de caractériser le site de liaison de l’ensemble de ces 26 protéines kinases. Plus précisément, nous avons calculé les similitudes entre les protéines kinases à plusieurs niveaux: 1. séquence globale, 2. séquence des sites de liaison, 3. structure des sites de liaison et 4. profils de liaison. Nous avons utilisé des outils de visualisation de données afin de mettre en évidence ces similarités. Le profil de liaison de 38 molécules inhibitrices a été déterminé pour un ensemble de 290 protéines kinases humaines, incluant 15 des protéines kinases appartenant à notre sous-ensemble de protéines d'intérêt. Ces profils de liaison sont utilisés pour définir les similarités fonctionnelles entre les protéines kinases d'intérêt, en utilisant le coefficient tau de corrélation des rangs de Kendall ([tau]). Nous avons effectué des simulations d’arrimage à l’aide du logiciel FlexAID, pour chacune des protéines et l’ensemble des 38 molécules inhibitrices afin d’élargir l’analyse précédente aux autres protéines qui n’ont pas été testé par Karaman et al. Grâce aux différentes études structurales et computationnelles effectuées ci-dessus, nous avons été à même de hiérarchiser les protéines kinases en fonction des similarités moléculaires vis-à-vis de leurs profils de liaison, en vue du développement futur d’outils thérapeutiques poly-pharmacologiques. // Abstract : Despite the development of novel therapeutic agents, breast cancer represents a major cause of death among women. Among breast cancer patients, triple negative (TN) breast cancer (TNBC) represents approximately 15% of cases. TNBC is characterized by the absence of the estrogen receptor, the progesterone receptor as well as the HER2 protein kinase. Recently, it has been shown that a subset of 26 protein kinases (TNVT set) is overexpressed in TNBC. Their inhibition in siRNA knockdown experiments leads to varying levels of growth inhibition in TN and sometimes non-TN cancer cell lines. These studies validate TNVT set kinases as potential therapeutic targets. The aim of this project is to characterize the binding site of TNVT set kinases using different computational methods developed in our research group and to determine which protein kinases of this subset could be more likely to bind similar ligands as part of a poly-pharmacological approach. We calculated global sequence similarities, binding-site sequence similarities and 3D atomic binding-site similarities for the TNVT set of kinases. This analysis shows that binding-site sequence similarities somehow reflect global sequence similarities. Binding-site 3D atomic similarities reflect binding-site sequence similarities but are more widespread. This may have potential functional consequences in terms of small-molecule molecular recognition. Such similarities can potentially lead to cross-reactivity effects but they can also be exploited in the development of multi-functional poly-pharmacological drugs. Recently, the dissociation constants (K[indice inférieur d]) of 38 small-molecule inhibitors for 290 protein kinases (including 17 kinases in the TNVT set) were calculated. These experimental bindingprofiles were used to define a measure of functional profile similarity using Kendall rank correlations ([tau]). We will present results using our docking program FlexAID for the 38 small-molecules tested by Karaman et al. against the 26 kinases in the TNVT set. Similar to experimental binding-profiles, the docking scores can be used to define docking bindingprofiles similarities using [tau] rank correlations. Docking binding-profile similarities are then used to cluster the 26 kinases in the TNVT set. Clusters represent subsets of kinases within the TNVT set with functionally similar binding-sites. Finally, we compare functional docking profile similarities to the sequence and 3D atomic similarities discussed above. This analysis will allow us to detect subsets of kinases in the TNVT set for which it may be possible to develop multi-functional inhibitors.

Enligt Arbetsmiljöverket förekommer olyckor bland byggnadsarbetare dubbelt så ofta som hos andra arbetstagare. Under år 2015 hade byggindustrin över tre tusen arbetsolyckor som resulterat i sjukfrånvaro, något som motsvarade elva procent av Sveriges totala anmälda arbetsplatsolyckor med sjukfrånvaro. Med tanke på vad en arbetare inom byggnads- och anläggningsbranschen utsätter sig för i det dagliga arbetet är det uppenbart att fokus måste riktas mot säkerheten. Denna studie har utförts på byggavdelningen för underhållsarbete på BillerudKorsnäs Gävle Bruk, där ett förbättringsbehov i det befintliga arbetsmiljöarbetet i upprättandet av arbetsmiljöplaner har konstaterats. Syfte och mål med studien är att skapa ett förslag till en mall för arbetsmiljöplan som är användarvänlig och inkluderar de 13 arbeten med särskild risk som omnämns i AFS 1999:3. En förhoppning är att mallen kommer att bidra till ett förenklande av befintliga rutiner i arbetsmiljöarbetet för byggnadsarbetare och leda till ökad säkerhet på arbetsplatsen samt färre arbetsolyckor. För att få bättre förståelse för hur byggnadsarbetare på BillerudKorsnäs Gävle Bruk ser på arbetsmiljöarbetet och risker på arbetsplatsen har semi-strukturerade intervjuer genomförts, som tillsammans med statistik över olycksfall och tillbud utgjort studiens resultat. Utöver det har en litteraturgranskning genomförts för att ge en överblick över tidigare studier inom området. Vikten i att genomföra riskbedömningar bekräftades genom intervjuerna och blir tydlig eftersom förutsättningarna i det dagliga arbetet inom byggbranschen varierar i stor utsträckning. Varje arbetssituation och risk är unik, det går därför inte att riskinventera endast de 13 arbeten med särskild risk. Intervjuerna har bekräftat ett behov av en förenkling och förbättring i processen med att upprätta arbetsmiljöplaner. En mall för arbetsmiljöplaner har skapats och ska omfatta hur arbetsmiljöarbetet ska bedrivas såsom generell information om arbetet samt en riskbedömning. / According to the Swedish Work Environment Authority (Arbetsmiljöverket), accidents among construction workers occur twice as often as other workers. In 2015 the construction industry had over three thousand work accidents resulting in sick leave, which corresponded to eleven percent of Swedens total reported work accidents with sick leave. Considering what a worker in the building and construction industry expose themselves to in their daily work, it is obvious that focus must be towards safety. This study has been carried out on the building department for maintenance work at BillerudKorsnäs Gävle Bruk. At the company, there is a need for improving the establishment of safety and health plans within the existing working environment work. The aim and objective of the study is to create a draft template for the safety and health plan that is user friendly and includes the 13 works with special risks according to AFS 1999:3. Hopefully the template will contribute to a simplification of existing procedures in the construction working environment planning, lead to increased safety on site and fewer work accidents. To receive a better understanding of the viewpoint of BillerudKorsnäs Gävle Bruks construction workers regarding working environment and risks on site, semi-structured interviews were conducted and together with statistics on accidents and incidents, served as the studies results. In addition, a literature review has been conducted to provide an overview of previous studies in the field. The importance in carrying out risk assessments has been confirmed through interviews and becomes more evident as the conditions in the daily construction work varies in large proportion. Every work situation and risk is unique, therefore a risk assessment can not only consist of the 13 works with special risks. The interviews have confirmed the need for a simplification and improvement in the process of establishing a safety and health plan. A template for the safety and health plan should include how the work environment shall be conducted such as general information about the work and a risk assessment.

Thesis (D Phil)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Late Pleistocene, Middle Stone Age artefact sequence at the Klasies River main site, was studied to establish what information this held for inferences on the emergence of symbolic thought and communication. The approach adopted was to complement traditional typological analysis by a technological study of artefact production within the framework of the chafne opératoire. The results show that technology was aimed at producing preformed blanks. In the choice of materials, the technique and method of blank production and the retouch of blanks, arbitrary or stylistic choices were made. Changes in stylistic conventions can be documented through the sequence. Changing conventions in artefact production show that the lives of the people who made the artefacts were structured in a symbolic web. These results together with evidence from evolutionary biology, show that by at least 115 000 years ago, people were able to think and speak symbolically. This African archaeological evidence for the emergence of symbolism, a defining attribute of modem peoples, is much older than previously considered. KEYWORDS: Klasies River, Middle Stone Age, technology, symbolic communication, human evolution. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Latere Pleistoseen, Middel Steentydperk artefakte by Klasiesrivier vindplaas is bestudeer om te bepaal watter kennis ingewin kan word aangaande die ontstaan van simboliese denkwyse en kommunikasie. Die benadering wat gevolg is, was om tradisionele tipologiese analise te komplementeer met 'n tegnologiese studie van artefak produksie binne die raamwerk van die chafne opératoire. Die resultate demonstreer dat tegnologie gemik was op die produksie van voorafgevormde skilfers. Die keuse van roumateriaal, die tegniek en metode van produksie en die herafwerk van skilfers is gelei deur arbitrêre stilistiese keuses. Veranderinge in hierdie konvensies kan gedokumenteer word deur die hele sekwens. Hierdie verandering is tipies van mense wie se lewens gestruktureer word deur 'n simboliese web. Dié resultate, en dié van evolusionêre biologie, dui daarop dat mense reeds teen 115 000 jaar gelede simboliese denke en spraak magtig was. Hierdie bewyse vanuit Afrika vir die ontstaan van simboliese gedrag is veel vroeër as vantevore gereken. SLEUTEL WOORDE: Klasiesrivier, Middel Steentydperk, tegnologie, simboliese kommunikasie, menslike evolusie.

DNA damage in spermatozoa is a crucial contributor to spontaneous abortion, severe genetic disease in the offspring and infertility. The chromatin of spermatozoa is highly compacted, transcriptionally and translationally silent, hence lacking DNA damage response (DDR). DDR foci follow within seconds after a DNA double strand break (DSB) and correlate to an abortive topoisomerase-IIb activity during spermiogenesis. When comparing the DSB frequencies at the two most fragile genomic loci (fragile sites FRA3B, FRA16D) in human and murine spermatozoa with lymphocytes, significantly increased DSB levels were detected in spermatozoa in both species. This corroborates that spermatozoa are more prone to DSBs than somatic cells. When comparing the DSB frequencies at FRA3B/FRA16D in spermatozoa of smokers with non-smokers, two-fold increases were found, probably caused by cigarette smoke components triggering abortive topoisomerase-IIβ activity. The phosphorylated DDR proteins H2AX and ATM were identified in human spermatozoa and murine spermatids using multicolour immunostaining with laser-scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) and Western blots. Based on significantly increased DDR foci in spermatozoa of smoking men, but lacking DDR foci in response to in vitro challenge with H2O2, an abortive topoisomerase-IIb activity is the likely cause of DDR foci in spermatozoa. As DDR foci are susceptible to cigarette smoke, they can potentially be used as a novel biomarker. When comparing paternal spermatozoa, and lymphocytes as well as maternal and cord lymphocytes from 39 families for DSBs (via high-throughput LSCM pH2AX detection) and DNA fragmentation (Comet assay), significant increases were found in newborns of mothers exposed to environmental tobacco smoke and smoking fathers. When challenging lymphocytes and spermatozoa to different genotoxicants, significantly increased DNA damage in newborns compared to adults was found. This confirms an exceptional vulnerability in newborns, believed to cause increased susceptibly to disease in later life, including cancer.

Cette thèse se focalise sur l'étude autonome, c'est-à-dire sur la part autonome de travail qui revient à la charge des élèves dans la réalisation des apprentissages visés par l'école (maîtrise du cours, exercices d'entraînement, révisions, devoirs à la maison, préparation de contrôle, etc.), et sur les conditions dans lesquelles le système didactique place, de facto, ce travail. <br />Partant de l'hypothèse que l'étude autonome pose des problèmes spécifiquement didactiques et de notre constat préalable que l'aide à l'étude s'avère problématique, nous sommes amené à engager une recherche approfondie sur la nature précise de ce travail, sur ses enjeux et sur les conditions de son fonctionnement, dans le cas spécifié des mathématiques. Nous abordons ces questions sous l'angle du diagnostic, considéré comme étape nécessaire et comme préalable à toute proposition de remédiation et d'amélioration. <br />La thèse porte sur la classe de Seconde, une classe charnière tant sur le plan des contenus d'enseignement que sur celui des enjeux de la scolarité, et elle se centre sur la partie algébrique et fonctionnelle du programme. <br />En mettant en œuvre un outil d'analyse et d'interprétation autour de la notion de « site mathématique » que nous introduisons, en analysant de manière croisée plusieurs types de données relatives à quatre classes (textes officiels, manuels, observations de séances d'enseignement, copies d'élèves, questionnaire, entretiens individuels des élèves et des professeurs), la thèse aboutit à identifier des éléments de diagnostic pour repenser l'organisation du curriculum, les situations didactiques d'étude et pour imaginer ce que pourrait être une aide efficace à l'étude.

Deep slurry injection is a process of solid waste disposal that involves grinding the solid waste to a relatively fine-grained consistency, mixing the ground waste with water and/or other liquids to form slurry, and disposing of the slurry by pumping it down a well at a high enough pressure that fractures are created within the target formation. This thesis describes the site assessment criteria involved in selecting a suitable target reservoir for deep slurry injection. The main goals of this study are the follows: <ul> <li>Identify the geological parameters important for a prospective injection site</li> <li>Recognize the role of each parameter</li> <li>Determine the relationships among different parameters</li> <li>Design and develop a model which can assemble all the parameters into a semi-quantitative evaluation process that could allow site ranking and elimination of sites that are not suitable</li> <li>Evaluate the model against several real slurry injection cases and several prospective cases where slurry injection may take place in future</li> </ul> The quantitative and qualitative parameters that are recognized as important for making a decision regarding a target reservoir for deep slurry injection operations are permeability, porosity, depth, areal extent, thickness, mechanical strength, and compressibility of a reservoir; thickness and flow properties of the cap rock; geographical distance between an injection well and a waste source or collection centre; and, regional and detailed structural and tectonic setup of an area. Additional factors affecting the security level of a site include the details of the lithostratigraphic column overlying the target reservoir and the presence of overlying fracture blunting horizons. Each parameter is discussed in detail to determine its role in site assessment and also its relationship with other parameters. A geological assessment model is developed and is divided into two components; a decision tree and a numerical calculation system. The decision tree deals with the most critical parameters, those that render a site unsuitable or suitable, but of unspecified quality. The numerical calculation gives a score to a prospective injection site based on the rank numbers and weighting factors for the various parameters. The score for a particular site shows its favourability for the injection operation, and allows a direct comparison with other available sites. Three categories have been defined for this purpose, i. e. average, below average, and above average. A score range of 85 to 99 of 125 places a site in the ?average? category; a site will be unsuitable for injection if it belongs to the ?below average? category, i. e. if the total score is less than 85, and the best sites will generally have scores that are in the ?above average? category, with a score of 100 or higher. One may assume that for sites that fall in the ?average? category there will have to be more detailed tests and assessments. The geological assessment model is evaluated using original geological data from North America and Indonesia for sites that already have undergone deep slurry injection operations and also for some possible prospective sites. The results obtained from the model are satisfactory as they are in agreement with the empirical observations. Areas for future work consist of the writing of a computer program for the geological model, and further evaluation of the model using original data from more areas representing more diverse geology from around the world.

L'ensemble de mon travail a été réalisé grâce a l'utilisation de logiciel libre. / La demande d'applications pour les plateformes mobiles a explosé ces dernières années. Chaque compagnie souhaite maintenant offrir pour ces nouveaux appareils les mêmes services que ceux offerts traditionnellement sur internet. Cependant, ces entreprises n'ont bien souvent que peu ou pas de connaissances concernant le développement et le déploiement de tels services. Généralement, la solution choisie consiste à externaliser ce travail en le sous-traitant à une autre compagnie. Dans ce contexte, il est souvent compliqué de s'assurer d'une part que le sous-traitant respecte le cahier des charges et d'autre part que le travail fourni est conforme aux recommandations émises par les fabricants des plateformes mobiles. Afin de pallier au second problème, nous avons créé un système de listes de vérification interactives pour plateformes mobiles. Ce système permet d'évaluer le niveau de conformité des différents composants de l'interface d'une application développée pour une plateforme mobile avec les recommandations du fabricant de cette plateforme. La solution retenue permet de se concentrer sur certains éléments particuliers de l'interface et pallie ainsi aux limites des listes de vérification classiques qui sont souvent trop longues et peu pratiques. La solution retenue offre de plus la possibilité de comparer facilement les caractéristiques des plateformes mobiles entre elles. Pour réaliser ce système, nous avons consulté de nombreux documents portant sur l'univers des plateformes mobiles afin de mieux appréhender leurs spécificités. Suite à l'étude de différentes plateformes, deux d’entre elles, soit iOS et BlackBerry, ont été retenues (il faut noter que la compagnie où s'est effectuée la recherche disposait déjà d'applications pour ces plateformes). Nous avons ensuite analysé plus finement la documentation technique fournie par chacun des fabricants afin d'en extraire les points importants. Afin que les données soient comparables, nous avons créé une nomenclature commune regroupant les composants de l'interface graphique en grandes familles (ex. : barres, saisie d'information, …) en tenant compte également du type d'interaction avec l'appareil (ex. : écran tactile). Nous avons ensuite conçu une solution permettant d'évaluer le niveau de conformité d'une application. L'idée retenue se base sur des listes de vérification permettant de systématiser le processus d'évaluation. Pour pallier aux limites de ces listes, souvent trop longues, nous permettons à l'utilisateur, via un ensemble de filtres, de se concentrer sur un sous-ensemble de composants de l’interface qu'il souhaite évaluer. L'implémentation de cette solution a été réalisée en totalité grâce à des technologies libres et de standard ouvert. De cette façon, nous nous sommes assurés de la portabilité de la solution développée et de l’absence de coûts supplémentaires liés à l'achat de licences. Le système utilise les standards web et repose sur une architecture basée sur le système d'exploitation GNU/Linux, le serveur web Apache, la base de données MySQL et le langage de scripts PHP. Ces logiciels ont déjà fait leurs preuves aussi bien pour les entreprises que pour les particuliers. De plus, la communauté très active qui s'est constituée autour de ces logiciels assure un bon support et une grande stabilité. Après avoir fait le choix de l’environnement de développement, la phase d'implémentation s'est ensuite déroulée en plusieurs étapes. Tout d'abord, l'information a été structurée selon la nomenclature mentionnée plus haut afin de créer le schéma de la base de données. Ensuite, toutes les pages ont été codées avec le langage à balises HTML et les scripts PHP pour le côté serveur et avec JavaScript pour le côté client. Enfin, l'information peut être affichée grâce aux feuilles de style en cascade (CSS), une technologie web permettant de séparer le fond de la forme en matière de mise en page. Nous avons choisi un modèle de développement itératif qui a impliqué les principaux utilisateurs dès les premières étapes de la conception du système. Cette implication s’est poursuivie jusqu’à la fin du projet afin de s'assurer que les fonctionnalités mises en place répondaient aux attentes. L’architecture modulaire qui a été retenue permet également d’adapter facilement le système aux besoins futurs. Afin de mieux comprendre comment on utilise le système, on passe en revue les différentes étapes nécessaires à la réalisation d'une évaluation. Enfin, on a réalisé une étude avec quatre utilisateurs pour évaluer l'utilisabilité du système et recueillir leur niveau de satisfaction. / The need for mobile platforms has increased in the last decade. Companies offering traditional internet services now want to move their applications on these new devices. But, most of the time, these companies do not really have the knowledge to create such applications and often ask a third party company to do the job for them. In this context, it is difficult to evaluate if the solution developed follows the recommendations of the device maker. A system based on interactive check lists has thus been created for this purpose. This system enables the evaluation of the conformity level of an application with the recommendations of the device maker, thanks to numerous filters that let the user focus on specific parts of the graphic interface. The idea behind the project was first to address some problematic issues with classical check lists and to enable the comparison of several mobile platforms with regard to specific interface components. To create this system, a lot of information about mobile platforms has first been collected. After reviewing many mobile platforms, it was decided to focus on iOS and BlackBerry, since the company where the research was performed had already applications running on them. For each platform, the major recommandations to be satisfied were identified. Also, to be sure that the extracted recommendations could be compared, a common nomenclature has been created, where the recommandations are grouped by interface components (ex: bars, data input,…) and by the type of interaction (ex: touch screen). After these preliminary steps, a solution for evaluating the level of compliance was created. We favored a check list approach because it offers a systematic evaluation process. To avoid lists of excessive length, filters were introduced in the system to allow the user to focus on particular aspects of the interface. The implementation was totally realized with open source technologies and open standards. This choice was motivated by the portability of the developed system and by the absence of licence fees. The system relies on web standards and runs on an architecture made of the CNU/Linux operating system, Apache web server, MySQL database and the script language PHP. This software has already proven its reliability for enterprises and for home users. Furthermore, the community evolving around this software offers a good support and ensures a high level of stability. After setting up the development environment, the implementation phase was engaged and took place over a number of phases. The first phase was the creation of the database structure, using the aforementioned nomenclature. The next phase was dedicated to the coding of the different web pages, thanks to the tag language HTML and the PHP scripts on the server side and JavaScript on the client side. Finally, the web page setting was developed using the cascading style sheet (CSS), a web technology that segregates the substance from the style of the web content. We chose an iterative development model where the end users were involved from the early stages of the project. This approach provides a guarantee that the user requirements are fulfilled and that any new developments will be in accordance with the expectations. Furthermore, the system is such that it can be easily modified to tackle future needs. To be able to understand how we use the systeme, we are reviewing the different steps needed to realise an evaluation. Finally, we have made a study with four users to evaluate the usability of the system and to gather their satisfaction level.