Today's society is characterized by consumption and consumers are offered endless amount of choices. This has developed thanks to society's susceptibility to consumption. Market competition is increasing constantly, which forces companies to evolve more and more in order to get a good knowledge of the consumer. A committed company can adapt and develop different marketing strategies using the knowledge of consumer behavior, thereby acting as a competitive tool that strengthens their market position. Products that brings forth a certain behavior of the consumer, such that the consumer will be prone to spend more time in searching information, refers to as high involvement products. During the decision making process, the consumer can be influenced by everything from past experience to perception of personality. The study is designed using only primary data and the survey is based on open interviews with five consumers who have made a purchase of a high involvement product within the last month. With the help of theories and previous research, the collected data analyses some of the different factors that can influence the consumers during the consumer buying decision process of a high involvement product. A clear connection can be found between consumer buying decision process and the different characteristics which are reflected in the study's theory chapter. The most recurrent attributes that the consumers have been affected by the purchase decision process first step, appear to be also upcoming in the following stages. The most frequent factor, as consumers proved most affected by are groups. Primary groups, in the form of parents, family members and friends, returning several times at all of those asked consumers purchase decision process. The reason can be that the feeling of trust from the costumer’s side is higher in the primary groups, while there may exist lack of trust for retailers as they may seem to act for company or personal gain.

Background: Impulse buying is increasingly grown and it creates up to 80% of all purchases in certain low involvement product categories. In Sweden, a Swede can spend 20000SEK a year for impulse shopping in average. On the other hand, impulse buying is calculated to be strongly grown in the emerging markets such as Vietnam and Turkey. Due to the steady economic growth of 7% every year in Vietnam, it leads to a higher demand in shopping of the consumers. Similarly, Turkey’s economy is considered as one of the fastest growing economies in Europe and consequently leads to the increase of impulse buying behavior among the customers. Purpose: The purpose of the present study is to expand the understanding of the impulse buying behavior by looking further into the role of culture in cross-cultural contexts Hypothesis:   H1-There is a significant relationship between individualism-collectivism and impulse buying behavior. H2- There is a significant relationship between power distance and impulse buying behavior. H3- There is a significant relationship between uncertainty-avoidance and impulse buying behavior H4- There is a significant relationship between masculinity-femininity and impulse buying behavior Methodology: Three focus groups and seven interviews are served as the pre-study and a cross-cultural questionnaire is substantially conducted across three countries: Sweden, Turkey and Vietnam. Findings: Culture generates certain effects on impulse buying behavior and the influence is diverse across these countries. However, the findings also indicate that there could be other factors that could affect impulse buying behavior.

published_or_final_version / Real Estate and Construction / Master / Master of Science in Real Estate and Construction

The increasing competition and the predicted changes in the retail sector are pressurising marketers to be more competitive in order to ensure that their brands are amongst the leading brands. Marketers need to constantly develop innovative marketing strategies to create brand awareness, as well as to stimulate demand for specific brands. An important tool in this regard is the marketing communication mix, of which sales promotion is one of the most effective elements in the fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) sector. It is the responsibility of marketers to select the most appropriate sales promotion technique for a specific market segment or, more specifically, to select the most appropriate technique to effectively encourage the desired effect on the consumer buying behaviour. The South African Generation Y cohort (individuals born between 1986 and 2005) accounts for 40 percent of the total South African population and the black Generation Y portion represents 84 percent of the total South African Generation Y cohort. Those involved in attaining a tertiary qualification are likely to represent the future ‘Black Diamonds’ who represent South Africa’s growing prosperous African middle class that have experienced a 39 percent yearly growth rate in their spending power. Therefore, the black Generation Y student cohort is a very attractive market segment and it is critical to determine what sales promotion techniques are preferred by this specific market segment. The purpose of this study was to analyse the black Generation Y students’ attitudes towards different sales promotion techniques on low involvement products, since low involvement products tend to be more responsive to sales promotion techniques. For this study, the target population comprised black Generation Y students registered at the 23 South African registered public HEIs. From the sampling frame, a non-probability judgment sample of one traditional university and one university of technology in Gauteng was selected. Thereafter, a non-probability convenience sample of 600 black students from the selected HEIs aged between 18 and 24 years was drawn. A self-administered questionnaire was hand delivered to the lecturers and distributed to the respondents during one lecture period. The questionnaire requested respondents to indicate on a six-point Likert scale their attitudes towards four sales promotion techniques on 20 items as well as to provide certain demographic data. The findings of this study indicate that black Generation Y students have an overall positive attitude towards the sales promotion techniques measured in this study and that these techniques are suitable for inducing specific consumer buying behaviours concerning low involvement products. Furthermore, the findings indicate that buy one get one free and free sample offers are the most preferred sales promotion techniques and are more likely to exert an influence on consumer buying behaviours than the other sales promotion techniques. Insights gained from this study will help both marketers and retailers to understand current black Generation Y consumers’ attitudes towards sales promotion techniques, as well as to understand which sales promotion techniques are preferred and most likely to influence specific consumer buying behaviours. / Thesis (MCom (Marketing management))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2013

The purpose of this study is to develop a guide to inform individuals concerned with the building of a home, suggesting the proper procedures to follow in financing, planning and constructing. The study is also designed to help the potential home builder in the selection of various artisans and the purchasing of building materials, along with the basic structure of a home.

Detaljhandeln förmodas möta en stor utmaning de kommande åren. Detta då digitaliseringen växer i snabb takt och e-handeln konkurrerar allt mer mot de traditionella butikerna. På grund av den hårdnande konkurrensen är det viktigt att företag tänker nytt och är innovativa. För att bemöta utmaningen menar jag att impulsköp kan anses som en konkurrensfördel för detaljhandelsföretag. Denna studie har därför tagit sin utgångspunkt i detta och belyser just fenomenet impulsköp. Då kvinnan är den som tidigare påvisats utföra flest impulsköp valdes det i studien att fokusera på henne. Syftet var att bidra med en ökad kunskap gällande vilka faktorer som kan påverka när svenska kvinnor impulshandlar. Studiens insamling av empiri bestod av en gruppintervju samt tre enskilda intervjuer. Dessa grundades i en analysmodell som utvecklats från studiens litteraturgenomgång. Sammanfattningsvis var det tre faktorer ur studiens analysmodell som kunde påvisas vara påverkande vid impulsköp. Dessa var shoppingmiljö, erbjudande och sällskap. Även merförsäljning och ålder har påvisats kunna vara betydande för impulsköp. / Retail business is expected to face a major challenge in the coming years. This is because digitalization is growing rapidly, and e-commerce is increasingly competing against traditional stores. It requires innovative thinking of companies to be competitive. To meet the challenge, I mean that impulse purchases can be used as a competitive advantage for retail companies. This study has therefore taken its starting point in the phenomenon impulse purchases. The study focuses on a female perspective since women are more inclined to execute impulse purchases. The purpose was to contribute to increased knowledge of the factors that may be crucial when Swedish women do impulse purchases. The study's empirical gathering consisted of a group interview and three individual interviews. These interviews were based on an analysis model developed by the study's literature review. In summary, three factors from the study's analysis model that could be shown to be influential in impulse purchases . These are shopping environments, offers and companies while shopping. Even additional sale and age have been shown to be significant for impulse purchases.

Univerzita Karlova v Praze Filozofická fakulta Katedra psychologie Diplomová práce Bc. Pavlína Šprachtová Vliv objektivních faktorů na rozhodování a nákupní chování spotřebitelů The influence of objective factors in decision making and consumer behavior V Praze 31. 11. 2015 Vedoucí práce: Doc. PhDr. Milan Rymeš, CSc. Abstract Based on professional literature research will be compile, description and definition of objective factors (e.g. demographics, social groups, culture etc.), which influenced consumers decision making and buying. Separate chapter will be focused on impact of social groups, too. Available research with topic of motivation and other aspects influencing consumer's behavior will be analyzed and compared. The empirical part will be targeted on objective factors which affect consumers decision making in situation of buying a car. Special space will be devoted impact of social groups. The aim of that diploma thesis is to find out significance and impact of objective factors in consumer decision making and description and definition of social norm, which affect product or service given current lifestyle. Keywords consumer behavior, buying decision making, objective factors, advertisement

Attention on impulsive buying behavior has been increased from both researchers and marketers, as the negative consumption experience resulting from this unplanned buying could harm the business severely in terms of brand building, reputation as well as a loss of customer. By reviewing previous literatures, we have identified that there is still little research about the post-consumer behavior of impulse purchases, namely on consumers’ regret triggered from what they have bought impulsively. The purpose of this study is to discover the triggers of buyer regret from impulse purchase, which is presented by the research question “What are the triggers of buyer regret from impulse purchases?” By conducting a quantitative research, we proposed a conceptual model of impulse purchase regret that consists of six hypotheses. The technical tool that we used to test the conceptual model is a SPSS extension called AMOS, whereas the analysis method uses the application of structural equation modeling. We collected our primary data (187 viable responses) via a questionnaire through convenience sampling. By testing all the data with AMOS, we received the following result: 5 hypotheses are accepted and 1 hypothesis is rejected. This result indicates that upwards counterfactual thinking (CFT) on forgone alternatives, a change in significance, and under consideration are positively related to impulse purchase regret; external stimuli and consumer susceptibility to interpersonal influence (CSII) have indirect influence on impulse purchase regret. By applying our theoretical background to analyze the result, we suggest that consumer’s rational buying thinking still plays an important role in post evaluation stage of impulse purchase, even though it disrupts the rational buying process in the beginning. Lastly, we believe that several parties could benefit from our research, they are marketing, academia as well as consumers.

Increasing speed Internet access, technical progress in digital photography and globalization opened up a new business market with stock photography. The aim is to analyze this market from the photographer's point of view and describe his marketing opportunities. The first chapter analyzes the microstock photography market. The second chapter describes the photographer's marketing mix and marketing planning. The third part evaluates microstock customer behavior and requirements based on quantitative market research of the selected target group. The last part is dictionary to familiarize with the terminology used in microstock photography business.

This diploma paper consists of 5 main parts. First part is focused on buying contract in general. Two parts which follow are dealing with two of it's important parts-terms of delivery and terms of payment. Next part is explaing the influece of terms of delivery on price and the influence of terms of payment on costs of a certain transaction. Last part is focused on the usage of both, terms of delivery and payment, demonstrated on a real company.