Syfte: Studiens relevans grundar sig i e-barometerns årsrapport gällande en påvisad ökning av svensk e-handel under år 2020. Följaktligen är syftet med denna studie att studera svenska kvinnors konsumentbeteenden inom detaljhandeln under Covid-19 pandemin med fokus på digitaliseringens roll. Studien ämnar bidra med kunskap kring kopplingen mellan begreppen konsumentbeteenden och digitalisering under en världsomfattande pandemi, för att vidare skapa en diskussion kring Covid-19 pandemins inverkan på det paradigmskifte som det redan talas om kring konsumentbeteenden inom detaljhandeln. Metod: I studien tillämpas en kvalitativ forskningsmetod med fokusgrupper, baserat på ett snöbollsurval. Urvalet består utav kvinnor i åldrarna 18–35, vidare används en tematisk analysmetod för att skapa struktur och på ett metodiskt sätt sammanställa och analysera resultatet av undersökningen. Studien baseras på både primär- och sekundära data. Det primära datamaterialet har samlats in via digitala fokusgrupper och det sekundära datamaterialet kommer från vetenskapliga artiklar men även tidigare statistik från bland annat handelsrådet. Teoretiskt perspektiv: Det teoretiska ramverk som ligger till grund för studien är huvudsakligen köpprocessen och Maslows behovstrappa. Vidare presenteras även relevant tidigare forskning kring Covid-19 pandemin samt konsumentbeteende för att skapa en komplett bakgrund till studien. Slutligen presenteras en kort beskrivning om hur de teoretiska ramverken kommer att tillämpas samt hur det kopplas till varandra. Resultat/Analys och Slutsatser: Studien baseras på 12 kvinnliga respondenter, där majoriteten hade påverkats av Covid-19 pandemin i någon form. Vår tolkning blir därmed att trots det faktum att ett intresse för digitala lösningar redan fanns innan pandemin så hade det ändå ökat i samband med respondenternas upplevelse av en marknadsföring av digitala tjänster, slutsatsen blir därför att användningen av digitala lösningar som Instabox, hämta i butik och hemleverans blivit mer vanligt förekommande under pandemin. Vidare påvisar respondenterna en tendens till att kompensera sociala aktiviteter och tristess med att handla online. Resultatet visar på att respondenterna som arbetar eller studerar hemifrån har förändrat sin klädsel, men med undantag för viktiga sammankomster så var det tydligt att respondenterna fortfarande vill se representativa ut. Vidare har resultatet diskuterats utifrån syftet, forskningsfrågor och de teoretiska ramverken. / Purpose: The relevance of this study is based on Postnord’s annual report regarding a demonstrated increase in Swedish e-commerce in 2020. Consequently, the purpose is to examine the buying-behavior of Swedish women during the Covid-19 pandemic with focus on the digitalization in retail. The study intends to contribute with knowledge about the connection between consumer buying-behavior and digitalization during a worldwide pandemic, further on to create a discussion about the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the already ongoing paradigm shift in retail, associated to digital consumer buying-behavior.  Methodology: The study applies a qualitative research method with focus groups, based on a snowball sampling. The sample consists of women aged 18-35 and a the maticanalysis method is used to create structure and in a methodical way compile and analyze the results of the focus group. The study is based on both primary and secondary data. The primary data has been collected through online focus groups and the secondary data comes from scientific articles, but also previous statistics from, among others, Handelsrådet.  Theoretical perspective: The theoretical framework which the study is based on, is mainly the buying process, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Furthermore, it also presents relevant previous research on the Covid-19 pandemic’s effect on and consumer buying-behavior in order to create a complete background to the study. Finally, a brief description is presented of how the theoretical framework will be applied and how the frameworks relate to each other. Empirical analysis and Conclusion: The study is based on twelve female respondents and their individual experiences ofhow the covid-19 pandemic has affected their consuming behaviour. Despite the fact that an interest in digital solutions already existed before the pandemic, it has nevertheless increased in connection with the respondents' experience of increased marketing of digital services during the pandemic. The conclusion is therefore that the use of digital solutions such as instabox, download in store and home delivery has surged during the pandemic. Furthermore, the respondents show a tendency to do more online shopping to compensate for lack of social activities and boredom. The results have been discussed based on the purpose of the report, research questions and the theoretical frameworks.

Diese Bachelorarbeit soll zum Verständnis bringen, was habitualisiertes Verhalten bedeutet, warum Menschen routiniert handeln, wie Gewohnheiten beziehungsweise habitualisiertes Verhalten überhaupt entstehen. Als Entstehungsursachen werden „Persönlichkeitsmerkmale“, „eigene Gebrauchserfahrungen“ sowie „Übernahme von Gebrauchserfahrungen“ analysiert. Zudem wird erklärt, was Produkttreue bedeutet und welche Verbindung zwischen ihr und dem habitualisiertem Verhalten besteht. Aus diesen Resultaten dieser Arbeit lassen sich schließlich Implikationen des habitualisierten Kaufverhaltens für das Marketing ableiten. Um den aktuellen Forschungsstand zu diesem Thema darzulegen, wurden 13 Studien verwendet.

Purchasing second-hand products on the internet has become more common among private persons. The increase of internet usage among the population in combination with an increased demand for second-hand products results in the online-based C2C market (consumer-to-consumer market) becoming an even more interesting field to study within. Prior research has mostly touched clothes within the study field, but furniture as product category is still an unexplored field within the C2C market online. When purchasing second-hand furniture, there are different factors which have an influence on consumers’ buying behavior, and the attitudes towards these factors often differ between individuals.  The purpose of the study is to explain different factors’ impact on Swedish consumers’ buying behavior when purchasing second-hand furniture on the online-based C2C market. In order to answer this purpose, Swedish consumers’ attitudes are measured empirically with the aim of distinguishing whether there are differences in attitudes towards the study’s independent variables based on the consumers’ year of birth. Additionally, the study aims to reveal the factors that have the biggest impact on consumers’ purchasing of second-hand furniture. This study is based on a quantitative research approach, where a survey was conducted which included a total of 121 Swedish respondents.  The results from the study indicate that the variables social motives as well as the availability of antique products exhibit the biggest differences in attitudes between older consumers and younger consumers. Furthermore, the results indicate that the variables ecological sustainability as well as price have the biggest impact on consumers’ purchase decision from the perspective of buying second-hand furniture online. Thus, the study contributes with new knowledge concerning the factors that private persons prioritize eminently when purchasing second-hand furniture, as well as how these factors differ between consumers based on their year of birth.   Keywords: buying behavior, purchase decision, second-hand furniture, C2C market, attitudes, buying process. / Handel av begagnade produkter på internet har blivit allt vanligare bland privatpersoner. Ökningen av internetanvändning bland befolkningen i kombination med en ökad efterfrågan på begagnade produkter resulterar i att den internetbaserade C2C-marknaden (konsument-till-konsument-marknaden) blir ett desto mer intressant fält att studera. Tidigare forskning har mestadels berört kläder inom forskningsfältet, men möbler som produktkategori är fortfarande ett outforskat område inom C2C-marknaden på internet. Vid köp av begagnade möbler finns det olika faktorer som har en inverkan på konsumenters köpbeteende, och attityderna till dessa faktorer skiljer sig ofta åt mellan olika individer. Syftet med studien är att förklara olika faktorers inverkan på svenska konsumenters köpbeteende vid näthandel av begagnade möbler på C2C-marknaden. För att besvara detta syfte mäts svenska konsumenters attityder empiriskt med målsättningen att urskilja om det finns skillnader i attityder till studiens oberoende variabler baserat på privatpersonernas födelseår. Dessutom är målet att avslöja de faktorer som har störst inverkan på konsumenters köp av begagnade möbler på internet. Studien är baserad på en kvantitativ forskningsansats, där en enkätundersökning genomfördes som omfattade totalt 121 svenska respondenter. Resultaten från studien indikerar att variablerna sociala motiv samt tillgängligheten av antika produkter uppvisade de största skillnaderna i attityder mellan äldre och yngre konsumenter. Vidare indikerar resultaten på att variablerna ekologisk hållbarhet samt pris har störst inverkan på konsumenters köpbeslut utifrån perspektivet kring att handla begagnade möbler online. Studien bidrar således med ny kunskap kring de faktorer som privatpersoner prioriterar i högst grad vid köp av begagnade möbler, samt hur dessa faktorer skiljer sig åt mellan konsumenterna baserat på deras födelseår.   Nyckelord: köpbeteende, köpbeslut, begagnade möbler, C2C-marknaden, attityder, köpprocessen.

Titel – Från Scroll till Köp, en kvantitativ studie om köpbeteenden hos kvinnor födda mellan 1980–2005. Syfte - Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur olika faktorer såsom influencer marketing och användning av sociala medier påverkar kvinnors köpbeteenden online. Metod - Denna studie genomfördes med hjälp av noga utvalda vetenskapliga artiklar som är relevanta för mitt forskningsämne. Studien är baserad på kurslitteratur och peer-reviewed artiklar. Detta är en kvantitativ studie där en enkät skickas ut till kvinnliga respondenter inom den utvalda målgruppen. Detta gjordes för att få en bättre förståelse för vad som påverkar kvinnors köpbeslut. Slutsats - Studien har visat sammanband mellan demografiska faktorer, influencer marketing, sociala jämförelser och FOMO (Fear of missing out) gällande kvinnors impulsköp. Resultatet har visat att det finns en relativt svag påverkan från influencers på kvinnor. Interaktionen med influencers på sociala medier som Facebook, Instagram, TikTok och YouTube kan öka tendensen till impulsköp. FOMO och influencers trovärdighet har även bidragit till impulsköp men andra faktorer kan även spela roll såsom personliga preferenser och behov. Studien betonar även vikten att förstå influencers roll i kvinnors köpbeteenden och den lilla men ändå märkbara effekten av FOMO:s roll i kvinnors impulsköp. Studiens avgränsningar - Studien är begränsad till kvinnor mellan 18–43 år. Studiens bidrag - Denna studie bidrar till en ökad förståelse för företag gällande användning av influencers som marknadsföringsverktyg för att utveckla samt optimera försäljningen av produkter och/eller tjänster. / Title - From Scroll to Purchase: A Quantitative Study on Purchasing Behaviours Among Women Born Between 1980-2005. Purpose - The purpose of this study is to examine how various factors such as influencer marketing and the use of social media influence women's purchasing behaviours online. Method - This study was carried out using carefully selected scientific articles that are relevant to my research topic. It is based on course literature and peer-reviewed articles. This is a quantitative study where a survey was sent to female respondents within the selected target group. This was done to gain a better understanding of what influences women's purchasing decisions. Conclusion - The study has shown correlations between demographic factors, influencer marketing, social comparisons and FOMO (Fear of missing out) with women's impulse buying behaviours. The results have shown that there is a relatively weak influence from influencers on women. The interaction with influencers on social media such as Facebook, Instagram, TikTok and YouTube can increase the tendency towards impulse buying. FOMO and influencer credibility have also been shown to contribute to impulse buying but other factors can also play a role such as personal preferences and needs. The study also emphasises the importance of understanding the role of influencers in women's buying behaviours and the small but still noticeable effect of FOMO's role in women's impulse buying behaviours. Limitations of the Study - The study is limited to only women between the ages of 18-43. Contribution of the Study - This study contributes to an increased understanding for companies regarding the use of influencers as a marketing tool to develop and optimise the sales of products and/or services.

With growing social media usage, social media influencers’ (SMIs) are getting more popular within the realm of social media marketing and are widely used by brands. Previous studies have shown SMI marketing influences consumers’ impulsive buying behavior in prominent ways such as by SMI-generated content, trust in SMI and SMI credibility, SMIs’ emotional appeal, SMI visual attractiveness and SMI expertise. Thus, to further elaborate on current knowledge, the purpose of this study is to describe the influence of social media influencers’ on consumers' impulsive buying behavior. A qualitative study including features of both a cross-sectional and a case study approach was conducted. It was found that SMIs’ individual characteristics and personal connections with consumers as well as SMI-generated content and SMIs’ demonstrated knowledge enhance trust and further influence impulsive buying behavior (IBB). Further, key patterns identified the interplay between SMI appearance, inspiration and trust showing that visually attractive SMIs increase trust, thus influencing impulsive buying behavior among consumers. Findings emphasize how characteristics influence each other to influence IBB as well as, how each characteristic recognized, independently influences IBB among consumers.

The rapidly evolving domain of artificial intelligence has given rise to generative AI technology, which, unlike traditional machine learning, is capable of learning patterns from data and generating new, meaningful outputs. These models have applications in various domains, including customer service, content creation, and personalized recommendations. Understanding the implementation of generative AI is essential for business leaders to harness its potential and drive innovation. This thesis focuses on the application of generative AI for guided buying within the context of Company X, aiming to address the challenges and potential solutions in streamlining the purchase of goods and services. The research methodology involves using elements from the grounded theory approach, utilizing a focus group discourse approach for empirical analysis. By exploring the impact of generative AI on procurement processes and an organization's orientation to guided buying, the study contributes to enhancing strategic capabilities of the organization within the competitive industrial landscape. The results indicate that there three dimensions 1) Operational Stakeholders 2) Generative AI Robustness and 3) Information Management for effective introduction of generative AI into procurement practices. The overall contribution was made to the general academic attempt to understand how to intergrate generative AI technologies into various enterprise functions, specifically within Supply Chain and Procurement.

In this study brand loyalty of pharmaceutical livestock products among commercial farmers was measured. The purpose of the study was to assist agribusinesses to identify the dominant determinant when commercial farmers purchase pharmaceutical livestock products from them. The study analysed two marketing mix elements price and product (specifically brand name) in farmer buying behaviour. A structured questionnaire was used to employ an empirical study in a quantitative style to determine the commercial farmers‟ perceptions and buying behaviour when they buy pharmaceutical livestock products. For agribusinesses the study makes it clear where to focus resources and energy in today‟s dynamic, uncertain and competitive environment that agribusinesses operate in, specifically in the North West Province of South Africa. The literature study addressed the brand loyalty constructs and their application in the agricultural market. Resultantly the contribution to the body of knowledge pertains to brand loyalty‟s influence in the marketing strategy (price and brand name). The study also explored opportunities for the successful distribution of pharmaceutical livestock products through agribusinesses. Management of agribusinesses will have to adopt a market-oriented strategy that will assist agribusinesses on various dimensions of performance and will have a significant positive effect on return on assets, sales growth and sustainability. The inputs and assistance of the suppliers and marketers are of utmost importance and will add value to the execution of agribusinesses‟ marketing strategy. / MBA, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

In this study brand loyalty of pharmaceutical livestock products among commercial farmers was measured. The purpose of the study was to assist agribusinesses to identify the dominant determinant when commercial farmers purchase pharmaceutical livestock products from them. The study analysed two marketing mix elements price and product (specifically brand name) in farmer buying behaviour. A structured questionnaire was used to employ an empirical study in a quantitative style to determine the commercial farmers‟ perceptions and buying behaviour when they buy pharmaceutical livestock products. For agribusinesses the study makes it clear where to focus resources and energy in today‟s dynamic, uncertain and competitive environment that agribusinesses operate in, specifically in the North West Province of South Africa. The literature study addressed the brand loyalty constructs and their application in the agricultural market. Resultantly the contribution to the body of knowledge pertains to brand loyalty‟s influence in the marketing strategy (price and brand name). The study also explored opportunities for the successful distribution of pharmaceutical livestock products through agribusinesses. Management of agribusinesses will have to adopt a market-oriented strategy that will assist agribusinesses on various dimensions of performance and will have a significant positive effect on return on assets, sales growth and sustainability. The inputs and assistance of the suppliers and marketers are of utmost importance and will add value to the execution of agribusinesses‟ marketing strategy. / MBA, North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Social buying is a recent marketing innovation in which provides Pareto-improving welfare gains to merchants, consumers, and brokers. Consumers benefit from access to significant discounts on advertised products and services, the broker benefits from taking a significant cut in each transaction with very low fixed costs, and merchants are able to reduce their advertising costs, gain access to new markets and drive traffic to their stores. The phenomenal growth of social buying carries commensurate risks for brokers, including increased competition due to a lack of service differentiation and low entry barriers. The complete social buying transaction is completed over two stages: the initial online e-commerce transaction and the subsequent fulfilment transaction where the voucher is redeemed with the merchant. In order to explore the sustainability of the social buying business model, it is necessary to identify the factors which drive loyalty behaviours in social buying, as well as the interrelationships between the factors. This research proposes from the marketing literature Oliver’s (1980) expectancy-disconfirmation theory (EDT) as the main theoretical framework on which to model these relationships. EDT is then successfully synthesised with DeLone and McLean’s (2003) information systems success model to create a framework which can appropriately model both the online and traditional stages of the social buying transaction. This study contributes to the marketing literature by establishing EDT as a suitable framework for investigating social buying. It is believed that this study is the first to do so. Furthermore, it is believed this is the first study examining the social buying innovation in the South African context. / Graduate School of Business Leadership / MBA

Background: 'Neuromarketing' is a term that has often been used in the media in recent years. These public discussions have generally centered around potential ethical aspects and the public fear of negative consequences for society in general, and consumers in particular. However, positive contributions to the scientific discourse from developing a biological model that tries to explain context-situated human behavior such as consumption have often been neglected. We argue for a differentiated terminology, naming commercial applications of neuroscientific methods 'neuromarketing' and scientific ones 'consumer neuroscience'. While marketing scholars have eagerly integrated neuroscientific evidence into their theoretical framework, neurology has only recently started to draw its attention to the results of consumer neuroscience. Discussion: In this paper we address key research topics of consumer neuroscience that we think are of interest for neurologists; namely the reward system, trust and ethical issues. We argue that there are overlapping research topics in neurology and consumer neuroscience where both sides can profit from collaboration. Further, neurologists joining the public discussion of ethical issues surrounding neuromarketing and consumer neuroscience could contribute standards and experience gained in clinical research. Summary: We identify the following areas where consumer neuroscience could contribute to the field of neurology: First, studies using game paradigms could help to gain further insights into the underlying pathophysiology of pathological gambling in Parkinson's disease, frontotemporal dementia, epilepsy, and Huntington's disease. Second, we identify compulsive buying as a common interest in neurology and consumer neuroscience. Paradigms commonly used in consumer neuroscience could be applied to patients suffering from Parkinson's disease and frontotemporal dementia to advance knowledge of this important behavioral symptom. Third, trust research in the medical context lacks empirical behavioral and neuroscientific evidence. Neurologists entering this field of research could profit from the extensive knowledge of the biological foundation of trust that scientists in economically-orientated neurosciences have gained. Fourth, neurologists could contribute significantly to the ethical debate about invasive methods in neuromarketing and consumer neuroscience. Further, neurologists should investigate biological and behavioral reactions of neurological patients to marketing and advertising measures, as they could show special consumer vulnerability and be subject to target marketing. (authors' abstract)