Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2018-05-10T20:49:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Ana Maria de Freitas Moura Souza.pdf: 4673023 bytes, checksum: fb2be9d4251fc3cd78a8af63ac150c63 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-10T20:49:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Ana Maria de Freitas Moura Souza.pdf: 4673023 bytes, checksum: fb2be9d4251fc3cd78a8af63ac150c63 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-22 / The aim of this work is to implement improvements in the quality of the billing process of the Federal Hospital of the State Servers, under invoicing and not billing procedures performed on an outpatient basis, making it vulnerable hospital to prove its production, justify spending on materials and equipment and the need to increase the budget. It is classified as a study applied descriptive and that used as research methodology the case study of one type with complementary instruments to collect data as bibliographic and documentary research, process mapping, semi-structured questionnaire and participant observation. Qualitative results demonstrated the need to implement improvements in different activities of the registration processes of care productivity and outpatient billing. The quantitative research was conducted with a stratified sample of top-level professional categories working in the hospital's outpatient clinic. Quantitative results showed that most professionals do not use the instrument for the codification of the services provided under the National Health System and who do not realize institutional initiatives to improve the record of care productivity and outpatient billing. The implemented improvements are being monitored and has contributed to the greater professionalization of the activities developed by the Medical Documentation and Statistical Office of the Federal Hospital of the State Servers / O objetivo desta disserta??o ? implementar melhorias na qualidade do processo de faturamento do Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado, em virtude do subfaturamento e n?o faturamento de procedimentos realizados a n?vel ambulatorial, tornar o hospital vulner?vel para comprovar sua produ??o, justificar os gastos com materiais e equipamentos e a necessidade de aumento no or?amento. ? um estudo classificado como aplicado e descritivo que utilizou como metodologia de pesquisa o estudo de caso do tipo ?nico, com instrumentos complementares de coleta de dados como pesquisas bibliogr?ficas e documentais, mapeamento de processos, question?rio semi-estruturado e observa??o participante. Os resultados qualitativos demonstraram a necessidade de implementa??o de melhorias em diferentes atividades dos processos de registro da produ??o assistencial e faturamento ambulatorial. A pesquisa quantitativa foi realizada com uma amostra estratificada das categorias profissionais de n?vel superior que atuam no ambulat?rio do hospital. Os resultados quantitativos evidenciaram que a maioria dos profissionais n?o utiliza o instrumento para a codifica??o dos servi?os prestados ?mbito do Sistema ?nico de Sa?de e que n?o percebem iniciativas institucionais para a melhoria do registro da produ??o assistencial e do faturamento ambulatorial. As melhorias implementadas est?o sendo monitoradas e vem contribuindo para a maior profissionaliza??o das atividades desenvolvidas pelo Servi?o de Documenta??o e Estat?stica M?dica do Hospital Federal dos Servidores do Estado.

O enfermeiro tem sido cada vez mais requisitado para envolver-se nas decisões financeiras nas organizações de saúde. Sua participação no gerenciamento dos custos associado à assistência de enfermagem é importante para conhecer o quanto a enfermagem contribui para o faturamento de uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) e ao faturamento de um hospital e evidenciar, financeiramente, a relevância do trabalho desse profissional. No entanto, a literatura brasileira carece de estudos nesse aspecto. O objetivo deste estudo foi levantar o valor do faturamento gerado pelos procedimentos de enfermagem, mediante as prescrições médica e de enfermagem, identificar as atividades de enfermagem que são realizadas, mas não recebem pagamento pelas operadoras de saúde e estimar a perda monetária do hospital pela não taxação das atividades de enfermagem, em uma. Tratou-se de um estudo de caso exploratório, descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa. O estudo foi desenvolvido na UTI Cardiológica de um hospital geral filantrópico, com 319 leitos, na cidade de São Paulo. A amostra total calculada para 3 meses foi de 168 pacientes. O faturamento médio gerado pelas prescrições de enfermagem e médica foi de R$ 773,98, e R$ 333,06 corresponderam à prescrição de enfermagem e R$ 440,92, à prescrição médica. Em relação ao valor gerado pela prescrição de enfermagem (R$333,06), R$ 261,67 corresponderam ao pagamento de materiais de consumo e R$ 71,39, ao pagamento de taxas. Em relação ao valor gerado pela prescrição médica (R$ 440,92), R$ 322,51 corresponderam ao pagamento de materiais de consumo e R$ 118,41, ao pagamento de taxas. Os procedimentos da prescrição de enfermagem que mais contribuíram para o faturamento foram a troca de filtro bacteriano (R$ 10.342,80), a realização de punção venosa (R$ 8.062,99), o curativo de ferida operatória (R$ 5.315,26) e o curativo de traqueostomia (R$ 4.762,42). Os procedimentos provenientes da prescrição médica que mais geraram faturamento foram a realização de glicemia capilar (R$ 21.602,06), passagem de pressão arterial invasiva (R$ 14.220,56) e a passagem de sonda gástrica/enteral (R$ 20.239,00). A perda média estimada foi de R$ 480,65 por paciente da amostra. A estimativa média de perda para a amostra estudada foi de R$ 81.263,65. A projeção de perda média de faturamento, para o período dos 3 meses do estudo, para a amostra selecionada, foi de R$ 153.391,15. A extrapolação da estimativa de perda média para o período de um ano, para a amostra selecionada, foi de R$ 613.564,60. Do faturamento total da amostra selecionada, as atividades de enfermagem contribuíram com 1,7% do faturamento, e 0,65% corresponderam aos procedimentos executados mediante a prescrição de enfermagem e 1,05%, aos procedimentos provenientes da prescrição médica / Nurses have increasingly been asked to participate in financial decisions in healthcare organizations. Their participation in managing the costs of nursing care is important to know how nursing contributes to the turnover of an ICU and hospital billing, and, it shows, financially, the relevance of the work of these professionals. However, Brazilian literature lacks studies in this regard. The objective of this study was to raise the value of the revenue generated by nursing procedures by the medical and nursing requirements, to identify nursing activities that are performed but not paid by health insurance companies and to estimate the monetary loss of the hospital for not taxing nursing activities in an intensive care unit (ICU). It was an occurrence study, exploratory, descriptive in a quantitative approach. The study was conducted in the Cardiology ICU of a philantropic general hospital, with 319 beds in the city of Sao Paulo. The total sample calculated for three months was 168 patients. The sources of information were the medical and accounting records of selected patients. The average revenue generated by medical and nursing prescriptions was R$ 773,98 which R$ 333,06 corresponded to the nursing prescription and R$ 440,92, the medical one. In relation to the value generated by the nursing prescription (R$ 333,06), R$ 261,67 corresponded to the payment of consumables and R$ 71,39 to fees. For the value generated by the prescription (R$ 440,92), R $ 322,51 corresponded to the payment of consumables and R$ 118,41, the payment of fees. The procedures of nursing prescription which most contributed to revenue were the exchange of bacteria filter (R$ 10.342,80), performing venipuncture (R$ 8.062,99), the surgical wound dressing (R$ 5,315.26) and tracheostomy dressing (R$ 4.762,42). The procedures from prescription which most generated revenues were performing capillary blood glucose (R$ 21.602,06), passage of invasive blood pressure (R$ 14.220,56) and passage of nasogastric tube / enteral (R$ 20.239,00). The average loss was estimated at R$ 480,65 per patient sample. The average estimate of loss for the sample studied was R$ 81.263,65. The projected average loss of revenue for the period of three months of the study, for the sample selected, was R$ 153.391,15. The extrapolation of the estimated average loss for the period of one year, for the selected sample, was R$ 613.564,60. From the total revenue of the selected sample, nursing activities accounted for 1.7% of revenues, and 0.65% corresponded to the procedures performed by nursing prescription and 1.05% corresponded to the procedures from the doctors prescription

<p>Denna uppsats handlar om integritetskänslig vårdinformation på fakturor, ett ämne som aktualiserats under mitt arbete på landstingets kansli i Jönköping. När en person får vård i annat län än hemlandstinget så skickas en faktura till hemlandstinget och innan dessa fakturor betalas måste de granskas och attesteras. Hanteringen kring detta upplevdes som tidsödande och ineffektiv, vilket ledde mig in på funderingar kring elektronisk fakturering (e-fakturering). Eftersom fakturorna innehåller integritetskänslig information, som personuppgifter och vissa uppgifter som går att koppla till diagnos och behandling, är det inte bara viktigt att hanteringen blir effektiv utan också att sekretessen kan upprätthållas under hela faktureringsprocessen.</p><p>I denna undersökning studeras hur hanteringen av integritetskänslig vårdinformation påverkas om fakturahanteringen digitaliseras. Syftet är att göra en jämförelse avseende hantering av sekretess mellan pappersfakturor och digitala e-fakturor. Undersökningen genomfördes med en kvalitativ ansats där en organisation, Jönköpings läns landsting, studerades mer ingående och för datainsamlingen valdes litteraturstudier och intervjuer.</p><p>Resultatet visade att sekretessen kring pappersfakturor är en känslig faktor då hanteringen av dessa inte går att spåra och att fakturor lätt kan försvinna inom organisationen. För e-fakturor finns däremot stor möjlighet till spårbarhet och kontroll över händelserna kring hanteringen. Det finns olika typer av e-fakturering och om ett system som till exempel EDI-fakturering väljs kan många uppgifter automatiseras vilket minskar risken för såväl avsiktliga som oavsiktliga sekretessbrott. Om vissa personuppgifter kan döljas innebär det dessutom en än större säkerhet för patienterna. Tekniskt sett finns det alltså många bra lösningar som kan förbättra sekretessen, men mycket av detta är dock endast en efterkontroll över att lagar och regler följs, till exempel sparade uppgifter om vad som har hänt en specifik faktura.</p><p>Det största hotet mot sekretess är dock den så kallade mänskliga faktorn. Det går inte att bygga ett informationssystem så att det inte finns den minsta risk för läckor, eftersom det alltid är de personer som hanterar de känsliga uppgifterna som gör att tanken blir till handling. Vissa typer av misstag eller slarv kan förebyggas med teknik, men personalens inställning till sitt eget arbete och det ansvar som det innebär är en grundläggande faktor såväl med pappers- som e-fakturor.</p> / <p>This thesis deals with integrity sensitive healthcare information on invoices, a subject that arose during my work at county council secretariat in Jönköping. When a person gets treatment in another county than the home county the invoice are sent to the home county, but before these invoices are paid, they have to be checked and attested. This handling was experienced as time consuming and ineffective which led me in to some thoughts around electronic billing (e-billing). The invoice contains integrity sensitive information, like personal code numbers and other kind of information, which is possible to connect with diagnosis and treatments. Therefore it is important that the handling becomes effective and that the secrecy can be maintained during the whole billing process.</p><p>In this study I discuss how the handling of integrity sensitive healthcare information is influenced if the invoice handling is digitalised. The purpose was to do a comparison the handling of secrecy between paper invoices and digital e-billing. The study was accomplished by a qualitative approach where one organisation, Jönköpings county council, was examined more thorough and for the data collection literature studies and interviews were chosen.</p><p>The result showed that the secrecy around paper invoices is a sensitive factor. It is not able to trace the handlings around these documents and an invoice could easily disappear within an organisation. On the contrary, for e-bills there is a large possibility to trace and control the handlings. There are different kinds of e-billing and if a system like for example EDI-billing is chosen, a lot of tasks could be automatized. That will decrease the risk for intentional as well as unintentional secrecy crimes. Furthermore, if some personal information could be hidden, it would mean a better safety for the patients. Technically there are a lot of good solutions that is able to improve the secrecy, but a lot of these are only a recheck that laws and rules are followed, for example saved information about what have happened with a specific invoice.</p><p>The biggest threat though is the so called human element. It is impossible to build an information system that contains no leaks, because it is always the persons that are handling the delicate information that makes the thoughts into actions. Some kind of mistakes or carelessness could be prevented by technical solutions, but the staffs’ attitude of their work and the responsibility is a fundamental factor with papers- as well as e-bills.</p>

This thesis is concerned with a very dynamic and, at the same time very topical, subject -, namely payment services. Nowadays most payments for goods and services are realised by means of cashless payments. The thesis defines several sections, or partial objectives. The main objective is the characteristic features of payment systems used in the Czech Republic , followed by the analysis of the contemporary payment transactions in the Czech Republic ? organisation. The partial objectives describing payment transactions in the European Union, evaluating payment instruments in practice emphasising topical trends in this area.

Cloud computing has become an established paradigm for running services on external infrastructure that dynamically allocates virtually unlimited capacity. This paradigm creates a new scenario for the deployment of applications and information technology (IT) services. In this model, complete applications and machine infrastructure are offered to users, who are charged only for the resources they consume. Thus, cloud resources are offered through service abstractions classified into three main categories: Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). In IaaS, computing resources are offered as virtual machines to the end user. The aim to offer such unlimited resources necessitates distributing these virtual machines through multiple data centers. This distribution makes harder to fulfill a number of requirements including security, reliability, availability, and accounting. Accounting refers to how resources are recorded, accounted for, and charged. Even for a single cloud provider this task is hard, and it becomes more difficult for a federation of cloud computing, or federated cloud, in which a cloud provider dynamically outsources resources to other providers in response to demand variation. Thus, a cluster of clouds shares heterogeneous resources, requiring greater effort to manage and accurately account for the distributed resources. Some earlier research has addressed the development of platforms for federated clouds but without considering the accounting requirement. This dissertation presents a framework for charging IaaS with a focus on federated cloud. In order to gather information about this topic area and to generate guidelines for building the framework, we applied a systematic mapping study. This dissertation also presents an initial validation of the tool through a case study, showing evidence that the requirements generated through the mapping study were fulfilled by the framework and presenting indications of its feasibility in a real cloud service scenario / Submitted by João Arthur Martins (joao.arthur@ufpe.br) on 2015-03-10T18:37:17Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Francisco Airton da Silva.pdf: 5605679 bytes, checksum: 61aa2b6df102174ff2e190ab47678cbf (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-11T17:45:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Francisco Airton da Silva.pdf: 5605679 bytes, checksum: 61aa2b6df102174ff2e190ab47678cbf (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-27 / A Computação na Nuvem se tornou um paradigma consumado para executar serviços em infraestruturas externas, onde de uma forma virtual a capacidade praticamente ilimitada pode ser alocada dinamicamente. Este paradigma estabelece um novo cenário para a implantação de aplicações e serviços de TI. Neste modelo, desde aplicações completas até infraestrutura de máquinas são ofertadas a usuários, que são cobrados apenas pelo uso dos recursos consumidos. Desta forma, os bens de consumo da nuvem são ofertados através de abstrações de serviços, onde atualmente são citadas três principais categorias: Software como Serviço (SaaS), Plataforma como Serviço (PaaS) e Infraestrutura como Serviço (IaaS). No caso do IaaS são oferecidos recursos computacionais na forma de Máquinas Virtuais para o cliente final. Para atingir o aspecto ilimitado de recursos é necessário distribuir estas Máquinas Virtuais por vários Data Centers. Esta distribuição dificulta atender uma série de requisitos como Segurança, Confiabilidade, Disponibilidade e a Tarifação pelos recursos consumidos. A Tarifação refere-se a como os recursos são registrados, contabilizados e cobrados. Mesmo no caso de um único provedor esta tarefa não é fácil e existe um contexto em que esta dificuldade se torna ainda maior, conhecida como Federação de Computação na Nuvem ou também chamadas de Nuvens Federadas. Nuvens Federadas ocorrem quando um provedor de Computação na Nuvem terceiriza recursos dinamicamente para outros provedores em resposta à variação da demanda. Desta forma ocorre um aglomerado de nuvens, porém seus recursos são heterogêneos, acarretando num maior esforço para gerenciar os recursos distribuídos e por consequência para a Tarifação. Neste contexto foram identificadas pesquisas nesta área sobre plataformas para Nuvens Federadas, que não abordam o requisito de Tarifação. Esta dissertação apresenta um framework voltado à tarifação de Infraestrutura como Serviço com foco em Nuvens Federadas. Objetivando colher informações sobre esta área e consequentemente gerar insumos para fundamentar as decisões na construção do framework, foi aplicado um Estudo de Mapeamento Sistemático. Esta dissertação também apresenta uma validação inicial da ferramenta, através de um estudo experimental, mostrando indícios de que os requisitos gerados pelo Mapeamento Sistemático foram atendidos, bem como será viável a aplicação da solução por provedores de serviços de nuvem em um cenário real.

O enfermeiro tem sido cada vez mais requisitado para envolver-se nas decisões financeiras nas organizações de saúde. Sua participação no gerenciamento dos custos associado à assistência de enfermagem é importante para conhecer o quanto a enfermagem contribui para o faturamento de uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) e ao faturamento de um hospital e evidenciar, financeiramente, a relevância do trabalho desse profissional. No entanto, a literatura brasileira carece de estudos nesse aspecto. O objetivo deste estudo foi levantar o valor do faturamento gerado pelos procedimentos de enfermagem, mediante as prescrições médica e de enfermagem, identificar as atividades de enfermagem que são realizadas, mas não recebem pagamento pelas operadoras de saúde e estimar a perda monetária do hospital pela não taxação das atividades de enfermagem, em uma. Tratou-se de um estudo de caso exploratório, descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa. O estudo foi desenvolvido na UTI Cardiológica de um hospital geral filantrópico, com 319 leitos, na cidade de São Paulo. A amostra total calculada para 3 meses foi de 168 pacientes. O faturamento médio gerado pelas prescrições de enfermagem e médica foi de R$ 773,98, e R$ 333,06 corresponderam à prescrição de enfermagem e R$ 440,92, à prescrição médica. Em relação ao valor gerado pela prescrição de enfermagem (R$333,06), R$ 261,67 corresponderam ao pagamento de materiais de consumo e R$ 71,39, ao pagamento de taxas. Em relação ao valor gerado pela prescrição médica (R$ 440,92), R$ 322,51 corresponderam ao pagamento de materiais de consumo e R$ 118,41, ao pagamento de taxas. Os procedimentos da prescrição de enfermagem que mais contribuíram para o faturamento foram a troca de filtro bacteriano (R$ 10.342,80), a realização de punção venosa (R$ 8.062,99), o curativo de ferida operatória (R$ 5.315,26) e o curativo de traqueostomia (R$ 4.762,42). Os procedimentos provenientes da prescrição médica que mais geraram faturamento foram a realização de glicemia capilar (R$ 21.602,06), passagem de pressão arterial invasiva (R$ 14.220,56) e a passagem de sonda gástrica/enteral (R$ 20.239,00). A perda média estimada foi de R$ 480,65 por paciente da amostra. A estimativa média de perda para a amostra estudada foi de R$ 81.263,65. A projeção de perda média de faturamento, para o período dos 3 meses do estudo, para a amostra selecionada, foi de R$ 153.391,15. A extrapolação da estimativa de perda média para o período de um ano, para a amostra selecionada, foi de R$ 613.564,60. Do faturamento total da amostra selecionada, as atividades de enfermagem contribuíram com 1,7% do faturamento, e 0,65% corresponderam aos procedimentos executados mediante a prescrição de enfermagem e 1,05%, aos procedimentos provenientes da prescrição médica / Nurses have increasingly been asked to participate in financial decisions in healthcare organizations. Their participation in managing the costs of nursing care is important to know how nursing contributes to the turnover of an ICU and hospital billing, and, it shows, financially, the relevance of the work of these professionals. However, Brazilian literature lacks studies in this regard. The objective of this study was to raise the value of the revenue generated by nursing procedures by the medical and nursing requirements, to identify nursing activities that are performed but not paid by health insurance companies and to estimate the monetary loss of the hospital for not taxing nursing activities in an intensive care unit (ICU). It was an occurrence study, exploratory, descriptive in a quantitative approach. The study was conducted in the Cardiology ICU of a philantropic general hospital, with 319 beds in the city of Sao Paulo. The total sample calculated for three months was 168 patients. The sources of information were the medical and accounting records of selected patients. The average revenue generated by medical and nursing prescriptions was R$ 773,98 which R$ 333,06 corresponded to the nursing prescription and R$ 440,92, the medical one. In relation to the value generated by the nursing prescription (R$ 333,06), R$ 261,67 corresponded to the payment of consumables and R$ 71,39 to fees. For the value generated by the prescription (R$ 440,92), R $ 322,51 corresponded to the payment of consumables and R$ 118,41, the payment of fees. The procedures of nursing prescription which most contributed to revenue were the exchange of bacteria filter (R$ 10.342,80), performing venipuncture (R$ 8.062,99), the surgical wound dressing (R$ 5,315.26) and tracheostomy dressing (R$ 4.762,42). The procedures from prescription which most generated revenues were performing capillary blood glucose (R$ 21.602,06), passage of invasive blood pressure (R$ 14.220,56) and passage of nasogastric tube / enteral (R$ 20.239,00). The average loss was estimated at R$ 480,65 per patient sample. The average estimate of loss for the sample studied was R$ 81.263,65. The projected average loss of revenue for the period of three months of the study, for the sample selected, was R$ 153.391,15. The extrapolation of the estimated average loss for the period of one year, for the selected sample, was R$ 613.564,60. From the total revenue of the selected sample, nursing activities accounted for 1.7% of revenues, and 0.65% corresponded to the procedures performed by nursing prescription and 1.05% corresponded to the procedures from the doctors prescription

The Master´s thesis deals with the development of the construction order during its realization. This thesis contains the necessary theoretical inputs that are focused on explaining the concepts of construction company, construction order and progress in building industry. It is based on theoretical inputs that have been taken to a case study that deals with the development of selected construction order during its life stage - realization. Case study contains the characteristics of the selected construction company, financial analysis, development process of construction order and draft of the measures to improve the processing of construction order.

Cette thèse est consacrée aux systèmes d'assurance maladie mixtes où la couverture publique obligatoire peut être améliorée par une complémentaire santé. Les questions abordées portent sur l'effet inflationniste de la complémentaire sur le prix des soins et sur l'impact de la tarification à l'âge sur les solidarités entre malades et bien portants et entre catégories de revenu. Les analyses empiriques sont réalisées sur données françaises. Cette base de données originale regroupe les consommations de soins de 99,878 affiliés à la MGEN sur la période 2010-2012. Le chapitre 1 estime l'effet causal d'une meilleure couverture sur la consommation de dépassements d'honoraires et démontre l'effet inflationniste de la complémentaire sur le prix des soins. Le chapitre 2 considère l’hétérogénéité de l'impact d'une meilleure couverture sur les dépassements et sa corrélation avec la demande d'assurance. De fait, l’effet inflationniste de la complémentaire est accentué par des effets de sélection. Le chapitre 3 montre que la tarification à l'âge permet de maximiser les transferts entre malades et bien portants au détriment de la solidarité entre hauts et bas revenus. / This thesis deals with two questions relative to efficiency and fairness in mixed health insurance systems with partial mandatory coverage and voluntary supplementary health insurance (SHI): (i) the inflationary effect of SHI on medical prices; (ii) the fairness of SHI premiums. We set the analysis in the French context and perform empirical analyses on original individual-level data, collected from the administrative claims of a French insurer (MGEN). The sample is made of 99,878 individuals observed from 2010 to 2012. In Chapter 1, we estimate the causal impact of a generous SHI on patients' decisions to consult physicians who balance bill their patients. We find evidence that better coverage contributes to the rise in medical prices. In Chapter 2, we specify individual heterogeneity in moral hazard and consider its possible correlation with coverage choices. We find evidence of selection on moral hazard: individuals who are more likely to ask for coverage exhibit stronger moral hazard. In Chapter 3, results show that when SHI is voluntary, age-based premiums maximize transfers between low and high healthcare users but do not guarantee vertical equity.

Energikriser och hållbarhet sätter en prägel på fastighetsbranschen och tvingar företagen att enligt lag göra åtgärder för att dra ner på energiförbrukningen. Redan 2012 kom energieffektiviseringsdirektivet (EED) och efter ändringar i direktivet 2019 fick principen om “energieffektivitet först” rättslig grund. Kort därefter blev det ett lagkrav för svenska företag att implementera IMD av tappvarmvatten i sitt fastighetsbestånd, men är IMD av tappvarmvatten verkligen ekonomiskt lönsamt och rätt väg ifall energieffektivitet är det slutliga målet? Studien syftar till att undersöka vilka är påföljderna av lagkravet från 1 juni 2022 gällande implementeringen av individuell mätning och debitering av tappvarmvatten i nyproduktion av flerbostadshus. Hur ser det faktiskt ut i praktiken och vilken avvägning fastighetsbolagen behöver göra gällande energieffektiva lösningar som bidrar till en förbättrad miljö kontra ekonomisk lönsamhet?   Vi har använt oss av en kvalitativ metod där det empiriska materialet grundar sig i sju semistrukturerade intervjuer med respondenter från några av de största fastighetsbolagen i Sverige som arbetar med flerbostadshus. Med hjälp av tidigare forskning och vår teoretiska referensram har vi kunnat analysera det empiriska materialet.  Resultatet visar att IMD av tappvarmvatten främst används som ett verktyg för att skapa rättvisa vid kostnadsfördelningen av vattenförbrukningen. De positiva påföljderna har lett till en ökad miljömedvetenhet bland hyresgästerna och sänkt vattenförbrukning, medan de negativa påföljderna är eventuella försämrade finansiella värden och ökade kostnader. / Energy crises and sustainability are leaving their mark on the real estate industry, forcing companies to take action to reduce energy consumption as required by law. The Energy Efficiency Directive (EED) was already introduced in 2012, and after amendments to the directive in 2019, the "energy efficiency first" principle gained a legal basis. Shortly thereafter, it became a legal requirement for Swedish companies to implement Individual Metering and Billing (IMD) in their property portfolios. However, is IMD truly economically viable and the right path if energy efficiency is the ultimate goal? This study aims to examine the consequences of the legal requirement from June 1, 2022, regarding the implementation of individual metering and billing for domestic hot water innew multi-dwelling buildings. What does the actual situation look like in practice, and what trade-offs do real estate companies need to make regarding energy-efficient solutions that contribute to an improved environment versus economic profitability? We have applied a qualitative method, where the empirical material is based on seven semi-structured interviews with respondents from some of the largest real estate companies in Sweden that work with multi-dwelling buildings. By using previous research and our theoretical framework, we have been able to analyze the empirical material. The results indicate that IMD for water is primarily used as a tool to promote fairness in the allocation of water consumption costs. The positive consequences have led to increased environmental awareness among tenants and reduced water consumption, while the negative consequences are potential negative impacts on financial values and increased costs.

The Republic of Kosovo, and its 1.8 million inhabitants, is heavily reliant on two highly pollutive lignite coal-fired power plants, Kosova A and Kosova B for energy generation. The coal-fired power plants, that cover 91% of the energy generation, are reaching the end of their operational life and are in need of either restoration or discontinuation. This implies that Kosovo is in need of energy alternatives for a more flexible energy system which could open opportunities for renewable energy. Solar power in Kosovo is still at a low percentage of less than 1%, and its future penetration is being held back by lack of investments and underdeveloped regulatory framework. Affordable and reliable energy, from solar power, could reduce poverty, lower unemployment, boost economic growth and improve people's health in Kosovo. This coincides with the sustainability goals set by the UN Agenda 2030 and specifically goal 7, ‘Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all’. The aim of the project was to design a techno-economically optimal PV-system at The University of Prishtina and to investigate the potential technical, social and economic impacts of implementing PV-systems in Kosovo to help achieve the UN 2030 Agenda, specifically SDG 7. The project consists of a quantitative part where simulations were done with the System Advisor Model (SAM) in order to calculate the energy generation and profitability of installing photovoltaic modules at The University of Prishtina with different policy-schemes. In addition, a qualitative study was done by compiling information on the policy structures in Kosovo and other european countries in order to identify obstacles and future trends in the development of renewables. The results showed that it is profitable for the University of Prishtina to install a PV-system in which the inspected financial indicators such as NPV, LCOE and payback time showed profitability for all policy-scenarios. In the base scenario with 200 kWp, which follows the current policy and capacity restrictions on the maximum allowed capacity of 100 kWp per metering point, 60% of the yearly electricity bills were covered. Two additional models were made with alternative policy-scenarios, one with a net-billing model in which sell-rates were altered and another with a higher capacity of 298.49 kWp utilizing the whole roof area. The system of 298.49 kWp gave the highest energy production and could cover 80% of the early electricity bills. The net-billing simulations indicated that profitability is also feasible for small-scale PV in a net-billing scheme with low sell-rates of electricity. LCOE ranged from $6.98 to 8.24 ¢/kWh, for all policy-scenarios, which was lower than the buy-rate of electricity for The University of Prishtina. The results from the simulations along with the qualitative study conclude that the cost- and technical potential for solar power is profitable and feasible. In addition to socio-economic factors such as job-opportunities and health benefits, solar power could be a competitive energy alternative in comparison to current forms of energy generation in Kosovo. However, due to restrictive RES-policy and potentially costly FiT’s in Kosovo a proposition, collected through qualitative studies, is to switch to auctioning schemes with possible usage of FiP’s, if needed, for large- scale PV with regulators putting an emphasis on an open, fair and competitive market. Solar power is competitive and would fare well in such schemes and its implementation should be encouraged by stakeholders and regulators in Kosovo. / Republiken Kosovo och dess 1.8 miljoner invånare är starkt beroende av de två kraftigt förorenade kolkraftverken Kosova A och B för sin energiproduktion. Kolkraftverken, som är i slutskedet av sin livslängd, utgör närmare 91% av landets energiproduktion och är i behov av antingen restaurering eller avveckling. Detta medför ett stort behov av nya, flexibla energikällor i Kosovo vilket luckrar upp möjligheter för förnybar energi, särskilt solkraft. Andelen solkraft i Kosovo utgör idag mindre än 1 % av landets energimix och hämmas avsevärt av underutvecklade regelverk och brist på investering. Ekonomiskt överkomlig och tillförlitlig energi från solkraft skulle kunna bidra till minskad fattigdom, sänkt arbetslöshet, ökad ekonomisk tillväxt samt förbättrad hälsotillstånd hos Kosovos invånare. Detta sammanfaller i sin tur med FN:s globala hållbarhetsmål stipulerade i Agenda 2030, särskilt mål 7, ”Säkerställa tillgång till ekonomiskt överkomlig, tillförlitlig, hållbar och modern energi för alla”. Syftet med arbetet var att utforma ett tekno-ekonomiskt optimalt solcellssystem vid Universitetet i Pristina, samt undersöka de potentiella tekniska, sociala och ekonomiska effekterna av att implementera solcellssystem i Kosovo. Detta i mån om FN:s hållbarhetsmål och Agenda 2030, inriktat på mål 7. Projektet består av en kvantitativ analys där energiproduktionen och lönsamheten av att installera solcellsmoduler vid Universitetet i Pristina simuleras i anknytning till olika policy regelverk med hjälp av System Advisor Model (SAM). Vidare utfördes en kvalitativ studie där information om rådande politiska strukturer och regelverk i Kosovo och andra europeiska länder sammanställdes för att identifiera aktuella hinder och framtida trender i utvecklingen av förnybar energi. Resultaten visade att det är lönsamt för Pristinas universitet att installera ett solcellssystem. De granskade finansiella indikatorerna som NPV, LCOE och payback påvisade lönsamhet för alla simulerade policy scenarion. I bas-scenariot med 200 kWp med nuvarande kapacitets och policy restriktioner på maximalt 100 kWp per mätningspunkt, täcks 60% av de årliga elräkningarna. Därutöver simuleras ytterligare två modeller med alternativa policy-scenarion. En net-billing modell med varierande el-försäljningspriser samt en modell med högre kapacitet på 298,49 kWp. I systemet med 298,49 kWp erhölls den högsta energiproduktionen som täckte närmare 80% av de årliga elräkningarna. Net-billing simuleringarna gemensamt med låga el-försäljningspriser indikerade även lönsamhet i net-billing systemet. Denna typ av elförsäljning kan därmed vara realiserbart och tillämpas för småskaliga solkraftsanläggningar i Kosovo. För alla policy scenarion varierade LCOE från $ 6,98 till 8,24 ¢/kWh, vilket var lägre än elpriserna för Universitetet i Pristina. Resultaten från simuleringarna och den kvalitativa studien antyder att den tekniska och ekonomiska potentialen för solenergi är hög. Utöver socioekonomiska faktorer som jobbmöjligheter och hälsofördelar kan solenergi vara ett konkurrenskraftigt energialternativ jämfört med nuvarande former av energiproduktion i Kosovo tack vare dess billiga kostnader. Med avseende på restriktiva regelverk gällande förnybar energi och den potentiellt dyra feed-in tariff-policyn i Kosovo är det till fördel, baserat på den kvalitativa och kvantitativa analysen, att utveckla ett auktionssystem med kompletterande feed-in premium för storskaliga solkraftsanläggningar. Detta med betoning på en öppen, rättvis och konkurrenskraftig marknad. Solkraft är billigt, konkurrenskraftig och är gynnsam för de socioekonomiska aspekterna i Kosovo. Dess implementering bör uppmuntras av intressenter och lagstiftare i Kosovo. / Në Republiken e Kosovës me 1.8 milion banorë, qytetarët e saj varen shumë nga dy termocentrale të ndotura, Kosova A dhe Kosova B. Termocentralet me linjit, që mbulojnë 91% të gjenerimit të energjisë, po arrijnë fundin e jetës së tyre operacionale dhe kanë nevojë për restaurim ose ndërprerje. Kjo nënkupton që Kosova ka nevojë për energji alternative dhe për një sistem më fleksibël, i cili mund të hapë mundësi për energji të rinovueshme. Energjia diellore në Kosovë është akoma në një përqindje të ulët të perdorimit prej më pak se 1%. Energjia diellore po frenohet nga mungesa e përpilimit të ligjeve dhe mungesa e investimeve. Nga energjia diellore Kosova mund të ketë perfitime në rritjen ekonomike dhe përmirësim të shëndetit për popullatën e Kosovës. Kjo ç ështje eshtë në perputhshmëri me qëllimet të vendosura nga agjenda e OKB-së 2030, në veqanti pika 7 në të cilën thuhet: ‘ të sigurohet aksesi në energji të përballueshme, të besueshme, të qëndrueshme dhe moderne për të gjithë ’. Qëllimi ynë me këtë studim është të hulumtojmë mundësitë për një sistem optimal fotvoltaike (PV) në Universitetin e Prishtinës ‘Hasan Prishtina’. Gjithashtu qellimi me ketë studim është të hulumtojmë ndikimet e mundshme teknike, sociale dhe ekonomike në zbatimin e sistemeve PV në Kosovë për të arritur agjendën e OKB-së 2030, posaçërisht pika 7. Projekti përbëhet nga një pjesë sasiore ku janë bërë simulime me System Advisor Model (SAM) në mënyrë që të llogaritet gjenerimi i energjisë dhe përfitimi i instalimit të moduleve PV në Universitetin e Prishtinës me skema të ndryshme rregullative. Për më tepër, është bërë një studim cilësor duke përpiluar informacione mbi strukturat rregullative në Kosovë dhe vendet e tjera evropiane në mënyrë që të identifikohen pengesat dhe tendencat e ardhshme në zhvillimin e burimeve të ripërtëritshme (BRE). Rezultatet e këtijë studimi tregojnë se, për Universitetin e Prishtinës, është veprim fitimprurëse të instalohet një sistem PV. Përmes këtijë sistemi, treguesit financiarë si NPV, LCOE dhe payback rezultojnë në përfitime ekonomike ne të gjitha skemat e provuara rregullative. Në modelin e parë bazë me 200 kWp, i cili ndjek politikat (policy) aktuale me kufizime të kapaciteteve të lejuar prej 100 kWp për një pikë matëse, mbulohen 60% e faturave vjetore të energjisë elektrike. Ndërsa në dy modelet tjera shtesë, bëmë percaktime të skemave alternative. Një nga modelet ishte net-billing në të cilin ndryshuam normat e shitjes. Tjetri model ishte një sistem PV me kapacitet më të lartë prej 298.49 kWp duke përfshirë gjithë siperfaqën e kulmit. Sistemi prej 298.49 kWp dha prodhimin më të lartë të energjisë dhe mund të mbulojë 80% të faturave të energjisë elektrike. Rezultatët e skemës së net-billing treguan se përfitimi është i mundshëm gjithashtu, me norma të ulëta të shitjes së energjisë elektrike. Kjo skemë mund të zbatohet për instalime të vogla me PV në Kosovë. Vlerat e LCOE varion nga $6.98 ¢/kWh- 8.24 ¢/kWh dollar, në të gjitha modelet. Kjo tregon se kostoja është më e ulët se norma e blerjes së energjisë elektrike për Universitetin e Prishtinës. Rezultatet nga simulimet e të gjitha modeleve së bashku me studimin cilësor arrijnë në përfundim se kostoja dhe potenciali teknik për energjinë diellore është fitimprurëse dhe i realizueshëm. Ky studim tregon se përveç faktorëve socio-ekonomikë siç janë mundësitë e punësimit dhe beneficioneve shëndetësore, energjia diellore mund të jetë një alternativë konkurruese e energjisë në krahasim me format aktuale të gjenerimit të energjisë në Kosovë. Sidoqoftë, për shkak të politikave përkufizuese të BRE-ve dhe feed-in tariff ose FiT-ve, qe janë potencialisht të kushtueshme, një rekomandim për instalime të mëdha të PV-së është kalimi në skema tender, potencialisht me përdorimin të feed-in premium ose FiP-ve. Ne ketë skeme, politikbërësitë duhet të krejojnë mundesit për një treg të hapur, të barabartë dhe konkurrues. Energjia diellore do të jetë me kosto më të ulëta në të ardhmen dhe implementimi i saj duhet të inkurajohet nga palët e interesit dhe politikbërësitë në Kosovë.