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在學校教育中，來自低社會地位家庭的孩童常在學業成就方面表現不佳，這個現象可能導因於孩童學前所受的語言刺激不足。許多學者發現，母親在親子共讀時若是使用較困難的語言、或是要求幼兒多多參與互動，可以幫助幼兒的語言發展。但是大多數此類研究都是研究西方文化中的親子互動模式，少有在臺灣的文化環境下以真實親子共讀的語料所做的類似研究。本研究的目的在於探討臺灣不同社會階層親子共讀的模式，研究對象包括三十二對母親與三歲幼兒，其中十六對來自中高社階家庭，十六對來自低收入家庭。語料來自於受試親子共同閱讀故事書時的語言以及互動。研究結果顯示中高社階的母親較會在閱讀的過程中鼓勵幼兒參與對話，也會和幼兒討論與故事內容相關的議題。而低社階的母親把閱讀故事視為自己的責任，較不會誘導幼兒參與互動，也只專注在故事書上現時現地的內容，少有相關議題的討論。此研究結果可作為親職教育或介入計畫的基礎。 / Children from low socio-economic status (SES) are at higher risk of poor school achievement. The reason might be the language background of low SES children in preschool years. Researchers have found that mothers who give children higher demand in joint book reading tend to have children with better language skills in the future. However, most of these researches were conducted in Western cultures. This paper examined mother-child book reading styles in different socio-economic classes in Taiwan. 32 mother-child dyads, 16 from upper-middle class and 16 from low income families, were asked to read a picture book with their children. Results showed that upper-middle mothers tended to encourage their children to narrate the story and discuss non-immediate information such as inference and prediction of plot elements. In contrast, low mothers tended to take story book reading as their responsibility without inviting children to participate and they produced more immediate talk such as labeling. Educational implications and suggestions for the future research will be discussed.

The development of language, writing and reading is crucial for pupils’ knowledge development in school. Interactive book reading has positive effects on pupils’ linguistic development and furthers their learning in school. Our study aims to find out how some teachers perceive their work with interactive book reading in preschool class and grade 3. The questions asked proceed from the didactic questions what, how and why. To achieve our aim and answer our questions, six interviews were held, three with teachers in preschool class and three with teachers in grade 3. Based on the interviews, categories were distinguished for each research question and similarities and differences between the two grades. The teachers describe interactive book reading as active participants and reflecting readers. In grade 3 the teachers work with established methods, while the majority of the teachers in preschool class work with models they have devised on their own. All the teachers state different reasons why they work with interactive book reading, but similar categories are revealed after analysis. The conclusion is that more training is needed in interactive book reading for teachers in preschool class.

This dissertation argues that the British philosopher, novelist and social critic William Godwin (1756-1836) used literary depictions and discussions of book-reading to negotiate public debates about the nature of the human mind. It takes an intellectual-historical approach to Godwin's representation of communications media, using this to illuminate the wider cultural significance of book-reading in Romantic-period Britain. I ultimately claim that for Godwin, the book-object became a literary presence and a conceptual tool by which he expressed and defended his belief in the reality and necessity of intellectual perfectibility. My first three chapters set the groundwork for this argument by exploring Godwin's treatment of 'The Matter of the Reader' (Chapter One), 'The Ethics of Novel-Reading' (Chapter Two), and 'The Discipline of Reading' (Chapter Three). As Godwin engaged with debates about materialism, literary form and education, he negotiated inherited ambivalence about the nature of the human mind and the conditions necessary for its vitality. Godwin's writing about reading exposes a fundamental tension that runs throughout his corpus: he consistently invested confidence in the mind and idealised its operation, yet was simultaneously preoccupied by theorising major threats to its development. My final two chapters argue that Godwin's writing about the book as a material medium provided an ongoing response to this tension. I show that his comparative evaluations of 'Social Media' (Chapter Four) and his literary rendering of books in terms of 'Bodies and Monuments' (Chapter Five) were contributions to debates about the powers of truth, death, and cultural memory. I conclude that Godwin used the book-object as a gesture of faith in the necessary perfection of human minds. This dissertation remaps Godwin's contribution to British culture by drawing attention to the crucial role book-reading played in his philosophy, fiction, essays and correspondence. In doing so, it highlights a rich vein of enquiry opened up by the growing 'interdiscipline' of media history: the cultural figuration of books and reading.

The relationships between different types of adult-support inferential book reading strategies and young children’s language and literacy competence were examined in 18 studies that included 1134 study participants. van Kleeck’s (2006) descriptions of two levels of inferencing and different types of inferential strategies at each level were used to code and analyze the patterns of correlations between the book reading strategies and the child outcomes. Results showed that parents’ and teachers’ use of different types of inferencing strategies were related to variations in the child outcomes, and that the effects of inferencing were conditioned on the children’s ages. Implications for practice are described.

The purpose of the study was to examine the feasibility of a dialogic book-reading intervention for bilingual preschool children with expressive vocabulary delays. The intervention was provided in English and Spanish concurrently to an experimental group of six children, while six children were in a delayed treatment control group. Dialogic book-reading has been shown previously to be effective with monolingual children, and the current study was the first to extend it to bilingual children. The children participating in the study were 22 – 41 months-old and were recruited from the waiting list of an agency providing speech-language services. The intervention was provided in English in the children’s homes by the primary investigator and in Spanish by the children’s mothers, who were trained in the techniques of dialogic book-reading. Thirty fifteen-minute sessions in each language using dialogic book-reading strategies were provided to each child in the intervention group over six weeks. The study examined the acquisition of ten target words selected for each child in English and Spanish separately, in addition to overall increases in the children’s vocabularies. The children in the intervention group learned significantly more target words in each language following the intervention than did the children in the control group. The children in the intervention group were also able to produce the acquired words at a delayed posttest six weeks following the posttest. The intervention also led to an improvement in the ability of the children in the intervention group to stay focused on book-reading tasks. The gains in the overall vocabulary of the children in the two groups did not differ significantly. The mothers’ evaluations of the intervention revealed their satisfaction with the approach. The mothers were successful in learning dialogic book-reading strategies and stated that they felt empowered to improve their child’s vocabulary development.

The purpose of the study was to examine the feasibility of a dialogic book-reading intervention for bilingual preschool children with expressive vocabulary delays. The intervention was provided in English and Spanish concurrently to an experimental group of six children, while six children were in a delayed treatment control group. Dialogic book-reading has been shown previously to be effective with monolingual children, and the current study was the first to extend it to bilingual children. The children participating in the study were 22 – 41 months-old and were recruited from the waiting list of an agency providing speech-language services. The intervention was provided in English in the children’s homes by the primary investigator and in Spanish by the children’s mothers, who were trained in the techniques of dialogic book-reading. Thirty fifteen-minute sessions in each language using dialogic book-reading strategies were provided to each child in the intervention group over six weeks. The study examined the acquisition of ten target words selected for each child in English and Spanish separately, in addition to overall increases in the children’s vocabularies. The children in the intervention group learned significantly more target words in each language following the intervention than did the children in the control group. The children in the intervention group were also able to produce the acquired words at a delayed posttest six weeks following the posttest. The intervention also led to an improvement in the ability of the children in the intervention group to stay focused on book-reading tasks. The gains in the overall vocabulary of the children in the two groups did not differ significantly. The mothers’ evaluations of the intervention revealed their satisfaction with the approach. The mothers were successful in learning dialogic book-reading strategies and stated that they felt empowered to improve their child’s vocabulary development.

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As contingências verbais promovidas pelo ambiente da educação infantil são importantes para que crianças pré-escolares desenvolvam seus repertórios verbais. Estudos indicam que a leitura compartilhada de histórias (LCH) tem efeitos significativos no desenvolvimento desses repertórios, principalmente quando associada a estratégias de ensino explícito de vocabulário. Porém, muitos educadores não têm conhecimento sobre essas estratégias e sobre como ocorre a aprendizagem a partir da LCH. Este trabalho, composto por três estudos, teve dois objetivos gerais: identificar as principais estratégias de LCH empregadas para o ensino explícito de palavras a crianças pré-escolares, estudadas pela literatura; e elaborar e implementar duas intervenções: uma delas voltada diretamente para crianças pré-escolares, e outra para professoras da Educação Infantil, ambas focadas no ensino de palavras por meio da leitura compartilhada de histórias. O Estudo 1 consistiu em uma revisão integrativa das estratégias de LCH testadas como prática de ensino publicadas em diferentes bases de dados entre 2006 e 2016. Foram analisados 13 artigos e foi possível identificar que todas as estratégias analisadas foram correlacionadas positivamente com ganhos por parte das crianças em diversas habilidades linguísticas. O Estudo 2 teve como objetivo testar os efeitos cumulativos do uso de estratégias de ensino de palavras a partir de sessões de LCH na aprendizagem de palavras por crianças pré-escolares. Foram realizadas três sessões de leitura compartilhada de uma mesma história e uma sessão composta por uma atividade complementar sobre as palavras da história lida, em uma classe de 13 crianças de 4 a 5 anos. Em cada sessão foi implementada uma estratégia de ensino de substantivos e verbos: Destacar a palavra-alvo, Explicar o significado da palavra-alvo, Iniciar conversas sobre a palavra-alvo e Atividades Complementares. Foi possível identificar ganhos significativos (p<0,05) das crianças em tarefas de emparelhamento ao modelo para substantivos e ganhos muito significativos (p<0,01) nas tarefas de nomeação tanto para substantivos quanto para verbos, na comparação entre medidas de pré e pós-teste. O Estudo 3 testou os efeitos de um programa de desenvolvimento profissional sobre estratégias de ensino de palavras a partir de LCH no uso dessas estratégias por parte de três professoras (medida primária) e na aprendizagem de palavras por parte das crianças, alunas dessas professoras (medida secundária). O programa de desenvolvimento profissional foi composto por um workshop sobre estratégias de ensino de palavras a partir de LCH e sessões de consultoria colaborativa, testados em um delineamento de linha de base múltipla. Foi possível identificar um aumento no uso de estratégias por parte das professoras após o workshop, além de manutenção e aumento desse uso durante os períodos Atividade de Contação de História e Atividades Complementares, respectivamente, após a implementação das sessões de consultoria colaborativa. Verificou-se, também, ganhos muito significativos (p>0,01) por parte das crianças nas tarefas de emparelhamento e definição de palavras. Além disso, as sessões de consultoria colaborativa permitiram a identificação de problemas vivenciados pelas professoras que influenciam, tanto em atividades cotidianas em sala de aula, quanto nas atividades propostas por esse estudo. O conjunto dos estudos confirmou a eficácia da LCH para ensino de repertórios verbais a crianças e apontou a necessidade de desenvolvimento de mais intervenções voltadas para professores nessa área / Verbal contingencies, promoted by early childhood education, and are important for preschool children to develop their verbal repertoires. Studies indicate that shared book reading (SBR) has a significant effect in developing there repertoires, especially when associated with explicit vocabulary teaching strategies. However, many educators have no knowledge about those strategies or about how SBR can promote learning processes. This research, composed by three studies, has two general purposes: to identify the main vocabulary-teaching strategies used during SBR with preschool children studied by the literature; and develop and implement two interventions: one applied to preschool children, and the other applied to early childhood educators, focused on vocabulary-teaching through SBR. Study 1 consisted in an integrative review of strategies used in SBR activities, tested as a teaching practice, published in different databases between 2006 and 2016. We analyzed 13 articles and identified that all strategies analyzed were positively correlated with gains in several language skills. The Study 2 aimed to test the cumulative effects in the use of word teaching strategies through SBR in word learning by preschool children. Three sessions of SBR of the same story, and one session of one complementary activity about words found in the story were implemented in a class of 13 children, from 4 to 5 years old. In each session, one teaching strategy was implemented to teach nouns and verbs: \"Highlight the target word\", \"Explain the target word\", \"Start conversations about the target word\" and \"Complementary Activities\". Significant gains (p <0.05) in matching to sample tasks for substantive and more significant gains (p <0.01) in naming tasks, between pre-test and post-test measures were identified . Study 3 tested the effects of a professional development program of word teaching strategies through SBR in measures of strategies use by three educators (primary measure) and in word learning by children in their class (secondary measure). The Professional development program was composed by a workshop about word teaching strategies trough SBR and collaborative consulting sessions, tested in a multiple baseline design. We identified a raise in strategies use by all the teachers after the workshop, and also a maintenance and a increase of this use in Telling Story Activity and Complementary Activities periods, respectively, after the implementation of collaborative consulting sessions. Significant gains (p>0,01) in childrens matching to sample and definition tasks performances were also observed. Moreover, collaborative consulting sessions allowed the identification of problems experienced by those educators that had influence, not only in everyday activities, but also activities proposed by this study. This set of studies confirm the efficacy of SBR in teaching verbal repertoires to children and pointed out the necessity of developing more interventions for educators in this area

A leitura compartilhada de livros para crianças é uma atividade que tem sido estudada como forma de ensino incidental de vocabulário, que envolve, dentre outros processos, o responder por exclusão. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar a ocorrência de aprendizagem de relações entre estímulos visuais (figuras) com seus respectivos estímulos auditivos (palavras) a partir de diferentes condições de leitura compartilhada de livros para crianças com Síndrome de Down (SD) e com desenvolvimento típico (DT). Para a pesquisa foram desenvolvidos dois estudos. No Estudo 1, participaram seis crianças com SD com seis a sete anos, e seis crianças com DT com três a quatro anos (amostras pareadas em função do nível de vocabulário). Foi utilizado um livro de história produzido pela pesquisadora, no qual havia dois substantivos e dois adjetivos desconhecidos (estímulos visuais S1, S2, A1, A2), apresentados uma única vez na história. Esse livro foi lido para cada criança duas vezes em sequência por sessão e em cada sessão foi realizada uma condição de leitura diferente. Foram apresentadas três condições de leitura e cada criança passou por todas, mas em diferentes ordens (contrabalanceamento). Na Condição 1, o livro foi lido para a criança sem intervenções. Na Condição 2, o livro foi lido para a criança e ela tinha que repetir o nome dos estímulos desconhecidos. Na Condição 3, o livro foi lido e foram realizadas perguntas relacionadas aos estímulos-alvo. Ao final de cada sessão foram realizadas sondas de aprendizagem (sondas de emparelhamento ao modelo e nomeação), e após uma semana da última sessão foi aplicada uma sonda de manutenção e uma de generalização. As crianças com DT apresentaram maior número de acertos que as com SD, e os acertos foram mais relacionados ao estímulo S1. As crianças não aprenderam a relação nome-cor. A análise dos resultados sugeriu que o número de estímulos-alvo era excessivo e com apresentações insuficientes no livro. No Estudo 2 participaram seis crianças com DT de 3 a 4 anos e seis crianças com SD, de 5 a 8 anos. O procedimento utilizado no Estudo 2 foi semelhante ao primeiro com as seguintes alterações no livro: utilização de apenas duas relações-alvo (um substantivo-alvo e um adjetivo-alvo - S2 e A3), cada uma sendo apresentada três vezes ao longo da história, em figuras que possibilitavam o responder por exclusão. Também foi acrescentada uma tentativa de exclusão nas sondas de aprendizagem. Nesse estudo, todas as crianças com DT conseguiram selecionar e nomear estímulo S2 e duas mostraram indícios de aprendizagem do estímulo A3. As crianças com SD apresentaram um menor número de acertos nas sondas de emparelhamento, mas apresentaram algumas nomeações corretas, o que não foi observado no Estudo 1. Os dados sugerem que as mudanças realizadas no livro melhoram o desempenho das crianças com DT, mas não o das crianças com SD. Não foram encontradas diferenças entre as condições de leituras nos dois estudos. No entanto, são necessários estudos adicionais para avaliar essas diferentes condições e as variáveis envolvidas na aprendizagem de palavras a partir da leitura compartilhada de livro. / Shared book reading for children is an activity that has been studied as an incidental vocabulary teaching that involves, among other processes, exclusion responding. The aim of this research was to investigate the occurrence of learning of the relation between visual stimuli (figures) with their respective auditory stimuli (words) in different shared book reading conditions to Down syndrome (DS) and typical development (TD) children. This research was performed in two studies. In Study 1, participated six DS children from six to seven years old and six TD children from three to four years old (paired samples based on vocabulary level). In this study, the conductor of the experiment used a storybook produced for this research. The book contained two nouns and two unknown adjectives (visual stimuli S1, S2, A1, and A2), presented one time in the story. The conductor of the experiment read the book to every child two times in sequence for each session. In each session, the conductor of the experiment applied a different reading condition. Three reading conditions were presented in various orders (counterbalance) for each child. In Condition 1, the book was read to the child without interventions. In Condition 2, the book was read to the child, and the unknown stimuli names were asked to be repeated. In Condition 3, the book was read to the child, and questions related to the target stimuli were made. At the end of each session, learning probes (matching-to-sample and naming probes) were made. After one week of the last session, maintenance and generalization probes were applied. TD children showed more correct answers than DS children. The right answers were mostly related to S1 stimuli. No child learned name-color relations. Result analysis suggested that the target stimuli was excessive and with insufficient presentations in the book. In Study 2, participated six TD children from three to four years old and six DS children from five to eight years old. The procedure of Study 2 was similar to Study 1, except for some alterations in the book: there were only two target-relations (one target-noun and one target-adjective S2 and A3), each being presented three times along the story, in figures that allowed the exclusion responding. It was also included an attempt of exclusion in learning probes. In this Study, all TD children could select and name S2 stimuli and two children showed indications of learning of A3 stimuli. DS children showed a smaller number of correct answers in matching probes but showed some correct nominations, which were not observed in Study 1. The data suggest that the changes in the book improved the TD children performance, but not to DS children. The results showed no difference between reading conditions in both studies. However, additional studies that evaluate different conditions and variables related to word learning in shared book reading are necessary.