Middle-line managers (MLMs) are becoming increasingly important for an organization. Coordination forms (immediate coordination and in-advance coordination) are used in the organization. In this thesis, four variables: organizational type, the degree of decentralization of organization, qualification and uncertainty are analyzed for investigating what are main factors influencing the use of coordination forms in Chinese organizations from MLM’s perspective.The empirical data for the study was gathered by a survey questionnaire, which involved a quota sampling of 158 MLMs in Chinese organizations. The interesting results justify the tendency to use in-advance coordination is greater for organizations that are characterized by a high level of uncertainty, especially learning and goal-setting; and the tendency to use in-advance coordination is greater for organizations that are characterized by a high level of decentralization.

The paper examines the application of the concept of economic efficiency to organizational issues of collective information processing in decision making. Information processing is modeled in the framework of the dynamic parallel-processing model of associative computation with an endogenous set-up cost of the processors. The model is extended to include the specific features of collective information processing in the team of decision makers which could cause an error in data analysis. In such a model, the conditions for efficient organization of information processing are defined and the architecture of the efficient structures is considered. We show that specific features of collective decision making procedures require a broader framework for judging organizational efficiency than has traditionally been adopted. In particular, and contrary to the results presented in economic literature, we show that in human data processing (unlike in computer systems), there is no unique architecture for efficient information processing structures, but a number of various efficient forms can be observed. The results indicate that technological progress resulting in faster data processing (ceteris paribus) will lead to more regular information processing structures. However, if the relative cost of the delay in data analysis increases significantly, less regular structures could be efficient. (authors' abstract) / Series: Discussion Papers of the Institute for Economic Geography and GIScience

Most research on low-income, racial minority students' access to higher education has been conducted in urban communities. Little research explores these students' experiences within rural settings. Using Ríos-Aguilar, Kiyama, Gravitt and Moll's framework (2011) that bridges Yosso's (2005) "community cultural wealth" with alternative forms of capital, this case study investigated how three alumni students from a low-income, rural, border community accessed information and resources for college within their school, homes and community. Narratives, one-on-one interviews, and a survey questionnaire helped determine multiple forms of capital participants leveraged towards higher education. Participants' college pursuits and choices were influenced by information from family members, teachers and guidance counselors, community scholarships, and emotional support of family, friends, and community members. Research must continue to follow the experiences of rural, low-income, minority students access to higher education and create better opportunities and connections for them to attend college.

The title of this monography is Discourses of Writing in the Curriculum of the A-course in Swedish. The aim of this monograph is to find wich forms and discourses of writing that are emphasized and premiered in the curriculum for the first course in Swedish during secondary education in Sweden, grades 10-12. What kind of writing are presented to the students and what potentially miss due to the selection? Is any form of writing presented more thoroughly or as more important than any other in the curriculum? The professor of linguistics, Roz Ivanic, has formed different discourses of writing that she has found being used in education of writing. With these discourses of writing  I have applied them on the curriculum and then been able to see wich forms of writing that are premiered. By using close reading as a method of analyze I have been able to interpret the curriculum. I have connected close reading as a method with the hermeneutic analysis tradition. The discourses of writing is my tool and my theory wich holds different forms of writing that are connected to earlier science of writing that I present as a background in the monograph. The conclusion I have reached are that the curriculum holds four discourses of writing. That means that the form of writing that are presented to the students are a writing to imitate other types of texts, a grammatical correct spelling, a thotoughly processed text and knowledge about their own mental process that is activated during writing. The diskourse of writing that is presented as the most important in the curriculum is the skills discourse of writing. That leads to a form of writing in grammatically correct writing and prepares the students to adjust to a writing that is presented mainly in higher forms of education.

No description available.

For centuries, the theory and principles of diplomatics have played a role in the work of European archivists. In North America, however, its relevance is still under scrutiny. This thesis employs diplomatic analysis to test its validity when applied to modern documents and procedures. To investigate the significance of diplomatic methodology and analysis, this thesis first discusses the recent history and structure of the British Columbia court system. It then examines a selection of case files from the civil, probate and bankruptcy registries, and it assigns the documents within to one of the six phases of a procedure: initiative, inquiry, consultation, deliberation, deliberation control, and execution. The study concludes by discussing the diplomatic character of the procedures and its importance in the understanding of modern records. More specifically, it outlines how diplomatics and procedural analysis can assist records professionals in the development of classification systems and retention and disposition schedules; the design of automated records management systems; and archival appraisal, arrangement and description.

Tyrimas atliktas, siekiant atskleisti mokyklos bendruomenės požiūrį į specialiųjų poreikių vaikus, atskleidžiant jų patiriamus sunkumus, tarpusavio bendravimo ypatumus. Siekiant šio tikslo, buvo tiriami Vilniaus rajono mokyklų 7-9 klasių moksleiviai bei mokyklos bendruomenė. Buvo siekta išsiaiškinti, ar pasyvus specialiųjų poreikių vaikų dalyvavimas šių dienų integruotoje klasės bendruomenėje, ar jie jaučiasi vieniši, ar iš negalią turinčių vaikų dažnai tyčiojamasi, ar jie erzinami, ar specialiųjų poreikių vaikai gali tapti atpirkimo ožiais. Apibendrinant tyrimo metu gautus duomenis, galima teigti, kad specialiųjų poreikių vaikai dažnai patiria patyčias bei bendravimo sunkumus su bendraamžiais, sunkiai prisitaiko klasėje. Kartais patys specialiųjų poreikių vaikai provokuoja konfliktines situacijas. Dėl minėtų veiksnių vaikai, turintys negalią, neretai išgyvena įtampą, o tai trukdo jiems sėkmingai adaptuotis mokykloje. Kad vyktų sėkminga integracija, mokykloms reikėtų dėti daugiau pastangų darbui su specialiųjų poreikių mokiniais, klasės auklėtojai turėtų tarpininkauti įvairiose situacijose, ugdyti specialiųjų poreikių vaikų bendravimo ir konfliktų sprendimo įgūdžius, formuoti tolerancijos nuostatas klasėje. / The research was carried out to identify school community’s attitude to children having special needs, revealing difficulties they usually experience and peculiarities of communication among them. Students from 7-9 forms and school’s community from the region of Vilnius were interviewed in order to achieve this purpose. The aim of this research was to find out if the behavior of children having special needs is passive in integrated community of the class, if they feel lonely, if disabled children are often laughed at, if they are often teased, if blame is often put on children having special needs. Summarizing the results of the research, it would be possible to argue if children having special needs experience difficulties in communicating with others and are teased or face some difficulties while adapting to the class. Sometimes children having special needs provoke conflict situations. Due to the mentioned factors, disabled children often experience stress, which prevents them from successful adaptation to school. For a successful integration, schools should put more effort in working with children having special needs, the headmasters of the class should become mediators in different kind of situations, encouraging children’s having special needs communication, developing skills which would help to resolve conflict situations as well as developing tolerance in the class.

Santrauka Mokymo organizavimo formoms, kaip pedagogų ugdomajai veiklai, dėmesys buvo skiriamas visais žmonijos vystymosi laikotarpiais, tačiau mokinių motyvacijai didesnis dėmesys pradėtas skirti prasidėjus švietimo reformai, tad ši tema tampa vis aktualesnė. Pedagogas, siekdamas organizuotai, planingai ir nuosekliai įgyvendinti mokymo procesą, privalo gerai išmanyti mokymo organizavimo formas, kad galėtų tinkamai mokinius motyvuoti veiklai. Problemiška tai, kad pastaruoju metu sumažėjo mokymo organizavimo formoms skiriamas dėmesys, pedagogai mokymo procese dažniausiai apsiriboja pagrindinės mokymo organizavimo formos - pamokos taikymu, kitos formos tarsi lieka užmirštos. Sudėtingos mokymo programos, jų keliami didžiuliai reikalavimai mokymo procesui dažnai nepalieka pedagogams laiko tinkamai motyvuoti mokinius veiklai, tad prasminga ir įdomu patyrinėti pedagogų ugdomosios veiklos organizavimo specifiką ir ypatumus šiandieninėje mokykloje bei mokinių motyvaciją šiai veiklai plačiau. / SUMMARY At all periods of human evolution, the attention was given to the forms of organization as an educational activity of pedagogues, although the greater attention to motivation of schoolchildren was begun to draw only after the beginning of educational reform, thus this theme becomes increasingly relevant. A pedagogue, on purpose to perform the educational process orderly, methodically and coherently, has to know forms of education organization well in order he/she could properly motivate pupils for activity. The problem is such that currently, the attention given to forms of education organization has decreased, pedagogues usually stop short at applying of the main form of education organization – lesson, other forms sort of remain unremembered in the teaching process. Sophisticated educational programs, their high requirements for educational process generally leave no time for pedagogues to motivate properly the pupils for the activity, thus it is meaningful and interesting to investigate more widely the particularity and peculiarities of organization of pedagogues’ educational activity in today’s school and motivation of pupils for that activity.

Muziejinė edukacija Lietuvoje sėkmingai vykdoma jau dešimt metų. Aiškiai matyti Lietuvos nacionalinio ir Lietuvos dailės muziejų efektyvumas, darbo kokybė ir pasiekimai edukacijos srityje. Šių muziejų veikla orientuota į edukaciją, kuri atitinka pasaulines muziejų tendencijas. Akcentuodami jos svarbą visuomenėje ir naudodami edukacinės veiklos formas, šie muziejai sprendžia augančios kartos auklėjimo ir lavinimo klausimus bei neformalaus ugdymo uždavinius. Kurdami naujas metodikas ir programas, pritaikytas skirtingoms lankytojų grupėms, realizuoja svarbiausias muziejų edukacijos funkcijas. Lietuvos nacionalinis ir Lietuvos dailės muziejai kryptingai formuoja savo edukacinės veiklos turinius, kurie atitinka jų apibrėžtas misijas ir strategijas. Edukacinė veikla kasmet tampa nacionaliniuose muziejuose vis platesnė ir įdomesnė. Šie muziejai gali įtakoti kitų muziejų dukacinę veiklą bei būti jiems efektyvaus mokymosi būdo modelio pavyzdziu. Lietuvos nacionalinio muziejaus edukacinės programos yra istorinio pobūdžio. Jų tematika susieta su Lietuvos istorija ir etnine kultūra. Akivaizdu,kad pasitelkus edukacines programas stengiamasi perteikti žmogiškąsias vertybes, stiprinti tautinį tapatumą.. Lietuvos dailės muziejus,pasitelkdamas sukauptų meno kūrinių siužetus, tematikas, realizuoja muziejinės edukacijos tikslus,sėkmingai kūria ir pritaiko skirtingoms lankytojų grupėms naujas metodikas ir programas. Nors Lietuvos nacionalinio ir Lietuvos dailės muziejų vertybių rinkiniai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The museum-based education is being successfully implemented in Lithuania for ten years already. The effect, high quality and achievements of the activities of Lithuanian National Museum and Lithuanian Art Museum in the sphere of education are evident. The activities of the said Museums are oriented to education that conforms to the trends usual for world museums. Stressing its importance for the society and using various forms of educative activities, the Museums settle various problems of education and training of the young generation as well as solve tasks of informal education. In course of developing new methods and programmes, they implement the principal functions of the museum-based education. Lithuanian National Museum and Lithuanian Art Museum purposefully form the contents of their educative activities that conform to their determined missions and strategies. The educative activities at national museums becomes more wide and interesting annually. The educational programmes of Lithuanian National Museum are the ones of historical character. They are bound with Lithuanian history and ethnic culture. It is evident that they are helpful in conveying the human values and strengthening the national identity. Lithuanian Art Museum implements the goals of the museum-based education using the stocks of its artistic works, successfully develops new methods and programmes applying them for various groups of visitors. Although the collections and expositions of values disposed... [to full text]

Šiame darbe analizuojamos nusikalstamų veikų daugeto formos ir jų įtaka bausmės skyrimui. Tačiau turint omenyje tai, jog nusikalstamų veikų daugetas ne retai suprantamas skirtingai, o nuo jo priklauso formų išskyrimas, šiame darbe pirmiausia siekiama apibrėžti daugeto sampratą, parodyti jog daugetas nėra vien tik situacijos, kai asmuo padaro kelias nusikalstamas. Siekiant įvertinti daugeto formų įtaką bausmės skyrimui, pirmiausia apžvelgiamos įvairios daugeto teorijos pateikiamos įvairiuose doktrinos šaltiniuose ir pagrindžiamas idealiosios ir realiosio sutapties kaip daugeto formų išskyrimas tiek teorijoje, tiek galiojančiame Lietuvos Respublikos baudžiamajame kodekse. Nors pavienė nusikalstama veika yra nusikalstamų veikų daugeto komponentas, kai kurios pavienės veikos išoriškai yra panašios į daugetą. Dėl to siekiant aiškiai apsibrėžti daugeto formas, šiame darbe pateikiami pavienių tęstinių, trunkamųjų ir sudėtinių nusikalstamų veikų skirtumai nuo jų daugeto, taip pat atskleidžiami jų charakteringi bruožai. Atlikus išsamią šio instituto analizę, darbe plačiai vertinama jo įtaka bausmės skyrimui. Apžvelgiamos tiek pagrindinės bausmių už kelias asmens padarytas nusikalstamas veikas skyrimo sistemos, tiek ir Lietuvos Respublikos baudžiamojo kodekso straipsniuose įtvirtintos taisyklės. Iš esmės atkreiptinas dėmesys, jog konkrečios formos nustatymas asmens padarytų veikų daugete nulemia tai, kokios bausmių bendrinimo taisyklės jo atžvilgiu bus taikomos. Atsižvelgiant į BK... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This thesis provides a detailed analysis of existing forms of multiple criminal acts and their significance the sentencing. Having in mind that the institute of multiple criminal acts is often interpreted in various different ways this work attempts to define this institute as much more complex than a situation when a person commits more than one criminal act. The definition has a major influence in the understanding of different forms of multiple criminal acts, therefore, in order to comprehend the influence of multiple criminal acts to sentencing various theories of multiple criminal acts are discussed in this work. In this discussion the author presents the forms of multiple criminal acts not only from various doctrinal sources but also from the penal code of the Republic of Lithuania. Even though an individual criminal act is a constitutive part of multiple criminal acts, some individual criminal acts are similar to multiple criminal acts. For this reason, in order to define the two forms of multiple criminal acts, the author attempts to provide a solid analysis of those single criminal acts which have similar features to the forms of multiple criminal acts. After this analysis the work depicts a full picture of the influence of the forms’ of multiple acts significance to sentencing according to both the penal code of the Republic of Lithuania and foreign systems of sentencing. The general idea is that the form which is constituted by the offender’s multiple criminal acts... [to full text]