La thèse a pour objet la démonstration de l’évolution et de l’adaptation du système international de répartition et de distribution des ressources de l’espace extra-atmosphérique à la nature même de ces ressources dans un premier temps et à l’évolution des utilisations qui en ont été faites dans un second. Ces modifications factuelles se traduisent par des adaptations institutionnelles, juridiques. Elles s’expliquent certes par les évolutions des moyens de communication, par le besoin grandissant des acteurs en charge de missions de service public d’abord, puis des sociétés de droit privées ensuite, de fournir de nouveaux services au plus grand nombre. Au sein des ressources de l’espace extra-atmosphérique, figure en premier lieu le spectre hertzien, à savoir les bandes hertziennes sur lesquelles il sera possible de transmettre un signal et de mettre en place un service particulier. Ce « spectre », à l’instar du spectre lumineux, est fini et présente diverses caractéristiques, fonction de la partie de ce dernier dont il s’agit. Les services d’astronomie, de géolocalisation, de radio transmission ou encore de météorologie verront leur efficacité accrue sur certaines fréquences hertziennes, et ne pourront fonctionner proprement sur d’autres. La disponibilité de ces fréquences est donc limitée, et celles-ci entrent en conséquence dans la définition des ressources rares. Entrent également dans la catégorie des ressources qualifiées de rares, les orbites terrestres sur lesquelles il est possible de placer des satellites de communication à rendement optimum. Celles-ci sont naturellement limitées par une restriction physique matérielle, à savoir la place qu’il leur sera attribué, à la différence des ressources hertziennes, quantifiées via un spectre immatériel. Leur caractéristique de ressource naturelle rare / limitée a contraint les acteurs internationaux, premiers utilisateurs, à définir des principes pour le partage, la répartition et l’utilisation desdites ressources. Cependant, et si les principes développés initialement sont toujours d’actualité, le mode de répartition préconisé à l’origine, à savoir « premier arrivé, premier servi » a été le vecteur de nombreuses distorsions, voire non-respect flagrant, des principes précités. En effet, la privatisation des activités spatiales, notamment des activités de télécommunications, ainsi que des organisations internationales initialement chargées de la bonne coordination de l’utilisation de ces ressources, telle qu’étudiée ici, fût suscitée par le potentiel lucratif desdites activités, accompagnée par leur libéralisation parfois normative, et par des besoins croissants pour des types de technologies sans cesse renouvelés. Elle a toutefois dû s’effectuer en coordination avec les instances internationales chargées de la répartition et de la régulation des ressources hertziennes au niveau mondial, et plus précisément de l’Union internationale des télécommunications. C’est cette organisation qui constitue le centre de gravité de notre étude. Elle est un objet à part, représentatif de ce que doit être une organisation internationale moderne, évolutive, étant paradoxalement l’organisation internationale rattachée aux Nations-Unies la plus ancienne, puisque fondée en 1865 en tant qu’Union internationale de la télégraphie. L’adaptation en tant que clé de l’évolution, comme nous l’avions mentionné, aux usages des nouvelles technologies mais également à la restriction de ressources naturelles constantes en nombre, et pourtant de plus en plus sollicitées. Ceci constituera le troisième point de notre développement : l’étude des mécanismes internationaux créés pour pallier aux conséquences néfastes de la surréservation de ces ressources à fort potentiel lucratif, pourtant considérées comme patrimoine commun de l’Humanité, et à ce titre ne devant théoriquement pas faire l’objet de marchandisation. / The thesis aims at demonstrating the evolution and adaptation of the international system for distribution of the resources of outer space to the very nature of these resources, at first, and to the evolution of uses that have been made, in a second time. These factual changes translate into institutional and legal adaptations. They are certainly explained by the evolutions of the means of communication, by the growing need of actors in charge of public service missions first, then of private companies, to provide new services to the greatest number.Among the resources of outer space is the radio spectrum, namely the radio bands on which it will be possible to transmit a signal and set up a particular service. This "spectrum", like the luminous spectrum, is finite and has various characteristics, depending on the part of the latter. The services of astronomy, geolocation, radio transmission or even meteorology will see their efficiency increased on certain radio frequencies, and will not be able to work properly on others. The availability of these frequencies is therefore limited and they undoubtedly fall within the definition of scarce resources. Also included in the category of qualified scarce resources are the earth orbits on which it is possible to place communication satellites with optimum efficiency. These are naturally limited by a physical restriction, namely the place that they will be allocated, unlike radio resources, quantified via an intangible spectrum. Their characteristic as a rare / limited natural resource constraint has forced the international actors, first users, to define principles for the sharing, distribution and use of these resources. However, and while the principles developed initially are still current, the method of distribution advocated at the outset, namely "first arrived, first served", has been the vector of numerous distortions, or even flagrant non-respect, of the aforementioned principles.Indeed, the privatization of space activities, in particular telecommunications activities, as well as the international organizations initially responsible for the proper coordination of the use of these resources, as studied in our thesis, was prompted by the lucrative potential of these activities, accompanied sometimes by their normative liberalization, and by growing needs for constantly renewed types of technology. It must, however, have been carried out in coordination with international bodies responsible for the allocation and regulation of radio resources at the global level, specifically the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). This organization is the center of gravity of our study. It is a separate object, representative of what should be a modern, evolving international organization, being paradoxically the oldest international organization attached to the United Nations, since it was founded in 1865 as the International Telegraphic Union. The thesis finally develops adaptation as a key to evolution, as we have mentioned, to the use of new technologies but also to the restriction of natural resources, which are constant in number and yet increasingly solicited. This constitutes our third point: the study of international mechanisms developed to mitigate the adverse consequences of overbooking of these resources with a high lucrative potential, yet considered as common heritage of the Humanity, and in this capacity that should theoretically not be subject to any commodification.

以往，插畫家很難有機會得以嶄露頭角，然而近年，不少素人插畫家成立了 臉書粉絲團，並透過Line Creators Market等平台逐漸打開知名度，一個原本默默無聞的原創角色可能突然在幾個月間迅速竄紅。社群媒體給了插畫家一個新的舞台，而這些從網路發跡的插畫家藉由角色創作，不僅創造了粉絲、累積了知名度，並逐步開創周邊經濟效益，將台灣角色經濟帶入新的世代。 自媒體的出現，改變了圖文創作者既有商業模式的發展樣貌，當我們回頭 審視，會不由自主地想問：這一切究竟是如何發生的？社群媒體管道對這些內容創作者產生了什麼影響及變化？其變現方式為何？現在的盈利模式能否持續？有鑑於此，本研究試圖從「商業模式」的觀點，藉由Osterwalder&Pigneur提出之商業模式圖（Business Model Canvas）架構，將研究對象設定為「經營自媒體擁有粉絲資產，藉由圖像內容創作朝向IP化（Intellectual Property）發展並具備變現能力之『FB世代』網路插畫家。」並從以下三大方向進行探問：（1）網路插畫家如何選擇社群媒體平台？其在社群平台的經營策略為何？對於收益流又會產生甚麼樣的影響？如何串聯線上及線下通路整合操作？（2）網路插畫家主要之商業模式為何？通路管道與其他商業模式九宮格元素如何互相配套？（3）網路插畫家有哪些未來發展計畫？又有哪些發展契機與挑戰？ 本研究透過多個案研究法，綜合深度訪談法和參與觀察法進行資料蒐集和分析，以探討 FB 世代網路插畫家之通路管道經營變現策略及商業模式架構。研究 結果發現：（1）網路插畫家依據經營型態比重，可歸納為「FB內容創作型網路插畫家」、「Line貼圖創作型網路插畫家」及「品牌授權化網路插畫家」等三種經營型態；（2）網路插畫家崛起於Facebook或Line 貼圖之線上單一通路平台，以粉絲為經營核心，形塑著從線上到線下、B2C到B2B的變現收益管道；（3）其價值主張為能引起粉絲共鳴的梗，並在大數據時代藉由分眾化行銷經營著顧客關係；（4）自媒體時代實現接近零成本的網路創業夢想，當進入商業化發展階段需進行最適化關鍵資源與關鍵合作夥伴合作評估。 / In the past years, illustrators had little opportunity to be seen. But in recent years, more and more illustrators joined the competition and posted their artworks on Facebook Fan Pages, or became well known through the Line Creators Market, an original character may suddenly turn famous in just a few months. Social media provides a new stage to the illustrators. With the creation of new characters, they gain more fans, build up their fame, gradually bring up the sales for the related products, and bring the Taiwan character merchandising into the new generation. The emergence of we media changed the development of business model for graphic creators. When we look back, we cannot help but ask "How did all these happen? What impact and change do social media channels have on these graphic creators? How did they liquidize it? Will the current profit model continue?" In view of this, this study attempts to research from the view of "business model", along with Osterwalder&Pigneur's Business Model Canvas structure, and sets the research object as the illustrators of "FB generation" who operate we media with the asset of fans, make graphic designs that turn into IP (Intellectual Property) and have cashability". The following three main questions will be brought up: (1) How do illustrators choose their social media platform? What is the business strategy for their social media platform? What is the impact on the revenue stream? How do illustrators integrate online and offline channel operations? (2) What is the main business model for internet illustrators? How do the Business Model Canvas elements of the channel pipelines and other business models match each other? (3) What are the future development plans for internet illustrators? What are the development opportunities and challenges? In this study, the data collection and analysis are carried out by means of multiple case studies, comprehensive and deep interviews, and participant observation to explore the channel management strategy and business model structure of FB generation illustrators. The results show that: (1) The internet illustrators can be grouped as "FB content creation illustrators", "Line sticker creation illustrators" and "brand authorized illustrators" according to the proportion of business type; (2) Internet illustrators emerge from a single online platform, such as Facebook or Line, and use the fans as the business core to shape the liquidizing channels from online to offline and B2C to B2B;(3) The value of the idea is the punchline that resonates with the fans and to operate customer relationship by segment marketing in this big data era;(4) We media makes the dream of starting a business at almost zero cost come true. But when it enters the commercializing development stage, it needs to evaluate the optimization of the key resources and the key partners.

This research study aims to obtain a holistic view of the area of store atmospherics, which forms part of the retail industry. A consumer-centred response approach was followed. Store atmospherics and its influence on consumers’ buying behaviour has received very little attention in the literature to date. Consumers’ views on in-store atmospheric elements and the influence of these elements on their buying behaviour were obtained. The primary research aim that was derived from the preliminary literature was therefore to explore the influence of store atmospherics on consumers’ buying behaviour in apparel retail stores in the Tshwane region. The type of research design used in this study was exploratory, making use of a qualitative approach and a communicative technique of interviews. The selected method was focus group interviews and naïve sketches. The data gathered was analysed by means of Tesch’s inductive descriptive coding technique, better known as thematic analysis. It was found that atmospheric elements have the ability to influence consumers in either a subconscious or a conscious way. This has a direct influence on the amount of time that consumers will spend in-store and ultimately influences their buying decisions and behaviour either positively or negatively. This had a direct influence on the amount of time that consumers will spend instore and ultimately influences their buying decisions and behaviours either positively or negatively, meaning that the consumers’ will display either an approach- or avoidance behaviour. / Business Management / M. Com. (Business Management)

Women’s professional sports leagues have often been considered a risky business endeavor. Critics cite low attendance, lack of sponsorships, lack of media rights deals, and numerous other reasons for why women’s professional sports leagues are not profitable. In analyzing the current landscape of women’s professional sport leagues, this paper uses a case study approach to develop a strategy that will highlight lessons learned from past women’s professional sports leagues, current professional sports leagues, sponsorship agreements, fans, social, digital, and mobile marketing strategies, and management practices to show how the business of women’s sports could be made into a more profitable endeavor.