No description available.

Current practice in U.S. underground coal mine high-voltage distribution systems is to attempt to limit ground fault current to 25 Amperes and de-energize the circuit at 10 Amperes. However, the significant amount of system capacitance due to the use of shielded cables can cause ground fault current to be two or three times the intended ground fault limit. Consequently, this practice can cause several issues such as ground fault currents significantly exceeding the neutral grounding resistor current limit, loss of relay selectivity in the distribution system, and transient overvoltages in certain ground fault situations. These issues are solved to some extent by using a resonance grounded system, currently used in some other countries. However, a shortcoming of traditional resonance grounded systems is the inability to deal with the harmonic components existing in ground fault current. With the increasing use of nonlinear sources such as variable frequency drives, the proportion of harmonic components in ground fault current can be significant. Consequently, although the fundamental component can be almost fully compensated in a traditional resonance grounded system, the harmonic components can still be large enough to maintain arcing and cause personal injury and equipment damage. In this dissertation, a novel method is developed to perform real-time prediction of the harmonics in ground fault currents. Methods for neutralizing the ground fault current harmonics and identifying ground fault location are also developed. Results indicate that the combination of traditional high-resistance grounding and active current injection to neutralize harmonics in the ground fault has the potential to significantly reduce the total ground fault current and reduce arc and flash hazards during ground faults in high voltage distribution systems.

This thesis presents a novel study on Second Generation High Temperature Superconductors, which covers their electromagnetic characteristics and AC loss analysis. Lorentz Force Electrical Impedance Tomography (LFEIT) is one of the most promising hybrid diagnostic scanners with burgeoning potential for biological imaging, particularly in the detection of cancer and internal haemorrhages. The author tried a novel combination of superconducting magnets together with the LFEIT system. The reason is that superconducting magnets can generate a magnetic field with high intensity and homogeneity, which could significantly enhance the electrical signal induced from a sample, thus improving the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR). The author developed four magnet designs for the LEFIT system using the Finite Element Method (FEM) package, COMSOL Multiphysics, and found that a Superconducting Halbach Array magnet can achieve all the requirements (magnetic field properties, geometry, portability, etc.) for the LFEIT system. The optimization study of the superconducting Halbach Array magnet has been carried out on the FEM platform of COMSOL Multiphysics, with 2D models using H-formulation based on B-dependent critical current density and bulk approximation. Optimization focused on the location of the coils, as well as the geometry and number of coils on the premise of maintaining the total amount of superconducting material used in the design. The optimization results showed that the Halbach Array configuration based superconducting magnet is able to generate a magnetic field with an intensity of over 1 Tesla and improved homogeneity. In order to efficiently predict the optimization performance, mathematical formulas were developed for these optimization parameters to determine the intensity and homogeneity of the magnetic field. The mathematical model for the LFEIT system was built based on the theory of the magneto-acousto-electric effect. Then the basic imaging of the electrical signal was developed using Matlab. The magnetic field properties of the magnet design were imported into the LFEIT model. The LFEIT model simulated two samples located in three different magnetic fields with varying magnetic strength and homogeneity. Even if there are no actual alternating currents involved in the DC superconducting magnets mentioned above, they have power dissipation during normal operation (e.g. magnet ramping) and under different background fields. This problem generally goes under the category of “AC loss”. Therefore, the AC loss characteristics of HTS tapes and coils are still fundamentally important for HTS magnet designs, even if they are normally operating in DC conditions. This thesis starts with the AC loss study of HTS tapes. The investigation and comparison of AC losses on Surround Copper Stabilizer (SCS) Tape and Stabilizer-free (SF) Tape have been carried out, which includes AC loss measurement using the electrical method, as well as the real geometry and multi-layer HTS tape simulation using the 2D H formulation by COMSOL Multiphysics. Hysteresis AC losses in the superconducting layer, and eddy current AC losses in the copper stabilizer, silver overlayer and substrate were concerned in this investigation. The measured AC losses were compared to the AC losses from the simulation, using 3 cases of different AC frequency: 10 Hz, 100 Hz, and 1000 Hz. The frequency dependence of AC losses from Stabilizer free Tape and Copper Stabilizer Tape were compared and analysed. A comprehensive AC loss study of a circular HTS coil has been fulfilled. The AC losses from a circular double pancake coil were measured using the electrical method. A 2D axisymmetric H-formulation model using FEM package COMSOL has been established, which was able to make consistency with the real circular coil used in the experiment. To model a circular HTS coil, a 2D axisymmetric model provided better accuracy than a general 2D model, and was also more efficient than a 3D model. Three scenarios were analysed: (1) AC transport current and DC magnetic field, (2) DC transport current and AC magnetic field, (3) AC transport current and AC magnetic field. The angular dependence analysis on the coil under the magnetic field with the different orientation angle  was carried out for all three scenarios. For scenario (3), the effect of the relative phase difference ∆ between the AC current and the AC field on the total AC loss of the coil was investigated. To summarise, a current/field/angle/phase dependent AC loss (I, B, , ∆) study of circular HTS coil has been carried out, which could potentially benefit the future design and research of HTS AC systems. The AC losses of horizontally parallel HTS tapes have been investigated. The AC losses of the middle and end tape of three parallel tapes have been measured using the electrical method, and compared to those of an individual isolated tape. The effect of the interaction between tapes on AC losses has been analysed, and compared with finite element method (FEM) simulations using the 2D H formulation implemented in COMSOL Multiphysics. The electromagnetic induction around the three parallel tapes was monitored using COMSOL simulation. The electromagnetic induction and AC losses generated by a conventional three turn coil were simulated as well, and then compared to the case of three parallel tapes with the same AC transport current. The analysis demonstrated that HTS parallel tapes could be potentially used in wireless power transfer systems, which could have lower total AC losses than conventional HTS coils. By using FEM simulations, cases of increasing number of parallel tapes was considered, and the normalised ratio between the total average AC losses per tape and the AC losses of an individual single tape have been calculated for different gap distances. A new parameter is proposed, Ns, a turning point the for number of tapes, to divide Stage 1 and Stage 2 for the AC loss study of horizontally parallel tapes. For Stage 1, N < Ns, the total average losses per tape increased with the increasing number of tapes. For Stage 2, N > Ns, the total average losses per tape started to decrease with the increasing number of tapes. The analysis demonstrates that horizontally parallel HTS tapes could be potentially used in superconducting devices like HTS transformers, which could retain or even reduce the total average AC losses per tape with large numbers of parallel tapes.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:52:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andre Vilhena de Oliveira.pdf: 1096246 bytes, checksum: 80d2be6f2af6f2ca4f8d07cb5641e001 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-27 / FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / The presented work shows the wooden valuation of known residues as roll or coilremaining portion, generated of the compensated plate production. The methodology had as base the known model of habitation as Log Home that is constructed with logs wooden. The project uses in substitution to logs, the coil-remaining portion, becoming this type of simple construction and low cost, in substitution to other materials used in the civil construction. Visits in two located lumber industries in the city of Manaus had been carried through, where parameters of the quantitative and qualitative potential of the residues generated for these industries had been analyzed. The collected residues of two plants had had prophylactic treatment with insecticide and fungicide and after drying to the outdoors, had passed for a treatment of preservation for the immersion method. The coil-remaining portion will be used only in the confection of the walls and thick partition walls of the construction. The remain of the workmanship will be constructed in traditional way as in the houses wooden of our region. / O trabalho apresentado mostra a valoração de resíduos de madeira conhecidos como rolete ou rolo-resto, gerados da produção de chapas compensadas. A metodologia teve como base o modelo de habitação conhecido como Log Home que é construído com toras de madeira. O projeto utiliza em substituição às toras, o rolo-resto, tornando esse tipo de construção simples e de baixo custo, em substituição a outros materiais utilizados na construção civil. Foram realizadas visitas em duas indústrias madeireiras localizadas na cidade de Manaus, onde foram analisados parâmetros do potencial quantitativo e qualitativo dos resíduos gerados por essas indústrias. Os resíduos coletados de duas fábricas tiveram tratamento profilático com inseticida e fungicida e após secagem ao ar livre, passaram por um tratamento de preservação pelo método de imersão. O rolo-resto será utilizado apenas na confecção das paredes e divisórias da construção. O restante da obra será construído de maneira tradicional como nas casas de madeira da nossa região.

Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de um sistema integrado transdutor/bobinas de gradientes de alto desempenho para Imagens por Ressonância Magnética. Este sistema é composto por um transdutor de radiofreqüência tipo sela e um conjunto de 3 bobinas locais assimétricas. No desenho do transdutor foram otimizados os parâmetros: relação sinal ruído e uniformidade do campo magnético por ele gerado. A densidade de corrente de cada bobinas local foi otimizada mediante técnicas numéricas estocásticas para gerar um gradiente de campo magnético uniforme em cada uma das 3 direções do espaço numa região das dimensões do crânio. O conjunto de bobinas de gradientes construído possui um diâmetro livre de 31.5 cm e gera em média 25 mT/m/A por bobina, com indutâncias inferiores a 310 mH. São mostradas as aplicações clínicas desenvolvidas nas áreas de imagens tridimensionais e angiografia, a partir das seqüências de pulsos implementadas e aproveitando o uso do sistema integrado, em um tomógrafo de ressonância magnética de 0.5 Tesla. Imagens de phantom foram adquiridas em menos de 500 ms usando o conjunto integrado e técnicas do tipo Echo Planar Imaging. Aspectos referentes à caracterização e correção de campos magnéticos estáticos e homogêneos são também comentados. As soluções descritas nesta tese têm um amplo conteúdo tecnológico e beiram nas fronteiras da Física Aplicada e a Engenharia Biomédica. / Here we describe the development of a high performance radio-frequency/gradient coil integrated system for Magnetic Resonance Imaging. A saddle radio-frequency coil and a three-axis asymmetric local gradient coil composed this system. Two parameters were optimized in the RF coil design: signal-to-noise ratio and magnetic field uniformity. The current density of each local coil was optimized using stochastic numerical techniques, in order to generate a uniform magnetic field gradient by axis in a region representing a human head. The build gradient coil set has an inner diameter of 31 cm. The average gradient efficient of the three-axis is 25 mT/m/A and the maximum inductance is less than 310 mH. We show the clinical applications performed in three-dimensional and angiography imaging areas in a 0.5 Tesla magnetic resonance tomograph. These applications were optimized to taking advantage from the integrated system. Phantom images were acquired in less than 500 millisecond using echo planar techniques and the integrated set. Some aspects about static and homogeneous magnetic field characterization and correction are also commented. In this work we described solutions with wide technologic content close to the boundaries of the Applied Physics and Biomedical Engineering.

Orientadores: Celio Pasquini, Joaquim de Araújo Nóbrega / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T12:04:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jora_ManassesZuliani_M.pdf: 4929889 bytes, checksum: f8da5d6a35fbac5ae2d05d997971561a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A espectrometria de absorção atômica com atomização eletrotérmica (ET AAS) é adequada para a determinação de metais e semimetais, apresentando alta sensibilidade. Dentre os atomizadores eletrotérmicos, os fornos de grafite destacam-se por sua boa seletividade, exigência de pequenos volumes de amostra e baixos limites de detecção (i.e. 'mu'g L-1). Porém, esses atomizadores requerem fontes de alta potência (i.e. superiores a 2 kW), sistema de resfriamento e, ainda, apresentam alto custo. Como alternativa, o uso de superfícies metálicas têm sido objeto de pesquisa desde 1970. Dentre todos os metais empregados na fabricação de superfícies metálicas e utilizados para os estudos em ET AAS, o tungstênio é o que vem apresentando maior aplicação. Porém, a espectrometria de absorção atômica baseada em atomizadores de filamento de tungstênio (WC AAS) apresenta vários desafios relacionados ao entendimento da geração da nuvem atômica e dos efeitos de interferência observados. Dessa maneira, neste trabalho construiu-se um espectrômetro de absorção atômica com duplo filamento de tungstênio (DWC AAS), com duas configurações, uma empregando como sistema de detecção um sistema echelle/detector de carga acoplada intensificado (ICCD) e outra um sistema filtro óptico-acústico sintonizável (AOTF)/fotomultiplicadora. Essas duas configurações do equipamento foram empregadas em estudos de formação e evolução da nuvem atômica de elementos com características voláteis e refratárias (i.e. Pb e Cr). Além disso, estudou-se o efeito de Na, K, Ca e Mg, em três diferentes concentrações (i.e. 1, 10 e 100 mg L-1) sobre os perfis das nuvens atômicas de Pb e Cr. Esse estudo foi conduzido de tal forma que interferências em fase condensada e gasosa puderam ser avaliadas. Além disso, o equipamento foi empregado em medidas de temperatura na superfície do filamento e na fase gasosa / Abstract: Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ET AAS) is suitable for determination of metals and semimetals with high sensitivity. Among the existing electrothermal atomizers, graphite furnace stands out due to its selectivity, requirement of low volume of sample and low limits of detection (i.e. 'mu'g L-1). Notwithstanding, these atomizers present high cost and requires high power power supply (i.e. above 2 kW) and a cooling system. Alternatively, metallic surfaces have been studied since 1970. Among all metals employed as atomizers in ET AAS studies, tungsten has presented the best results and has found many analytical applications. However, tungsten coil atomic absorption spectrometry (WC AAS) presents several challenges related to understanding the atomic cloud generation and interferences effects. Thus, in this work, a double tungsten coil atomic absorption spectrometer (DWC AAS), with two different configurations was constructed. In one configuration, a detection system based on echelle/intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) is employed and, in the other, an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF)/photomultiplier detection system is used. Both configurations were employed in the atomic cloud generation and evolution studies of Pb and Cr. Furthermore, interferences on the atomic cloud profile of Pb and Cr caused by Na, K, Ca and Mg, at three different concentrations (i.e. 1, 10 and 100 mg L-1), were studied. This study helped to evaluate the effect of condensed and gas phase interferences. Additionally, the equipment was employed to perform measures of surface and gas phase temperatures / Mestrado / Quimica Analitica / Mestre em Química

La mesure de courant dans un environnement industriel est une étape indispensable pour garantir la pérennité d'un réseau de distribution électrique. En général, chaque domaine d'applications (mesure, protection, etc...) nécessitent l'utilisation d'un capteur adapté. Ces travaux de thèse proposent d'utiliser un capteur bas coût principalement dédié à la protection, le tore de Rogowski, aussi comme élément de mesure. Afin d'améliorer sa précision intrinsèque souvent insuffisante, nous avons développé une boucle de correction et une électronique de calibrage intégrée (CMOS 0,35µm) permettant d'adapter ce capteur aux standards métrologiques. Nous détaillons dans ce manuscrit les étapes de l'élaboration de cette boucle de correction ainsi que les résultats obtenus à l'aide des différents prototypes. Nous terminons par la présentation du premier démonstrateur technologique, premier pas vers un système de mesure de courant sans contact de classe 0.1, auto-calibré, autonome et bas coût. / The measurement of the current in an industrial environment is a necessary step to ensure the sustainability of an electrical distribution network. Typically, each application domain (measurement, protection, etc ...) requires the use of a suitable sensor. This thesis work proposes the use of the Rogowski coil current transducer, a low cost sensor usually used for protection, as measuring element. In order to improve its often insufficient intrinsic accuracy, we have developed a correction loop as well as an integrated electronics for calibration (CMOS 0,35μm) to adapt the sensor to metrological standards. In this manuscript, we detail the development stages of this correction loop and the results obtained with different prototypes. We conclude with the presentation of the first technology demonstrator, a very first step towards a current measurement system that would be contactless, 0.1 accuracy class, auto-calibrated, autonomous and low cost.

[pt] O presente trabalho diz respeito ao desenvolvimento de um modelo de simulação para evaporadores do tipo casco e serpentina, com aplicações para resfriadores de água. O modelo considera o trocador de calor como divido em duas zonas: uma de evaporação e outra de superaquecimento. Diferentes mecanismos de transferência de calor, existentes em cada zona, foram, portanto, levados em consideração. Definidas as condições de entrada de ambos os fluidos e a geometria do evaporador,um programa escrito em FORTRAN foi desenvolvido para calcular o desempenho térmico do evaporador, incluindo a capacidade térmica, condições de saída do refrigerante e água e distribuição de área de troca pelas duas zonas. Propriedades do refrigerantes foram calculadas com subrotinas do pacote REFPROP, desenvolvido no NIST, EUA, permitindo a modelagem de equipamentos operando com uma vasta gama de refrigerantes, incluindo hidrocarbonetos e misturas não azeotrópicas. Em virtude da ausência de informação na literatura, um aparato experimental foi construído para a determinação do coeficiente de transferência de calor no lado da carcaça, por onde escoa a água. / [en] The present work is concerned with the development of a simulation model for shell and coil heat exchangers with first application in water-chillers. The model considers the heat exchanger as divided into two zones: two-phase region (boiling) and superheating region. Different refrigerant properties and heat transfer mechanisms are thus taken into account for each zone. For prescribed heat exchanger's geometry and water and efrigerant inlet conditions, a program in FORTRAN calculates the evaporator's performance which includes: refrigerant and water outlet conditions, evaporator's thermal capacity, and tube distribution for each zone. The REFPROP code programmed in FORTRAN was used for getting the local refrigerant properties, and the new kattan et al. s model for refrigerants boiling, including the new flow pattern map, was used for predicting the internal convective coefficient of heat transfer at the boiling region. A simple correlation was obtained for predicting the water convective coefficient depending on Reynolds number for the specific geometry at tested ranges of temperature. An evaporator was manufactured and an accurate test rig that included two controlled temperature baths and a data acquisition system was used for obtaining used data. The model is able to deal with a number of pure refrigerants and refrigerant blends. / [es] El presente trabajo discute el desarrollo de un modelo de simulación para evaporadores de tipo casco y serpentina, con aplicaciones para refrigeradores de agua. El modelo considera que el agente de intercambio de calor está divido en dos zonas: una de evaporación y otra de supercalentamiento. Por esto, se consideraron los diferentes mecanismos de transferencia de calor existentes en cada zona. Definidas las condiciones de entrada de ambos fluidos y la geometría del evaporador, se desarrolló un programa en FORTRAN para calcular el desempeño térmico del evaporador, incluyendo la capacidad térmica, condiciones de salida del refrigerante y agua y distribución de área de intercambio térmico por las dos zonas. Las popriedades del refrigerante fueron calculadas con subrutinas del paquete REFPROP, desarrollado en el NIST, EUA, lo que permitió modelar los equipos operando con una vasta gama de refrigerantes, incluyendo hidrocarbonetos y mezclas no azeotrópicas. En virtud de la ausencia de información en la literatura, se construyó un aparato experimental para la determinación del coeficiente de transferencia de calor en el lado del casco, por donde sale el agua.

Since a superconductor has no resistance below a certain temperature and can therefore save a large amount of energy dissipated, it is a 'green' material by saving energy loss and hence reducing carbon emissions. Recently the massive manufacture of high-temperature superconducting (HTS) materials has enabled superconductivity to become a preferred candidate to help generation and transportation of cleaner energy. One of the most promising applications of superconductors is Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) systems, which are becoming the enabling engine for improving the capacity, efficiency, and reliability of the electric system. SMES systems store energy in the magnetic field created by the flow of direct current in a superconducting coil. SMES systems have many advantages compared to other energy storage systems: high cyclic efficiency, fast response time, deep discharge and recharge ability, and a good balance between power density and energy density. Based on these advantages, SMES systems will play an indispensable role in improving power qualities, integrating renewable energy sources and energizing transportation systems. This thesis describes an intensive study of superconducting pancake coils wound using second-generation(2G) HTS materials and their application in SMES systems. The specific contribution of this thesis includes an innovative design of the SMES system, an easily calculated, but theoretically advanced numerical model to analyse the system, extensive experiments to validate the design and model, and a complete demonstration experiment of the prototype SMES system. This thesis begins with literature review which includes the introduction of the background theory of superconductivity and development of SMES systems. Following the literature review is the theoretical work. A prototype SMES system design, which provides the maximum stored energy for a particular length of conductors, has been investigated. Furthermore, a new numerical model, which can predict all necessary operation parameters, including the critical current and AC losses of the system, is presented. This model has been extended to analyse superconducting coils in different situations as well. To validate the theoretical design and model, several superconducting coils, which are essential parts of the prototype SMES system, together with an experimental measurement set-up have been built. The coils have been energized to test their energy storage capability. The operation parameters including the critical current and AC losses have been measured. The results are consistent with the theoretical predictions. Finally the control system is developed and studied. A power electronics control circuit of the prototype SMES system has been designed and simulated. This control circuit can energize or discharge the SMES system dynamically and robustly. During a voltage sag compensation experiment, this SMES prototype monitored the power system and successfully compensated the voltage sag when required. By investigating the process of building a complete system from the initial design to the final experiment, the concept of a prototype SMES system using newly available 2G HTS tapes was validated. This prototype SMES system is the first step towards the implementation of future indsutrial SMES systems with bigger capacities, and the knowledge obtained through this research provides a comprehensive overview of the design of complete SMES systems.