Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-02-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:39:48Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000759027.pdf: 1191880 bytes, checksum: d0c116ca5fc35cc4b949cc914859e8dd (MD5) / O Brasil triplicou sua produção florestal de eucalipto desde 1970, alcançando médias de 45m3.ha-1.ano-1. Muitos avanços técnicos contribuíram para esta produtividade, dentre eles a utilização de herbicidas para o controle de plantas daninhas, evitando assim grande parte da matocompetição e melhor desenvolvimento do vegetal quanto à iluminação e assimilação de nutrientes. O produto 2,4-D destaca-se como herbicida seletivo às dicotiledôneas utilizado nas grandes culturas, dentre elas está a cultura do eucalipto. O 2,4-D também pode ser usado como regulador vegetal, auxina (Ax), podendo gerar incrementos nutricionais e auxiliar no desenvolvimento morfológico do vegetal após testes preliminares para obtenção de dosagem ideal. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a influência e as interações entre a obtenção de dosagem ideal, à espécie e estágio de desenvolvimento (mudas), no primeiro teste do produto 2,4-D como regulador vegetal, para posteriormente ser aplicado em teste de progênies de Eucalyptus grandis para estimar os parâmetros genéticos quantitativos. Os experimentos foram realizados no viveiro de mudas do Departamento de Ciências Florestais – FCA/UNESP, Botucatu-SP. Utilizando mudas procedentes do Horto Florestal de Itatinga. Os delineamentos utilizados 2 foram em blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições para o primeiro teste, com 25 indivíduos por bloco, totalizando 150 indivíduos. E para o teste de progênies foram usadas 20 progênies em três repetições, totalizando 960 plantas. A avaliação de médias para o primeiro teste foi realizada pelo teste Tukey a 5% de probabilidade, com o programa estatístico ASSISTAT 7.6 beta e para o teste de progênies foram obtidos os parâmetros genéticos quantitativos pelo programa computacional SELEGEN. Como fatores norteadores após 15 dias da aplicação do produto foram avaliados... / The Brazil tripled its eucalyptus production reaching averages 45m3.ha-1.year-1 in comparison to 70's decade. Many technical advances have contributed to this productivity, among it the use of herbicides for weed control, thus avoiding much of the weed competition and better development of the plant as the lighting and nutrient assimilation. The 2,4-D product stands out as selective herbicide for broadleaved used in major crops, among them is the cultivation of eucalyptus. 2,4-D may also be used as plant growth regulator like synthetic auxin (Ax) and may generate nutritional helper increases and the morphological development of the plant after preliminary testing to obtain optimal dosage. This study aimed to evaluate the influence and interactions between obtaining optimal dosing in the first test of 2,4-D product as plant growth regulator, to subsequently be applied in progeny test of Eucalyptus grandis to estimate quantitative genetic parameters. The experiments were performed in the seedling nurseries of the Department of Forest Sciences - FCA / UNESP, Botucatu-SP. Using seedlings coming from Horto de Itatinga. The designs were used in a randomized block design with five treatments and five repetitions for the first test, with 25 trees each, totaling 150 individuals. And for the 20 progenies progeny tests were used in three replications, totaling 960 plants. The rating average for the first test was performed by Tukey test at 5% probability, with the 7.6 beta ASSISTAT statistical program and the progeny test with the obtention the quantitative genetic parameters were obtained by SELEGEN computer program. As guiding factors after 15 days of product application were evaluated macro and micronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) in plant tissues of aerial part and performed evaluations of characters morphological as height and diameter and direct measurements of dry ...

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-10-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:00:55Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000758914.pdf: 2991003 bytes, checksum: 814ff86acb3666f81290d8c753174c67 (MD5) / O eucalipto é acometido por diversos patógenos, podendo dificultar o desenvolvimento habitual da planta. Um caso típico e atualmente frequente é a ferrugem do eucalipto, ocasionada pelo fungo fitopatogênico Puccinia psidii G. Winter, responsável por deformações em órgãos, perda de dominância apical e redução de crescimento das plantas. Sendo assim, o presente estudo teve como principal finalidade uma avaliação prospectiva da ação dos fungos sapróbios isolados do Semiárido Nordestino, na ativação de mecanismos latentes de resistência em mudas de eucalipto, de clone suscetível, contra a ação da P. psidii. Para tanto, realizaram-se testes fisiológicos com estes fungos, visando avaliar o crescimento micelial e a concentração de esporos em diferentes meios de cultura e temperaturas de incubação. Avaliou-se o potencial inibitório destes fungos na germinação de urediniósporos do agente causal da ferrugem. Nos testes in vivo, mudas de Eucalyptus do clone H13 foram inoculadas tanto com P. psidii, quanto com os possíveis indutores de resistência, visando avaliar a severidade da doença e determinar a atividade enzimática quando os indutores estão associados ao patógeno no hospedeiro. A ação dos sapróbios no potencial de enraizamento de miniestacas também foi avaliada. Os resultados mostraram que Phialomyces macrosporus apresentou indícios de ser um ótimo indutor biótico para a ferrugem inibindo germinação de urediniósporos de P. psidii, e aumentou a atividade das enzimas Fenilalanina amônia-liase, Peroxidase e β-1,3-glucanase. Outros fungos também apresentaram resultados promissores, como Curvularia eragrostidis que diminui a severidade da ferrugem e induziu enraizamento de estacas; Stachybotrys chartarum que diminuiu a severidade da ferrugem e aumentou a atividade da β-1,3-glucanase; e Curvularia inaequalis que aumentou a atividade da enzima Fenilalanina amônialias / Eucalyptus is affected by many pathogens, which may hinder the normal development of the plant. A typical case is the frequent and currently eucalyptus rust, caused by the plant pathogenic fungus Puccinia psidii G. Winter responsible for malformations in organs, loss of apical dominance and reduced plant growth. Thus, this study had as its main purpose a prospective assessment of the action of saprobe fungi isolated from the semiarid Northeast, the activation of latent resistance in seedlings of Eucalyptus clone susceptible, against the action of P. psidii. Therefore, we tested if physiological with these fungi, to evaluate the mycelial growth and spore concentration in culture media and incubation temperatures. We evaluated the inhibitory potential of these fungi on germination of urediniospores of the causal agent of rust. In in vivo tests, seedlings of Eucalyptus clone H13 were inoculated with either P. psidii as to the possible induction of resistance, to evaluate the severity of the disease and determine the enzymatic activity when the inductors are associated with the pathogen in the host. The action of saprobes in rooting potential of cuttings was also evaluated. The results showed that Phialomyces macrosporus showed signs of being a great biotic inducer for rust inhibiting germination of urediniospores of P. psidii, and increased the activity of the enzyme phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, peroxidase and β-1,3-glucanase. Other fungi also showed promising results, as Curvularia eragrostidis which decreases the severity of rust and induced rooting; Stachybotrys chartarum which reduced the disease severity and increased the activity of β-1,3-glucanase, and Curvularia inaequalis that increased activity the enzyme phenylalanine ammonialyase.

Submitted by Helena Bejio (helena.bejio@unioeste.br) on 2017-12-18T23:58:30Z No. of bitstreams: 2 tese completo Paulo Ricardo Lima.pdf: 1392705 bytes, checksum: f905fc1f7a4970417ea82128e56bcd01 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-18T23:58:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 tese completo Paulo Ricardo Lima.pdf: 1392705 bytes, checksum: f905fc1f7a4970417ea82128e56bcd01 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The objective of the present study was to evaluate the rustification of hybrids of Eucalyptus urophylla versus Eucalyptus grandis (clone 1528) with application of jasmonic acid (JA) and kaolin flexions stem and their subsequent field development. The experiment was conducted at the State University of Western Paraná, in the municipality of Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR. Three experiments were carried out to evaluate the responses of eucalyptus plants to the exogenous application of JA and flexions stem. In the first, a completely randomized experimental design with seven treatments (control, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0 μmol L-1 of JA, 20 and 40 stem flexions daily), with five replications of twenty seedlings, in the protected environment. After 4 weeks of application of the treatments were determined the increment in height, stem diameter, number of leaves, dry masses of roots and aerial part and relative index of chlorophyll (SPAD). At 90 days after planting (field), the increases in height and in the stem diameter and the height/diameter ratio of the seedlings were evaluated. In the second experiment in protected environment, using a completely randomized design with five replications of 20 seedlings, with the following treatments: T1: control, T2: 8.0 μmol L-1 of JA and T3: 40 stem flexions. They were measured the net assimilation rate of CO2 (A), stomatal conductance (gs), internal CO2 concentration (Ci), leaf transpiration rate (E), water use efficiency (WUE), intrinsic efficiency of use of Water (iWUE) and carboxylation efficiency (Fc). The third experiment in protected environment was a completely randomized design with seven treatments (T1: control: T2: 2.0 μmol L-1 of JA; T3: 4.0 μmol L-1 of JA; T4: 6.0 μmol L-1 of JA; T5: 8.0 μmol L-1 of JA; T6: 20 stem flexions; and T7: 40 stem flexions) with five replicates of twenty seedlings. After applied of the treatments were evaluated, the increment in height, diameter stem and lignin content of root and stem and flexural stiffness of the stem. The rustified seedlings were transplanted to the field and at 90 and 150 days the height and stem diameter increments were evaluated. The treatments with application of JA and control showed a greater increase in height and number of leaves during the rustification phase and obtained a greater increase in height and in the diameter of stem after field planting. The dose of JA applied in the seedlings was insufficient to alter the photosynthetic responses to the control. Mechanical stimuli promoted an increase in the maximum photosynthetic capacity and maximum assimilation of CO2, but reduction in the efficiency of water use, that is, lower photosynthetic efficiency when compared to other treatments. For flexural rigidity, seedlings submitted to mechanical stimuli presented greater curvature resistance. Applications of JA above 6.0 μmol L-1 and mechanical stimuli obtained an increase in the lignin content in the stem in eucalyptus seedlings. Minor doses of JA and imposition of 20 push-ups resulted in seedlings with increase in diameter stem increment. The track analysis showed that the increase in the lignin content promotes more rigid stems and these have a greater direct effect inversely proportional to the average increase in height and the diameter of the stem at the level of the ground. Therefore, the application of stem flexures and jasmonic acid were able to alter the lignin concentration in the stem, providing greater flexural stiffness in eucalyptus seedlings, but this smaller flexural stiffness was not reflected in higher seedling quality under the studied conditions. / O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a rustificação de mudas de híbrido de Eucalyptus urophylla vs Eucalyptus grandis clone 1528 com aplicação de ácido jasmônico (JA) e flexões caulinares e seu posterior desenvolvimento a campo. O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, no município de Marechal Cândido Rondon, PR. Foram realizados três experimentos para avaliar as respostas das plantas de eucalipto a aplicação exógena de JA e flexões caulinares. O primeiro foi desenvolvido em delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso com sete tratamentos (testemunha; 2,0; 4,0; 6,0 e 8,0 μmol L-1 de JA; 20 e 40 flexões caulinares diárias), com cinco repetições de vinte mudas, em ambiente protegido não climatizado. Após quatro semanas de aplicação dos tratamentos, foram determinados os incrementos na altura, diâmetro do coleto, número de folhas, massas secas de raízes e da parte aérea e índice relativo de clorofila (SPAD). Aos 90 dias após o plantio (campo) foram avaliados os incrementos na altura e no diâmetro do coleto e a relação altura/diâmetro das mudas. No segundo experimento em ambiente protegido, utilizando delineamento inteiramente ao acaso com cinco repetições de vinte mudas, com os seguintes tratamentos: T1: testemunha, T2: 8,0 μmol L-1 de JA e T3: 40 flexões caulinares. Foram mensuradas a taxa de assimilação líquida de CO2 (A), condutância estomática (gs), concentração interna de CO2 (Ci), taxa de transpiração da folha (E), eficiência do uso de água (WUE), eficiência intrínseca do uso de água (iWUE) e eficiência de carboxilação (Fc). O terceiro experimento em ambiente protegido foi utilizado delineamento inteiramente ao acaso com sete tratamentos (T1: testemunha; T2: 2,0 μmol L-1 de JA; T3: 4,0 μmol L-1 de JA; T4: 6,0 μmol L-1 de JA; T5: 8,0 μmol L-1 de JA; T6: 20 flexões; T7: 40 flexões) e cinco repetições de vinte mudas. Após a aplicação dos tratamentos foram avaliados o incremento na altura, diâmetro do coleto, teor de lignina do caule e raiz e rigidez flexural. As mudas rustificadas foram transplantadas a campo e aos 90 e 150 dias foram avaliados os incrementos na altura e diâmetro do caule. Os tratamentos com aplicação de JA e testemunha apresentaram maior incremento na altura e número de folhas durante a fase de rustificação e obtiveram maior incremento em altura e no diâmetro do coleto a campo. A dose de JA aplicada nas mudas foi insuficiente para alterar as respostas fotossintéticas em relação à testemunha. Estímulos mecânicos promoveram incremento da capacidade fotossintética máxima e máxima assimilação de CO2, mas externaram redução na eficiência do uso da água, ou seja, menor eficiência fotossintética quando comparado aos demais tratamentos. Para rigidez flexural, mudas submetidas a estímulos mecânicos apresentaram maior resistência de curvatura. Aplicações de JA acima de 6,0 μmol L-1 e estímulos mecânicos obtiveram incremento no teor de lignina no caule em mudas de eucalipto. Doses menores de JA e imposição de 20 flexões resultaram em mudas com aumento no incremento no diâmetro caule. A análise de trilha demonstrou que houve aumento na rigidez do caule acompanhado com o aumento no teor de lignina e que estes possuem um maior efeito direto inversamente proporcional com o incremento médio em altura e com o diâmetro do caule ao nível do solo. Portanto, a aplicação de flexões caulinares e ácido jasmônico foram capazes de alterar a concentração de lignina no caule, proporcionando maior rigidez flexural em mudas de eucalipto. Porém, essa menor flexura caulinar não se refletiu em maior qualidade da muda nas condições estudadas.

Submitted by Rosa Assis (rosa_assis@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-04-07T15:15:48Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Miguel Sanchez Jr.pdf: 3051617 bytes, checksum: 282a5fcb8837ca27aa015862ce70f3fb (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Paola Damato (repositorio@mackenzie.br) on 2017-04-20T14:39:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Miguel Sanchez Jr.pdf: 3051617 bytes, checksum: 282a5fcb8837ca27aa015862ce70f3fb (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-20T14:39:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Miguel Sanchez Jr.pdf: 3051617 bytes, checksum: 282a5fcb8837ca27aa015862ce70f3fb (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-26 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / The furniture industry in Brazil consists of approximately 17,000 companies of which 96% are micro or small enterprises with up to 99 employees. The main raw material is natural wood or processed obtained in several Brazilian states, usually native or planted forests. Of the total country area 62% (520 million hectares) are covered by natural forests, representing a stock of 62,607 billion tons of carbon. The wooden remains of the furniture industry are not always disposed properly breaking losses to the environment. This work had as main objective the search for obtaining graphene oxide and cellulose nanocrystals from a type of wood commonly used in furniture industry. The objective was to find a process that would provide the woods discarded higher added value. Of the more than 20 species of wood used in the furniture industry this research chose Eucalyptus Grandis species for obtaining graphene oxide and cellulose nanocrystals by this high concentration of cellulose in its constitution. This research aims to thereby limit the wood disposal in the environment by the possible recovery of waste of said industry. Initially we analyzed a sample of Eucalyptus Grandis by Differential Thermal Analysis to assess the changes in physical properties may suffer due to the temperature rise. The results coincided with those reported in the literature. Others Eucalyptus Grandis samples were obtained in two processes, calcination in a muffle furnace with controlled temperature and atmosphere and by acid hydrolysis. The samples resulting from both processes were analyzed in Diffractometer X-ray, Raman Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscope, all belonging to the Mackenzie Presbyterian University. The sample obtained by calcination in the muffle oven does not indicate the presence of graphene oxide which permits quantification and qualitative evaluation. The samples treated by acid hydrolysis resulted in obtaining cellulose nanocrystals with a good degree of crystallization, around 80%, according to current literature. / A indústria moveleira no Brasil é composta de aproximadamente 17.000 empresas das quais 96% são micro ou pequenas empresas, com até 99 empregados. O principal insumo é a madeira natural ou processada obtida em vários Estados Brasileiros, em geral de florestas nativas ou plantadas. Da área total do território nacional 62% (520 milhões de ha) são cobertos por florestas naturais, o que representa um estoque de 62.607 bilhões de toneladas de carbono. As sobras de madeira da indústria moveleira nem sempre são descartadas de forma adequada infringindo perdas ao meio ambiente. Este trabalho teve como principal objetivo a pesquisa de obtenção de óxido de grafeno e nanocristais de celulose a partir de um tipo de madeira utilizada comumente na indústria moveleira. Objetivou-se encontrar um processo que conferisse às madeiras descartadas maior valor agregado. Das mais de 20 espécies de madeira utilizadas na indústria moveleira a presente pesquisa escolheu a espécie Eucalipto Grandis para obtenção do óxido de grafeno e nanocristais de celulose por esta espécie apresentar alta concentração de celulose em sua constituição. A presente pesquisa pretende com isso limitar o descarte de madeira no meio ambiente pela possível valorização dos resíduos da citada indústria. Inicialmente analisamos uma amostra de Eucalipto Grandis por Análise Térmica Diferencial de forma a avaliar as alterações das propriedades físicas que pode sofrer em função da elevação de temperatura. Os resultados coincidiram com os apresentados na literatura. Outras amostras de Eucalipto Grandis foram obtidas em dois processos distintos, por calcinação em forno mufla, com temperatura e atmosfera controlada e por hidrólise ácida. Os corpos de provas resultantes dos dois processos foram analisados por Difratometria de raios X, Espectroscopia Raman e Microscópio Eletrônico de Varredura, todos pertencentes a Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie. As amostras obtidas por calcinação em forno mufla não indicaram a presença suficiente de óxido de grafeno que permitisse sua quantificação e avaliação qualitativa. As amostras tratadas por hidrólise ácida resultaram na obtenção de nanocristais de celulose com bom grau de cristalização, ao redor de 80%, de acordo com a literatura atual.

Apesar da importância econômica e ambiental que a madeira representa como fonte natural e renovável de energia e fibras, pouco é conhecido sobre os processos celulares, moleculares e bioquímicos envolvidos com a sua formação. Usando metodologias proteômicas como 2D-PAGE e espectrometria de massas foi iniciada a análise do proteoma do caule de Eucalyptus grandis em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento (5 meses, 3 anos e 6 anos). O presente trabalho baseou-se especificamente na idade de cinco meses. As plantas tiveram suas folhas, raízes e cascas removidas e seus caules foram macerados em almofariz com nitrogênio líquido e as proteínas extraídas pelo método de extração fenólica. As proteínas foram separadas por eletroforese bidimensional em fitas IPG com gradiente de pH imobilizado linear de 4-7 na primeira dimensão e gel de poliacrilamida (12,5%) na segunda dimensão. A coloração dos géis foi realizada com coomassie G250. Foram detectados 438 spots e um total de 168 spots foram retirados do gel, digeridos com tripsina e submetidos ao sequenciamento por espectrometria de massas através do sistema LCMS/ MS. O sequenciamento por MS apresentou uma eficiência de 72,02% possibilitando a identificação de 121 spots, enquanto que 35 (20,83%) não apresentaram homologia com nenhuma base de dados. Entre as proteínas identificadas 22 foram representadas por mais de um spot, podendo indicar a ocorrência e eventos provenientes do splicing alternativo, modificações pós-traducional, variações alélicas de uma mesma proteína ou degradação da amostra. Entre os spots analisados, 22,02% estão relacionados com a produção de energia, (17,86%) metabolismo, (13,69%) processes celulares, (0,60%) transporte, (8,33%) componentes estruturais, (5,36%) metabolismo macromolecular, (4,17%) proteínas putativas, (20,83%) não apresentaram homologia com nenhuma base de dados e (7,14%) não demonstraram resultado. A comparação realizada entre o volume de 59 proteínas e os seus respectivos transcritos demonstrou que não existe correlação entre mRNA e as proteínas do caule. O método possibilitou uma rápida e precisa separação e identificação das proteínas do caule de Eucalyptus grandis que são diferencialmente expressas durante a fase de crescimento de cinco meses. / The process of wood formation is an important economical factor for the forestry industry and it is also of ecological importance, although little is known about the proteins involved in wood formation. The sequencing, identification and analysis of proteins provides such information of wood formation. Using proteomics techniques such as two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry we have started a proteomic analysis of wood formation in Eucalyptus grandis at different stages of development (5 months, 3 and 6 years old). This work presents data related to the stage of 5 months. Using high resolution 2DE with linear pH gradient ranging from 4 to 7, a total of 438 spots were detected. However, only 168 spots were analyzed by LC ESIMS/ MS and 121 were identified (72.02%) while 35 (20.83%) presented no homology in the database used. Overall, 22 proteins appeared as multiple spots and accounted for most of the proteins found in the group. This observation may reflect post-translation modification, alternative splicing events, isozyme variation, allelic variation of the same protein, but also protein degradation. Over the 168 spots analysed, (22.02%) play a role in energy, (17.86%) metabolism, (13.69%) cellular processes, (0.60%) transport, (8.33%) structural components, (5.36%) macromolecular metabolism, (4.17%) putative protein, (20.83%) no homology and (7.14%) no result. For 59 proteins, the spot volume was compared with their respective transcript with mRNAs extracted from wood forming tissue. The method provided a faster and accurate tool for separation and identify of protein which are differentially expressed under different stages of development in Eucalyptus grandis.

In order to gain better understanding of climate change effects on ecosystems, it is necessary to study the response of different species to predicted climate change. Dragonflies are, due to their ecology, a suitable organism group for conducting such studies. In this pilot study we examined the response in growth- and mortality rate to increased ambient temperatures in an experimental set-up of three temperature levels (20°C, 22°C och 24°C) in larvae of three species from the Aeshnidae family (Aeshna grandis, Aeshna cyanea and Anax imperator). A. imperator were, due to insufficient number of collected specimens, excluded in the 22°C temperature regime. The studied species are reproducing in Sweden, but A. grandis and A. cyanea are native, whereas A. imperator is considered newly established since it was first discovered in Sweden in the early 2000’s. Our results show that A. grandis and A. cyanea reacted positively to an increased ambient temperature, in terms of growth rates. However, the response to increased temperatures differed between the two species as A. grandis showed both higher growth- and mortality rate, compared to A. cyanea. Thus, we assume that both species are likely to benefit from the ongoing climate change, but that interactions between them may change. Further studies are required to elucidate how the two species will be affected in presence of newly established species, such as A. imperator. Although, based on our results, the competitiveness of both native species might increase with rising temperatures - which should be considered in future conservation planning.

Orientador: Rinaldo Cesar de Paula / Banca: Paulo Henrique Muller da Silva / Banca: Felipe Batistella Filho / Banca: Gustavo Vitti Môro / Banca: Sérgio Valiengo Valeri / Resumo: Os programas de melhoramento florestal no Brasil têm o desafio de atender à demanda crescente por produtos madeireiros. Por outro lado, a ocorrência de secas sucessivas no Brasil vem criando uma instabilidade produtiva nas florestas plantadas. Com isto, este trabalho teve como objetivos: i) estimar parâmetros genéticos e avaliar a adaptabilidade, estabilidade e produtividade de famílias de polinização aberta de Eucalyptus grandis em diferentes locais no Brasil e propor estratégia de seleção para o conjunto desses locais; ii) avaliar o comportamento de uma amostra destas famílias, cultivadas em vasos em casa de vegetação, submetidas a dois regimes hídricos na presença e ausência de adubação potássica e iii) relacionar os resultados obtidos em casa de vegetação com aqueles obtidos em campo. A primeira parte do trabalho foi realizada com os dados de altura, diâmetro à altura do peito e volume de madeira, cedidos pelo Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Florestais (IPEF), provenientes de testes de 165 famílias de polinização aberta de Eucalyptus grandis avaliados em oito locais no Brasil. Estes dados foram submetidas à análise de adaptabilidade, estabilidade e produtividade pelo método da Média Harmônica da Performance Relativa dos Valores Genéticos (MHPRVG). Com base neste estudo, uma amostra de 15 das 165 famílias foi usada para o experimento conduzido em casa de vegetação, onde estas foram submetidas a dois regimes de irrigação, na presença e ausência de adubação potássica, avali... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The programs of forest improvement in Brazil have the challenge of meeting this rising demand. On the other hand, the occurrence of repeated droughts in Brazil has been creating a productive instability in commercial forests. Likewise, this work had the objective: i) estimated genetic parameters and evaluating the adaptability, stability and productivity of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus grandis in different sites in Brazil, and proposing selection strategy for the set of these sites; ii) evaluating the behavior of a sample of these families, cultivated in pots at greenhouse, subject to two hydric regimes in the presence and absence of potassium fertilizations and iii) relating the results obtained in greenhouse with those obtained in the field. The first part of this work was done with height, diameter at breast height and wood volume data, provided by the Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Florestais (IPEF), from tests of 165 open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus grandis evaluated in eight places. These data were submitted to analysis of adaptability, stability and productivity through the method of Harmonic Mean of the Relative Performance of the Genetic Values (HMRPGV). Based on this study, a sample of 15 out of 165 families was used for the experiments realized in greenhouse, where these were submitted to two irrigation regimes, in the presence and absence of potassium, evaluating the growth, nutritional and physiological traits. There was genotype by environment interaction with change in the order of genotypes in different environments as detected by the method HMRPFV compared with the order of genotypes in each site, which shows the simultaneous selection for all sites is not the best strategy of improvement. The sites Pratânia and Monte Dourado B can be used for obtaining representative and superior genotypes for most regions studied. Ev... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Sucrose is the major transported photoassimilate in plants and is degraded concurrently by two enzymes: invertases and sucrose synthase. Sucrose synthase catalyzes the reversible conversion of UDP and sucrose to form fructose and UDP-glucose, the latter being the activated substrate for many metabolic processes including cellulose biosynthesis. There is evidence that sucrose synthase is phosphorylated as a regulatory mechanism of carbon allocation at a conserved N-terminal serine residue. The phosphorylation or dephosphorylation at this specific site has also been found to shift the protein localization in a tissue and species specific manner. A literature study of the functional regulation of sucrose synthase in plants has highlighted several scientific questions: Is sucrose synthase cellular localization regulated by phosphorylation of an N-terminal conserved serine residue? What are the regulatory mechanisms underlying within and between species variation in sucrose synthase localization? Does sucrose synthase associate with the cellulose synthase enzyme complex? Can cellulose biosynthesis be increased by over-expression of the membrane-associated form of sucrose synthase? The aim of this M.Sc study was to determine the subcellular localization of Eucalyptus grandis sucrose synthase 1 (EgSUSY1) fusion proteins expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana plants. This was investigated through modifying the 11th serine residue of EgSUSY1 into either a non-polar alanine residue that cannot be phosphorylated (S11A), or into a negatively charged glutamic acid residue which may mimic phosphorylation at this site (S11E). The modified proteins were translationally fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP) and expressed in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. The proteins’ subcellular localization were analysed in planta using laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM). Findings in this study point to the peripheral localization of modified and unmodified GFPEgSUSY1 proteins with a prominent cytoplasmic component. No evidence was found for the localization of modified or unmodified GFP-EgSUSY1 proteins within the extracellular matrix. The current study did not establish nor negate plasma membrane association of any of the GFP-EgSUSY1 fusion proteins. It was concluded that alternative methodologies need to be explored to further address issues surrounding subcellular localization of sucrose synthase. These studies will not only aid in defining the role of this enzyme in carbon allocation, but also add to our expanding knowledge of cellulose biosynthesis and cell wall formation. Copyright 2011, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Sauer, J 2011, The subcellular localization of eucalyptus grandis sucrose synthase 1 (EgSUSY1) fusion proteins expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana, MSc dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02102012-102209 / > C12/4/111/gm / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Genetics / unrestricted

Correlated curve trend (C.C.T.) experiments in Eucalyptus grandis on the Zululand coast of South Africa were analyzed. Growth parameters were described as functions of age using Schnute’s generalized growth function and parameter estimates were described as functions of stand density. Growth attributes were used as moments of a probability density function to describe a diameter distribution model for the species. Time trends in the relationships between growth parameters and stand density were scrutinized with multiple comparisons of paired means. It was shown that diameter growth in lower size classes ceases under conditions of extreme suppression while growth continues unabated in the larger size classes, resulting in greater dispersion in diameter. Competition mortality was to a large extent confined to the lower size classes and severe mortality results in an apparent increase in mean diameter which precludes use of growth functions which impose an asymptote. Allometric growth was investigated on two different sites and growth trends were shown to be anamorphic between sites. This permits a ratio approach to the estimation of growth and yield on one site based on experimental evidence from another. Thinning effects in terms of diameter and height changes were estimated from simulated thinnings using data from unthinned stands while the results of long-term thinning studies were compared in terms of cumulative volume yields. The age at which mean annual increment culminates was determined and a model for the estimation of m.a.i. as a function of age and stand density was constructed. A critical examination of spacing indices revealed that the slopes thereof were much steeper than those for many other species. The better-known indices of Reineke and Yoda were found to be dependent on age. / Ph. D.

No contexto das mudanças climáticas, a sobrevivência e a produtividade das plantações de eucaliptos poderão ser afetadas. Assim, são necessárias pesquisas em nutrição florestal, como a avaliação do K e do Na e sua interação com a disponibilidade hídrica com o crescimento e propriedades do lenho de eucaliptos. Em experimento instalado, em 20 de junho de 2010 de tipo \"Split-plot\", foram avaliadas as árvores de Eucalyptus grandis submetidas a dois regimes hídricos (100% e 63%) e três tipos de fertilização (K, Na e controle). O diâmetro do tronco (cada 15 dias, com dendrômetros) e a altura total (cada 6 meses) das árvores foram mensurados no período do 40º ao 61º mês. A umidade do solo foi analisada semanalmente e a precipitação e temperatura diariamente. Foram analisadas as propriedades do lenho de 48 árvores, no 47º mês, por amostragem destrutiva, avaliando-se a sua densidade aparente, densidade básica, estrutura anatômica e proporção cerne/alburno. Os resultados mostraram que a precipitação influenciou significativamente o crescimento das árvores, seguindo-se a temperatura mínima e a umidade do solo. O K e o Na mostraram interação com a precipitação, (i) no período seco, com a redução do incremento do tronco das árvores com o Na e a sua paralisação com o K, (ii) no período chuvoso, com o aumento do incremento em diâmetro e altura do tronco, em relação ao controle. O Na em relação ao K resultou em menor crescimento das árvores de eucalipto. Com a exclusão de 37% da chuva houve efeito negativo nas árvores com K; no tratamento controle e com aplicação de Na a exclusão não mostrou efeito significativo até o 58º mês. Em relação à (i) densidade do lenho das árvores- ocorreu a sua diminuição com K e Na (menor com Na), e incremento com a menor disponibilidade hídrica; K não diminuiu a densidade sob maior disponibilidade hídrica; (ii) anatomia do lenho- observaram-se vasos de maior diâmetro e menor frequência com K e Na (maior com K); as fibras apresentaram variação significativa com Na (com fibras mais longas e largas com menor espessura da parede); a menor disponibilidade hídrica resultante da exclusão de 37% da chuva não afetou aos vasos e fibras; (iii) relação cerne/alburno- o K e Na promoveram a formação de maior proporção de cerne em relação às árvores do tratamento controle, sem influência significativa da exclusão parcial de chuva. Relações entre anatomia e densidade do lenho mostraram que mudanças nas dimensões das fibras foram acompanhadas de mudanças na densidade do lenho; e maior taxa de crescimento nem sempre se relaciona com a diminuição da densidade do lenho. Os resultados indicaram que a perda de características desejáveis na densidade, fibras e proporção de alburno, com a adição de K ou Na (principalmente Na) na adubação básica, são altamente compensados pela maior produção de lenho, no entanto em regiões mais áridas e com maior risco de seca prolongada, potássio e sódio podem agravar o déficit hídrico. / In the context of climate change, survival and productivity of eucalyptus plantations may be affected. Thus, research is needed on nutrition and forest ecophysiology, such as the evaluation of K and Na and their interaction with water availability on the growth and wood properties of eucalyptus. In a split-plot type, experiment installed on June 20, 2010 we evaluated Eucalyptus grandis trees submitted to two water regimes (100% and 63%) and three fertilizer supplies (K, Na and control). The stem diameter was measured every 15 days with dendrometers and total height, every 6 months in the period from 40th to 61st month. Soil moisture was analyzed weekly and precipitation and temperature daily. The wood properties of 48 trees were analyzed after 47 months, by destructive sampling, evaluating their apparent density, specific gravity, anatomical structure and heartwood/sapwood proportion. The results showed that precipitation significantly influenced the growth of the trees, followed by the minimum temperature and soil moisture. K and Na showed interaction with precipitation, (i) in the dry season, by reducing the growth of the tree trunks with Na and its stoppage with K, (ii) during the rainy season, with increasing growth in diameter and height of the trunk, compared with the control. The Na, as compared to K, resulted in lower growth of the eucalyptus trees. With the artificial exclusion of 37% of throughfall there was a negative effect on the growth of trees fertilized with K; but in the control and Na treatment the rainfall exclusion showed no significant effect until 58º month. In relation to (i) density of the wood of trees, there was a decrease in K and Na (lower with Na), and an increase with lower water availability; although the K did not reduce the density under higher water availability; (ii) wood anatomy- larger vessels with lower frequency were formed with K and Na supply (with higher K); the fibers showed significant variations with Na (longer and wider fibers with smaller wall thickness); and the lower water availability from the of 37% rainfall exclusion did not affect vessels and fibers; (iii) Heartwood/sapwood ratio; K and Na promoted the formation of larger proportion of heartwood in relation to the trees from the control treatment, and there was no significant influence of the partial rainfall exclusion. Relationships between anatomy and wood density showed that changes in fiber dimensions were accompanied by changes in the wood density; and the higher growth rate is not always associated with decreased wood density. The results indicate that the loss of desirable characteristics in density, fiber and proportion of sapwood, with the addition of K or Na (mainly Na) in the basic fertilization are highly compensated by the increased wood production, though in more arid regions with increased risk of prolonged drought, potassium and sodium can aggravate water deficit.