Modellgetriebene Entwicklung (Model-Driven Development - MDD) und serviceorientierte Architekturen (SOA) versprechen Vorteile wie Flexibilität, Interoperabilität und Effizienz. In der Praxis kommen diese Konzepte jedoch nicht auf der grünen Wiese zum Einsatz, sondern treffen auf gewachsene, oft heterogene Systemlandschaften in sehr unterschiedlichen Anwedungsdomänen. Ihre Umsetzung in Unternehmen muss daher durch ein geeignetes IT-Management unterstützt werden, um die versprochenen Vorteile tatsächlich zu erzielen. Ansätze wie das Enterprise Architecture Management (EAM), die sich nicht auf die IT-Sicht eines Unternehmens beschränken, sondern diese mit der Geschäftsebene koppeln, scheinen eine sinnvolle Ergänzung zu MDD und SOA zu sein.

As a consequence of the increasing requirements on enterprises caused by globalization, fusion of business and IT, new/changing technologies and especially new regulations Enterprise Architecture Management has gained increasing public attention. In this context Enterprise Architecture (EA) can be considered as a holistic view of an enterprise acting as a "collaboration force" between business aspects such as goals, visions, strategies and governance principles as well as IT aspects. For EAs to be useful and to provide business value their formal and comprehensive documentation (data collection and visualization) is essential. Due to the increasing information amount caused by the extending scope on the business as well as on the IT side the EA modelling is cost-intensive and time-consuming. Most of all the documentation is impaired by increasing linking and integration as well as by the striving for automated cross-company business processes. Consequently, the relevant data are widely scattered. Current approaches are largely determined by manual processes which are able to deal only to a limited extent with the new trends. However, a lot of the needed information, above all about the application landscape and the interrelations, is already present in existing Enterprise Service Bus systems used to facilitate the collaboration between applications both within and beyond boundaries. This allows avoiding the expensive task of data collection. This thesis is concerned with the automated documentation of Enterprise Architectures and the support of decision-making using the information provided by an existing Enterprise Service Bus, whereby as a concrete system SAP NetWeaver Process Integration is used. Therefore a tool-aided automated process for the creation and visualization of an Enterprise Architecture model instance is proposed. An essential aspect in this connection is the coverage of the EA information demand set up by EA frameworks such as CySeMoL and ArchiMate, the analysis of the quality as well as the implementation of the logic to transform SAP PI data into EA information. Moreover, several viewpoints are proposed to visualize the extracted data appropriately especially regarding decision problems in the area of the collaboration between applications both within and beyond boundaries.

Not being able to, or not knowing how to make use of, ICT is becoming a clear factor of economic exclusion for businesses in developing countries. Several studies has investigated the correlation between access to information about ICT and the overall development of the country suggesting a strong bond. How information regarding ICT solutions can be structured to improve access has been investigated in this thesis using work conducted at the Havana University of Technologies José Antonio Echeverría in Cuba as a basis. This paper explores how information regarding the use of ICT in Cuban enterprises can be structured to eventually allow for further analysis. The information gathered is centered around Enterprise Architecture with a focus on alignment between business areas, processes and applications. The findings suggest that the information can be structured in a foreseeable manner using a database and the analysis of the data may be feasible. The report highlights the difficulties related to heterogeneity and dissimilarities of Enterprise Architecture data limiting the catalogue being used for statistical analysis. Furthermore, this paper gives a recommendation of how the gathering of the information regarding ICT solutions should be structured to increase the relevancy of the database and analysis. / Att inte kunna eller inte veta hur man kan nyttja ICT är en betydande anledning förekonomisk uteslutning för företag i utvecklingsländer. Flera studier har undersökt korrelationen mellan tillgången till information om ICT, och den övergripande utvecklingen av landet som tyder på ett starkt band. Hur information kopplat till ICT lösningar kan struktureras för att ge nya insikter har undersökts i denna avhandling med hjälp av arbeten som utförts på Havana University of Technologies José Antonio Echeverría på Kuba som en fallstudie. I denna avhandling så undersöks hur samlad information om användningen av ICT i kubanska företag kan struktureras för att möjliggöra ytterligare analyser. Den information som samlas in är centrerad kring Enterprise Architecture med fokus på anpassning mellan affärsområden, processer och applikationer. Resultaten tyder på att informationen kan struktureras på ett överskådligt sätt med hjälp av en databas, och analysen av datan kan vara genomförbart. Avhandlingen belyser svårigheter kopplat till att heterogen Enterprise Architecture data och hur detta begränsar databasen från att tillämpa statistisk analys. Vidare ger denna avhandling en rekommendation om hur ytterligare insamling av informationen om ICT-lösningarna ska struktureras för att öka relevansen av databasen och analysen.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T17:07:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Arenhart.pdf: 2788456 bytes, checksum: 2f4d879f3cf7674dd8b385ac9b12a1a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present research is based on the results of the surgeries of tenorraphy, which have been improved due to the association between strong and not voluminous sutures and physiotherapic protocols, which preconize the early active motion (EAM) to the postoperative period. This research s purpose was to evaluate the evolution of the healing process among the different types of tenorraphies in rabbits that underwent early active motion (EAM). The sample was constituted of 36 New Zealand rabbits, divided in 3 groups of 12, in accordance with the 3 different types of suture (Brazil 4 strands; Indian 4 strands; and Tsai 6 strands). All rabbits had the right rear paw operated, immobilized with plaster cast and underwent deambulation (EAM) inside the confinement cage since the immediate postoperative procedure. On the 15th day and on the 30th day from the postoperative period the thermographic and histological analysis were performed, and it was noticed that the three different tenorraphy techniques presented similar behavior at the same periods of surgical repairs (on the 15th and 30th days), only differing themselves between these. The histological study, qualitatively, revealed that the behavior of the healing process of the tendon that underwent EAM referred an adequate quality, where the collagen fibers presented a more exuberant thickening, being able to offer greater resistance to traction for the repaired tendon. The temperatures (ºC) showed statistically significant differences on the 15th day and on the 30th day in relation to the contralateral limb (control) and the repaired one, suggesting that the EAM may be gradually increased on the 30th day approximately. It was concluded that the adequate quality of the cicatricial tissue of the three different sutures can be attributed to the minimization of the vascular damage in the middle of the tendon, which not only offered a uniform blood circulation but also a uniform reparative metabolism, and that the Infrared Thermography, capable of capturing the thermal differences offered by microcirculation, is an instrument of great value when evaluating and monitoring the evolution of the healing process of tendons in vivo, and could be applied during the application of rehabilitation protocols of flexor tendons in the hand. / A presente pesquisa se fundamentou nos resultados das cirurgias de Tenorrafia que têm melhorado devido à associação de suturas fortes e não volumosas a protocolos fisioterápicos que preconizam a Mobilização Ativa Precoce (MAP) ao pós-operatório. O objetivo desta foi avaliar a evolução do processo cicatricial entre os diferentes tipos de tenorrafias em coelhos submetidos à Mobilização Ativa Precoce (MAP). A amostra se constituiu de 36 coelhos da raça New Zeland, divididos em 3 grupos de 12, de acordo com os 3 diferentes tipos de sutura (Brasil 4 passadas; Indiana 4 passadas; e Tsai 6 passadas). Todos os coelhos tiveram a pata traseira direita operada, imobilizada com gesso e submetidos à marcha livre (MAP) dentro da gaiola de confinamento desde o pós-operatório imediato. No 15º dia e 30º dia do pós-operatório foram realizadas as análises Termográficas e Histológicas, e observou-se que as três diferentes técnicas de tenorrafia apresentaram comportamentos semelhantes nos mesmos tempos de reparo cirúrgico (15º e 30 º dia), apenas diferenciando-se entre estes. O estudo histológico, qualitativamente, demonstrou que o comportamento da cicatrização do tendão submetido à MAP referiu uma qualidade adequada, onde as fibras de colágeno apresentaram um espessamento mais exuberante, podendo oferecer maior resistência à tração ao tendão reparado. As temperaturas (ºC) se mostraram com diferenças estatisticamente significativas em relação ao membro contralateral (controle) e o reparado no 15º e 30 º dia, sugerindo que a MAP pode ser aumentada gradualmente ao redor do 30 º dia. Conclui-se que a adequada qualidade do tecido cicatricial das três diferentes suturas, pode ser atribuída à minimização do dano vascular no centro do tendão, que ofereceu uma circulação sanguínea e um metabolismo reparador uniforme, e que a termografia infravermelha computadorizada, capaz de captar as diferenças térmicas oferecidas pela microcirculação, é um instrumento de grande valia na avaliação e monitoramento da evolução do processo de cicatrização de tendões in vivo, podendo ser utilizada durante a aplicação de protocolos de reabilitação de tendões flexores da mão.

We performed atomistic modeling to study magnetic, mechanical, and thermal properties of materials. We executed molecular statics and dynamics simulations for this study, using density functional theory (DFT) and semi-empirical methods, such as embedded atom method (EAM) and modified embedded atom method (MEAM) potentials. In our first study, we showed that when Al atoms are substituted in barium hexaferrite, the total magnetization monotonically decreases due to the fact that Al atoms preferentially occupy the majorly contributing magnetic sites. The second study was to explore the diffusion mechanism of Ba atoms in hematite in order to study new techniques to build spherical nano-magnetic-particles. In the third study, we showed tungsten carbide growth is inhibited in the presence of vanadium carbide. In the fourth study, we showed how the mechanical and thermal properties of iron changes with vanadium doping with a newly developed MEAM interatomic potential. The physical properties of calcium were calculated in the next study, by the development of a MEAM potential which can be used for multiscale modeling. In the sixth study, the melting temperature of nanoparticles was analyzed and shown to decrease with a decrease of its size, confirming that the bulk properties of the material significantly change in its nano counterpart. Finally a portion of this research was dedicated for the simulation of sintering mechanisms of tungsten nanoparticles at different temperatures and pressures. While the first three studies were based on DFT, the last four studies focused on understanding physical phenomena using EAM/MEAMpotentials.

Fuzzy ARTMAP (FAM) is currently considered to be one of the premier neural network architectures in solving classification problems. One of the limitations of Fuzzy ARTMAP that has been extensively reported in the literature is the category proliferation problem. That is Fuzzy ARTMAP has the tendency of increasing its network size, as it is confronted with more and more data, especially if the data is of noisy and/or overlapping nature. To remedy this problem a number of researchers have designed modifications to the training phase of Fuzzy ARTMAP that had the beneficial effect of reducing this phenomenon. In this thesis we propose a new approach to handle the category proliferation problem in Fuzzy ARTMAP by evolving trained FAM architectures. We refer to the resulting FAM architectures as GFAM. We demonstrate through extensive experimentation that an evolved FAM (GFAM) exhibits good (sometimes optimal) generalization, small size (sometimes optimal size), and requires reasonable computational effort to produce an optimal or sub-optimal network. Furthermore, comparisons of the GFAM with other approaches, proposed in the literature, which address the FAM category proliferation problem, illustrate that the GFAM has a number of advantages (i.e. produces smaller or equal size architectures, of better or as good generalization, with reduced computational complexity). Furthermore, in this dissertation we have extended the approach used with Fuzzy ARTMAP to other ART architectures, such as Ellipsoidal ARTMAP (EAM) and Gaussian ARTMAP (GAM) that also suffer from the ART category proliferation problem. Thus, we have designed and experimented with genetically engineered EAM and GAM architectures, named GEAM and GGAM. Comparisons of GEAM and GGAM with other ART architectures that were introduced in the ART literature, addressing the category proliferation problem, illustrate similar advantages observed by GFAM (i.e, GEAM and GGAM produce smaller size ART architectures, of better or improved generalization, with reduced computational complexity). Moverover, to optimally cover the input space of a problem, we proposed a genetically engineered ART architecture that combines the category structures of two different ART networks, FAM and EAM. We named this architecture UART (Universal ART). We analyzed the order of search in UART, that is the order according to which a FAM category or an EAM category is accessed in UART. This analysis allowed us to better understand UART's functionality. Experiments were also conducted to compare UART with other ART architectures, in a similar fashion as GFAM and GEAM were compared. Similar conclusions were drawn from this comparison, as in the comparison of GFAM and GEAM with other ART architectures. Finally, we analyzed the computational complexity of the genetically engineered ART architectures and we compared it with the computational complexity of other ART architectures, introduced into the literature. This analytical comparison verified our claim that the genetically engineered ART architectures produce better generalization and smaller sizes ART structures, at reduced computational complexity, compared to other ART approaches. In review, a methodology was introduced of how to combine the answers (categories) of ART architectures, using genetic algorithms. This methodology was successfully applied to FAM, EAM and FAM and EAM ART architectures, with success, resulting in ART neural networks which outperformed other ART architectures, previously introduced into the literature, and quite often produced ART architectures that attained optimal classification results, at reduced computational complexity.

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Technical debt is used to describe the changing or to maintain a system due to expedient shortcuts done during its development. In the context of the software development industry, technical debt is regarded as a critical issue in terms of the negative consequences such as increased software development cost, low product quality, decreased maintainability, and slowed progress to the long-term success of developing software. Code Smells are well informed in the domain of Technical Debt. They indicate to the common bad practices that may impair the future quality of the software system. By identifying those Code Smells, it is possible to give an improved solution or make the developers aware of a possible deficiency. I explore the premise that technical debt within the enterprise should be viewed as a tool. Extensible and Appropriate tools can check the Code Smells automatically and improve the quality assessment accordingly. However, in the field of Enterprise Architecture(EA), common bad habits in EA can be called EA Smells. EA Smells itself can be a component of EA Debt. Enterprise Architecture Debt can be defined as such a metric that depicts the deviation of the currently present state of an enterprise from a hypothetical ideal state.In this thesis, we introduce SmellCull as an extensible tool for capturing, tracking and managing Enterprise Architecture debt in the EA field. SmellCull allows measuring different kinds of Enterprise Architecture debts for EA Model. SmellCull is extensible since different types of Model can be integrated as input into the tool environment and provides developers with a lightweight tool to capture EA debt and make it easier to understand them indicating corresponding parts in the implementation. The tool is used to create propagation paths for the EA debt. This allows for an up-to-date and accurate presentation of EA debt to be upheld, which enables developer conducted implementation-level micromanagement as well as higher-level debt management.Since the tool is sophisticated enough, automated detection supports the design process and ongoing change of EAS(Enterprise Architecture System). This includes the strategic development of EAS with the corresponding roadmaps, as well as design assurance and performance monitoring to assess the quality of data in EA repositories and the compliance with certain standards defined by EA Smells. Due to the limited scope of master thesis, the tool will identify a few number of EA debt. At the end, some future work suggestions in the context of identifying more salable Enterprise Architecture Debts with this tool are given. / Teknisk skuld dvs dålig eller kortsiktig programutveckling som belastning på IT-system måste förr eller senare återbetalas. I industrin betraktas teknisk skuld som en kritisk fråga när det gäller de negativa konsekvenserna som ökad mjukvaruutvecklingskostnad, låg produktkvalitet, minska underhåll och långsammare framsteg till den långsiktiga framgången med att utveckla programvara. Dålig kodkvalitet “code smell” är vanligt förekommande teknisk skuld. Det uppkommer i vanliga dåliga metoder “anti-patterns” som försämrar programvarans framtida kvalitet. För att kunna identifiera bristande kodkvalitet är det möjligt att skapa en förbättrad lösning eller göra utvecklare medvetna om de möjliga bristerna. Jag undersöker förutsättningarna att en sådan teknisk skuld i företag bör undersökas med en programvara. Utbyggbara och ändamålsenliga programvaror kan analysera källkod och hitta var kvaliteten behöver förbättras. Företagens tekniska skuld kan definieras som ett mått som visar avvikelsen från ett hypotetiskt idealtillstånd genom att jämföra det aktuella tillståndet med praktiska rekommendationer “best practice”. I detta examensarbete introducerar jag SmellCull som ett utbyggbart verktyg för att hitta, spåra och hantera bristfällig kodkvalitet inom företagsarkitektur (EA). SmellCull tillåter mätning av olika typer av tekiska skulder för EA modellen. SmellCull är utbyggbart genom att olika typer av datamodeller kan integreras som indata i miljön, och det ger utveck-lare ett lätt verktyg för att hantera teknisk skuld i programmeringsprojekt och hjälpa projektdeltagarna i programmeringsprojekt att förstå vad orsakar brister i kodkvalitet.  Eftersom verktyget är tillräckligt sofistikerat finns det automatiserad spårning, designprocess och kontinuerlig förbättring av EAS (Enterprise Architecture System). Detta inkluderar strategisk utveckling av EAS med motsvarande färdplan, samt konstruktionssäkerhet och prestandäovervakning för att bedöma kvaliteten på data i EA förvar och efterlevnaden av vissa standarder som definieras av EA code smell detection. På grund av den begränsade omfattningen av examensarbetet kommer verktyget att  identifiera några få EA skuld. I slutet, några framtida arbetsförslag i samband med identifiering mer säljbara företagsarkitekturskulder med detta verktyg ges.

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