This thesis investigates the supply chain of Vancomycin and Piperacillin/Tazobactam in order to understand why the two antibiotics have been exposed to back orders during recent years in Sweden. The health economical consequences due to these back orders of the two antibiotics was also examined. The used methods were literature search and elementary calculation methods. The supply chains for the two antibiotics consists of multiple manufacturing actors, both primary and secondary. The manufacturing actors are mostly located in low and middle income countries, which increases risks for the supply chains. The Swedish market is unattractive due to its small size and ineffective purchasing system, which also increases risks of shortages. The unattractive market is a probable cause of the lower amount of market authorisation holders which sell the antibiotics in Sweden. Furthermore, a financial model was created to assess the health economic impacts of shortages. The costs were calculated as the sum of the additional labor required to deal with shortages along with the costs of the alternative medicines. It was estimated that a shortage of Vancomycin can cost up to SEK 1 600 000 in fixed costs followed by up to SEK 202 997 per additional day of shortage and that a shortage of Pipetazo can cost up to SEK 1 600 000 in fixed costs followed by up to SEK 923 650 per day. There are also other negative aspects of these consequences, such as worsening of patient health and contributions to increased AMR.

ABSTRACT Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the different contract changes that potentially could be added to projects made on the road. For this study specifically, a project where a traffic circle is produced, is used as a reference. This is then further investigated by how these contract changes occurred and what type of temporal, economical and technical influence each and every contract change has on the project. By knowing why and how these contract changes occur, there is an evaluation made to list the different factors that entail the contract changes and different methods to prevent these factors which results in less appearing contract changes. Methods: The methods used in this study contains literature studies and case studies as well as analyzing documents regarding the project, calculations made and measurement values and lastly interviews with the different members that are involved in this project. Results: The results gave a perspective of what types of contract changes the project had and how each one affected the project temporally, economically and technically. The results also included answers from the entrepreneur, the client and the consultant for the interviews. It gave a perspective of their view on the project and their thoughts on the contract changes. By compiling their opinions and views one could detect the similarities and the differences. Further after gathering all of the previous results and comparing them, one could identify a common denominator where there clearly is a mismanagement and find ways to fix and evade the problems which results in less contract changes arising. Conclusion: All of the contract changes has been summurized and conlcuded in a UR-sheet. The following conclusions could be drawn from the framing of questions and results: there were a total of 18 different contract changes where as two of these were regulated from outsider factors. The rest were regulated through factors within the project itself, meaning they could have been either prevented or some what predicted and could have had a less of a effect on the project. All of the contract changes had some type of technical effect on the project however not all of them had an effect temporally or economically. The one that had most effect was UR_ÄTA_006 where this was regulated because of a previous project that wasn’t completed in time and stood as a hindrance for the roundabout. This contributed in extra charges, more time spent of certain moments and changes in the timetable. Based on the answers from the interviews, one could conclude that all of the people who are involved in the project think that there are some deficient working power in the project planning. As a solution to the issue, they sugested that one of the people from the entreprenuer side and the client should be some what involved in the early stages and work as a helping hand for the project planning side of the project since they have more experience in how the actual production of a project is done, thus resulting in less contract changes.  Keywords: Contract changes, roundabout, entreprenouer, client, consultant, temporal, economical, technical,, documents / Oftast inte

Despite the fact that on average less children are being born and calming messages that the population issue has basically solved itself, the world population is continuously growing. Around mid century it is estimated that approximately 70 per cent of the world’s population will be living in urban environments. This translates to an absolute increase of roughly 3.6 billion urban citizen today, to nearly 8 billion urban citizen by mid century. This unprecedented growth is going to have major impact on today’s urban societies and administrative boundaries. Especially coastal cities will feel an increased pressure while the urbanization takes another upsurge. The geographical limitations and scarcity of land in these coastal areas pushes the extension of administrative city boundaries sea inward, making land reclamation a popular tool for these governments. Nevertheless, this expected growth and the increased popularity of land reclamation seriously endangers the remaining natural wetlands. Alternative solutions of creating artificial "human made" land by reclaiming, could be a possible direct solution for modern urbanism. As a result of the unprecedented growth, natural resources are getting rapidly depleted and sustainability is being compromised. Over the total run of history, approximately 65 per cent of the world’s wetlands have been in fractioned, polluted, destroyed, altered or lost by human activities. This master’s thesis consists out of a deep, qualitative, integrative and contextual literature review. The literature review is focused on population forecasts, urbanization and growth trends, followed by an analyses of various land reclamation cases around the world. Though, the research will include a quantitative data overview this research is a qualitative research. The collection of the quantitative data regarding urbanization and growth trends will be done by using the database of United Nations, World Bank and Gapminder. Land reclamation, as a proposed solution, sets off a certain type of trade off mechanism. Large reclamation projects on one hand serve as great boosters for the economy and urban development, while on the other hand, these projects have severe implications on natural habitat from both marine and land species. Social benefits can both be realized through economic gains by land reclamation or social benefits from natural preservation. This implies land reclamation has basically two dimensions: a socioeconomic dimension and a socio-environmental dimension. A tradeoff between these two dimensions determine whether or not a land reclamation project for a specific geographical location could be economically, socially and environmentally feasible. With proper integrated and inter related governmental land planning processes, strong environmental considerations and increased public involvement, land reclamation could be sustainably feasible.

A smart grid cost/benefit analysis answers a series of economic questions that address the incremental benefits of each stage or decision point. Each stage of the economic analysis provides information about the incremental benefits of that stage with respect to the previous stage. With this approach stages that provide little or no economic benefits can be identified. In this study there are series of applications,-including quasi-steady state power flows over time-varying loads and costs of service, Monte Carlo simulations, reconfiguration for restoration, and coordinated control - that are used to evaluate the cost-benefits of a series of smart grid investments. In the electric power system planning process, engineers seek to identify the most cost-effective means of serving the load within reliability and power quality criteria. In order to accurately assess the cost of a given project, the feeder losses must be calculated. In the past, the feeder losses were estimated based upon the peak load and a calculated load factor for the year. The cost of these losses would then be calculated based upon an expected, fixed per-kWh generation cost. This dissertation presents a more accurate means of calculating the cost of losses, using hourly feeder load information and time-varying electric energy cost data. The work here attempts to quantify the improvement in high accuracy and presents an example where the economic evaluation of a planning project requires the more accurate loss calculation. Smart grid investments can also affect response to equipment failures where there are two types of responses to consider -blue-sky day and storm. Storm response and power restoration can be very expensive for electric utilities. The deployment of automated switches can benefit the utility by decreasing storm restoration hours. The automated switches also improve system reliably by decreasing customer interruption duration. In this dissertation a Monte Carlo simulation is used to mimic storm equipment failure events, followed by reconfiguration for restoration and power flow evaluations. The Monte Carlo simulation is driven by actual storm statistics taken from 89 different storms, where equipment failure rates are time varying. The customer outage status and durations are examined. Changes in reliability for the system with and without automated switching devices are investigated. Time varying coordinated control of Conservation Voltage Reduction (CVR) is implemented. The coordinated control runs in the control center and makes use of measurements from throughout the system to determine control settings that move the system toward optimum performance as the load varies. The coordinated control provides set points to local controllers. A major difference between the coordinated control and local control is the set points provided by the coordinated control are time varying. Reduction of energy and losses of coordinated control are compared with local control. Also eliminating low voltage problems with coordinated control are addressed. An overall economic study is implemented in the final stage of the work. A series of five evaluations of the economic benefits of smart grid automation investments are investigated. Here benefits that can be quantified in terms of dollar savings are considered here referred to as "hard dollar" benefits. Smart Grid investment evaluations to be considered include investments in improved efficiency, more cost effective use of existing system capacity with automated switches, and coordinated control of capacitor banks and voltage regulators. These Smart Grid evaluations are sequentially ordered, resulting in a series of incremental hard dollar benefits. Hard dollar benefits come from improved efficiency, delaying large capital equipment investments, shortened storm restoration times, and reduced customer energy use. The evaluation shows that when time varying loads are considered in the design, investments in automation can improve performance and significantly lower costs resulting in "hard dollar" savings. / Ph. D.

Current Virginia nitrogen (N) fertilizer recommendations do not include site-specific estimates of N supply from cover crops (CCs) or soil organic matter (SOM). Recent research successfully predicted the contribution of N from SOM and CCs to corn (Zea mays L.) in Pennsylvania. The objective of this work was to validate the biophysical model developed in Pennsylvania under Virginia conditions and to evaluate the decomposition rates of different surface-applied CC residues and the relationship between their chemical composition and decomposition rate. For the first objective, 83 N response trials were conducted in different regions of Virginia across 9 years using a randomized complete block design with four replications. The model was able to explain 47% and 15% of variability in unfertilized corn yield (RMSE = 1.6 Mg ha-1) and economical optimum N rate (EONR) (RMSE = 30 kg N ha-1) respectively. Efforts to improve the model by adding economically unresponsive sites improved the model performance to explain 45% of the variability in EONR. For the second objective, a lab incubation was performed to compare carbon (C) and N mineralization from four different CCs {Cereal Rye (CR), Hairy vetch (HV), Crimson clover (Cc) and Rapeseed (R)} on a sandy loam soil. Destructive sampling was performed at 6 different sampling dates – 3, 7, 14, 28, 56 and 112 days. ANOVA test revealed that the effects of CC species, incubation days and their interaction had a significant effect on mass decomposed, plant biochemical composition and net N mineralization. Variation in mass loss was positively related to lignin content for all the CCs while it was moderately correlated to C:N ratio for CR and R and weakly to HV and Cc. Biomass loss and N release was highest in HV followed by Cc, R and CR. Net N mineralization was highest in HV followed by R, Cc and CR amended soils. / Master of Science / Current Virginia nitrogen (N) fertilizer recommendations do not include site-specific estimates of N supply from cover crops or soil organic matter, both of which can influence crop N need. Recent research successfully predicted the contribution of N from cover crops and soil to corn (Zea mays L.) in Pennsylvania. The objectives of this work were to validate the biophysical model developed in Pennsylvania under Virginia conditions and to evaluate the decomposition rates of different surface-applied cover crop residues and the relationship between their chemical composition and decomposition rate. The Pennsylvania-developed model was able to successfully estimate the economical optimum N rate for corn and predict the yield of unfertilized corn. Corn yield did not increase with increasing N rates in some fields. When these sites were omitted, the accuracy of the model improved. For the second objective, a lab incubation study was performed comparing C and N released from Cereal Rye (CR), Hairy vetch (HV), Crimson clover (Cc) and Rapeseed (R)} on a sandy loam soil. Destructive sampling was performed at 6 different sampling dates – 3, 7, 14, 28, 56 and 112 days. Variation in mass loss was positively related to lignin content for all the cover crops while it was moderately correlated to C:N ratio for CR and R and weakly to HV and Cc. Biomass loss and N release was highest in HV followed by Cc, R and CR.

SammanfattningDenna studie syftar till att undersöka tekniska möjligheter, kunskaper samtviljan till ett byggande för hållbar utveckling i SydafrikaFörfattaren har genom MFS (mindre fältstudie) undersökt möjligheternaför att skapa mer hållbara hus ekologiska hus, för att sedermera kunna skapa"ekobyar" istället för som det idag, fortfarande byggs enligt den förlegadeapartheidarkitekturens struktur; "one house one plot township".The Department of Housing har sedan 1994 byggt över 2.6 miljoner husför över 14 miljoner hushåll. Dessa hus benämns RDP-hus (renewaldevelopment programme) och byggs för att levereras till den absolut fattigastebefolkningen med en viss mängd gratis elektricitet (75kwh) liksom vatten (8klkranvatten, l lkl avloppsvatten).I Sydafrika ägs, projekteras och genomförs RDP-husprojektprogram av deseparata kommunerna på uppdrag liksom subventionerade pengar frånregeringen. RDP-husens standard är oehört låg och totalakostnaden/subventionen ligger på R70555 I hus med en tillhörande mindre markjord/trädgård. Hushåll med gemensam inkomst på under R3500/månad har rättatt ansöka om ett RDP-hus hos konununen. När ett hushåll tilldelats ett RDPhus,ses det efter 8 år som ägare till huset och är därmed även ansvarig förunderhåll och skötsel av huset. Hushåll med gemensam månatlig inkomst påunder R2020/månad kan även ansöka om subventionerad distribution av vattenochelektricitet. Hushållen har rätt till:• 8kl kranvatten• 1 lkl avloppsvatten• service såsom sophämtning• 75kwh elektricitet.(NMMB, 2009; Schalk Potgieter, 2009)Studien kommer endast fokusera på nämnd inkomstgrupp med inkluderandesubventioner.När det subventionerade vattnet är förbrukat påbörjas en vattenräkning.Dessa räkningar kan sällan betalas utan avskrives istället efter en viss tid förindividen. Istället får kommunen stå för kostnaderna. P.g.a. okunskap om attvatten inte är en förnybar källa, leder det ofta även till stora slöseri er av vatten."Renewable energy – and water system in South Africa, as part of RDP-housingprojects. Economical, technical and ecological comparison. Clara Norell, 2010 "Enligt Stan Grunewald, vatten- och elektricitet avdelning i Port Elizabeths (PE)kommun, har PE ett årligt "slöseri/svinn" av vatten som kostar kommunen över70 miljoner Rand. (Stan Grunewald, 2009)När den subventionerade elektriciteten förbrukats måste brukareninförskaffa förköpt elkod i jämförelse med kontantkort för mobiltelefon. Harhushållet ingen ekonomisk möjlighet att köpa ny el, leder detta ofta till attmänniskor i nödsituationer kapar elkablar. Dvs. de klipper av en elkabel, oftaden hängande varianten, och drar in den i sitt hus. Detta är livsfarligt, människordör årligen pga. av detta. Det leder även till större elavbrott där stora ytor avelbrukare, trafiksignaler etc. slås ut.Problem med de RDP-hus som byggs idag är således ekologiska,ekonomiska samt säkerhetsmässigt hälsofarliga.Studien syftar till att skapa mer miljövänliga, hållbara samt på lång siktäven mer ekonomiska RDP-hus, därmed även en helt ny fonn avbostadsutveckling i Sydafrikas sk kåkstäder.Studien vill inspirera för samtliga nybyggnationer av RDP-housingprojects att komplettera tillhörande vattentank för uppsamling av vatten (attbrukas för allt utom dricksvatten), solvattenbehållare for uppvännning avvannvatten, gasspis, LED-lampor for inomhusbruk samt separerade toaletter.Där urinen används som irrigation för den privata trädgården och avföringtillsammans med hushållets kompostering, hämtas 1 ggr/vecka, förframställning av gödsel för separat lott som gemensamt används likt enkolonilott.l denna form av husprojekt är det viktigt med intresserade hyresgäster samtkontinuerliga workshops för att få igång en bredare kunskap kring sopor och vårjord. Exempel på workshops:• Jordbruks utveckling• plantskola• sopsortering• kompostering.Studien fokuserar på utformning, design samt val av material för hustypen.Genom att duplicera huset och tillsammans med hjälp av god fysisk planering,med tydliga riktlinjer, workshops samt entreprenörsskapsutbildning, skulle enhelt ny form av sarnhällsutveckling i Sydafrika kunna växa fram.Denna del kommer dock inte tas upp i studien, utan nämns istället som etteventuellt framtida arbetsuppdrag för författaren eller som inspiration för annanelev att ta vid att utföra som examensarbeteStudien undersöker kostnader över en tidsperiod på 15 år, för att jämföramed dagens sk. RDP-hus. En ekonomisk jämförelse, av den nya totalakonstruktionskostnaden med dagens RDP-hus på R77000. Därefter undersöksde två olika husens energiförbrukning över 15 år, för att göra en ekologiskjämförelse samt en kostnadsanalys på energiförbrukningen.Den ekonomiska skillnaden kommer möjligtvis inte särskilja sig mycketför den privata brukaren, däremot förhoppningsvis för kommunen och därmedäven för regeringen. Det konuner med största sannolikhet vara en ekologiskrevolutionerande skillnad för den privata brukaren likväl som för kommunenoch även då för hela jorden.Visionen är att mha. nya lösningar kunna minska användning avkolproducerad elektricitet samt kommunalt vatten för att komma till enekonomisk och ekologisk slutsats som visar att kommunen liksom regeringenkan spara miljöresurser liksom pengar. På så sätt kan märkta ekonomiskaresurser istället används till förbättring av hälsa, utbildning samt äldrevård.Visonen med studien är fungera som ett gott exempel och riktlinje, attpresenteras för kommuner i Sydafrika för att förhoppningsvis därefter kunnabyggas som testprojekt i stil med Sakhuluntu Village, Sool Plaatje SocialHousing projects; Hull Street, Moeschoe Village samt Hemporiums k01mnandeHemp Village.Studiens resultat visar på en stor realism i tesen. Vid implementation avvattentank för dagvattenhantering samt SWH för uppvärmning av varmvatten,skulle de Sydafrikanska RDP-hushållen efter en tidsperiod på 15 år bli merhållbara. Således skulle den Sydafrikanska regeringen istället, försubventionering av vatten och elektricitet, kunna subventionera tekniskainstallationer som en del av RDP-husens standard subventioneradekonstruktions kostnad. Ekonomiska och mänskliga resurser skulle dännedistället kunna örornnärkas för förbättring av skol- och hälsosystem. Sydafrikasfolk skulle bli mer självförsörjande och deras hälsostatus skulle förbättras.De ekologiska besparingarna per hushåll blir efter 15 år; 47820 kWhkolproducerad el och 309kl kommunalt vatten. Ekonomiska besparingar perhushåll blir efter 15 år mer än 20000 rand. / SummaryThe aim of the case study is to investigate the possibilities of creating asustainable house within the Renewal Development Programme (RDP) housingprojects of South Africa (SA). RDP-houses are built by the municipalities of SAon order as well as on subsidy grant of the National Government of SA. Ahousehold can apply for three different kind of subsidies from the municipalitieswithin the Assistance to the Poor (ATTP); house, electricity and water (tap andsewage including services).The aim of the case study is to set up an economic cost specification forthe price of building a sustainable RDP-house; including a water tank forrainwater harvesting, Solar Water Heater (S WH) geyser (for heating up warmwater). The house will also include; LED-lighting, gas stove, separated toilets( urine, faeces ), compost of food, a small private garden as well as a separatedagricultural plot for a community with e.g. 100 households. The cost of thehouse will be compared to the cost ofthe RDP-houses that are built today (fixedtotal subsidy: R70555). Thereafter follows an investigation of the ecologicalfootprint, over a 15 year period, to compare the two different RDP-houseoptions. The aim is to create a sustainable house that can be more self sufficientand sustainable; in terms of the energy use and in terms of self sufficiency basedon food securi ty.Although not an economical difference for the people living in the house,but instead for the municipality and by that even for the government, it willindeed be an ecological difference for the user, the municipality as well as forthe environment ofthe world.Since the houses, electricity and water is handed out for free to a certaingroup of the poor population of SA, the municipalities stands for !hese costs. Ifthere could be a more sustainable RDP-housing process, the municipalitiescould instead use these resources on school and healthcare.When "households" and "people" are mentioned in the essay as an averagetenn, it is understood that it is the low income households and the people fromthe average South A frican townships.The results of the studies show a great realism in the thesis. Ifimplementing water tank for rain water harvesting as well as SWH for heatingof warm water, the South African RDP-households could after a period of 15years be more self sustainable. Consequently the SA government could insteadof subsidising water and electricity, consider to subsidies the implementation ofabove mentioned technical equipment as a part of the RDP-housing subsidisedprogrammes. Thereby the municipalities could target economical and humanresources for improvement of school- and health system. The South Africanpeople would be self empowered and their health status would thereby improve.The ecological savings per household after 15 years would be 4 7820k Wh coalproducedelectricity and 309 kl municipal water. The economical savings wouldafter 15 years, per household be more than R20000.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:12:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007- Thiago de Jesus Esteves.pdf: 760700 bytes, checksum: 9f3cc4ec678854dfa2be90d4ef0673c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-29 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The twentie century had begun to the latin-american contries with huge perspectives when we talk about changies in the economic models so far, that divided the contries into two blocks, on one side the industrialized contries and on the other side the manufacturer contries of raw material. When World War II finished, a period in which marked the end of about 30 years of crises and international conflicts, for the first time in history, the latin-american contries had na actual oportunity to put and end to a current model of International Labour Division. With this him, the UNO General Assembly approved the creation of the Economical Commission for Latin-America (ECLA) in 1948. In spite of the initial scepticism, the ECLA became the most important center of the estudies, analyses and diagnostic of the latin-american contries economical situations. So, it started to support different kinds of government of the region, implementine economical policies that cold guarantee its development, based on industrialization. With favorable international situation, even facine structural problems, the majority of the latin-american contries started to show a relative improvement relating to their economical development levels, due to the incredsing exportations.However, the 70 s was marked by lots of crises in many different fields, like politics, social, economical and military. These problematic areds reached the developed contries so much that they opened possibilities for the victory of the named Conservative Forces . It allowed a very important change in the target of the economical policies so far. Then, the well-known developmentism model fell down, in which the State owned a very relevant role therefore, it was adopted the neoliberalism , that in general lines released the markes of the state tutorship. The neoliberalism model started to be spread as a possible alternative to the other contries of the woeld as na encouraning way to its economical develoment. In this context, in 1989, a convetion took place in Washington D.C., the United States of America capital, and it was know as The Washington Consensus . In this agreement participated the north american congress and executive, lot of experts in latin-american issues, besides members of multilateral organism for credit and financing whicas lie in that renowned city, aiming for the discussion relating to a series of masures with political and economical purposes with a very clear neliberal point of view that could be adopted by the latin-american contries as a way of speedine very bad results motivated principally by na excessive interference of the state straight to the economy. By means of a brief biography survey, I m seeking in this text characterize historical, institutional, political and economical bases which since the 50 s try to contribute wich a solutionto the problem of the latin-america economical development. I m seeking to analyse and understand the models of the economical development proposed by the ECLA and the so called Washington Consensus to the region, wich by their own genesis constitute into two antagonic projects, since the former considers the State participation as an essential condition and the latter on the contrary intends a kind of economical development which is led by market, without the state interference. We come to a conclusion that both models demostred themselues ineffective in face of a great diversity of political, economical and cultural characteristics of the region. / A disserta??o busca analisar os modelos de integra??o regional que foram adotados nos pa?ses do continente americano sob duas perspectivas, a desenvolvimentista e a neoliberal. No que se refere ao modelo de integra??o desenvolvimentista, este tem como marco a aprova??o pela Assembl?ia Geral das Na??es Unidas, em 1948, da cria??o da Comiss?o econ?mica para a Am?rica Latina (CEPAL).Em rela??o ao modelo de integra??o regional sob a perspectiva neoliberal, este teve como marco a confer?ncia realizada em 1989, em Washington, capital dos Estados Unidos da Am?rica, que ficou conhecida como Consenso de Washington . Por meio de um levantamento bibliogr?fico, a presente disserta??o caracterizar as bases hist?ricas, institucionais, pol?ticas e econ?micas que desde a d?cada de 50 procuram contribuir com a solu??o do problema do desenvolvimento econ?mico da Am?rica Latina. Assim, a disserta??o se prop?e a analisar e compreender os modelos de desenvolvimento econ?mico proposto pela CEPAL e pelo chamado Consenso de Washington para a regi?o, que por sua pr?pria g?nese constituem em dois projetos antag?nicos, uma vez que o primeiro considera a participa??o do Estado como condi??o indispens?vel e o segundo ao contr?rio, pretende um modelo de desenvolvimento econ?mico capitaneado pelo mercado, sem a interfer?ncia estatal. Para atender este objetivo, s?o feitos estudos de caso sobre os modelos de integra??o regional adotados ou em processo de negocia??o nas Am?ricas, sob a perspectiva desenvolvimentista, a Associa??o Latino-Americana de Livre Com?rcio (ALALC), o Mercado Comum Centro-Americano e o Grupo Andino e no caso da perspectiva neoliberal, o Mercado Comum do Sul (Mercosul), o North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) e o projeto de cria??o da ?rea de Livre Com?rcio para as Am?ricas (ALCA). A conclus?o da disserta??o ? de que ambos os modelos se mostraram ineficazes diante da diversidade de caracter?sticas pol?ticas, econ?micas e culturais da regi?o.

科技的進步與經濟的發展，雖為人類創造了舒適便利的生活，但也製造了大量的廢棄物，根據環保署的估計，台灣地區每人每日垃圾製造量每年正以5%的驁人速度成長，而垃圾組成中，除了含有大量不易腐化物質外，亦含有相當高比例的可回收資源，為解決垃圾處理問題及避免資源的浪費，環保署在民國七十八年正式推展資源回收工作，陸續公告了各種回收辨法。推行至今，由於法令不夠周延、回收管道不健全，民眾配合意願不高、設備技術落後等因素，許多資源廢棄物或含有害物質之一般廢棄物仍未得到妥善的處理，為改善環境品質，將有用資源做最有效的利用，應針對當前資源回收工作所面臨的問題，作一通盤檢討，方能提出促進垃圾減量與資源回收的有效策略。限於時間及能力，本文之探討內容僅以環保署所訂出之17項應序回收之一般廢棄物為主。分析其從製造、消費、丟至棄回收各階段所可能發生的問題，而後提出一些高回收成效的經濟與非經濟策略。

(in English): This Diploma work is examining the relation between contemporary social conceptions and aims of education how these are expressed by curriculum documents mainly in Czech Republic. But this relation is not the case of easy and unidirectional impact of social knowledge to educational science. That is why the first part of this thesis is focused on four important postmodern philosophical and sociological concepts differently delimiting as distinct from modern society. General overview of contemporary society change characteristics proceeding from these analyses is the basis of rather different ways of pedagogical thinking followings. With three pedagogical conceptions simultaneously present in nowadays pedagogical discourse, but originally emerged in different eras and different social backgrounds I am trying to point to considerable antinomy demands on present aims of education. I am delineating which phrasings of social reality the contemporary Czech educational policy is rising from. I am stating that the reduction of social reality as background of education in general can lead to formation of ambivalences in suggested educational policy solutions. Finally this diploma work is trying to put forward brief proposals for solution of these new problems of education.

This thesis discusses the disposal of the biodegradable communal waste (hereinafter BRKO) in the city of Zlín. In the beginning it introduces the general terms and keywords and legal regulations concerning waste disposal. It mentions environmental effects of the BRKO dump, and also ways of collecting and further treatment of BRKO. The main part of the thesis describes the current BRKO management system in the city of Zlín and based on the projects that have been completed up until now it analyses management efficiency. The thesis shows an expected progression in the total amount of BRKO in the following years due to the new limits placed on BRKO dump by the Plan of Waste Management Program. Based on the collected data, this thesis proposes an optimal solution for waste collection and waste treatment in the city of Zlín and evaluates the environmental and economic benefits of the suggested waste management system.