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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
91

Comportamento fotoluminescente dos ânions complexos tetrakis(-dicetonatos) de Íons terras raras - Eu3+ , Gd3+ , Tb3+ e Tm3+ / Photoluminescent Behaviour of tetrakis(b-diketonates) Complex Anions with Rare Earth Ions - Eu3+, Gd3+, Tb3+ e Tm3+

Guedes, Marco Aurelio 30 November 2007 (has links)
Neste trabalho, os complexos tetrakis(ß-dicetonato) de terras-raras, (Q)[TR(&#946;-dicetonato)4 ] {(Q = Li+ , Na+ , K+ , (Et3 NH)+ , (Morf)+ , (TMPip)+ e (Diciclo)+ ); (TR3+ = Eu3+ , Gd3+ , Tb+ e Tm3+ ) e (&#946;-dicetonato = acac, dbm e tta), foram sintetizados, caracterizados e suas propriedades ópticas investigadas por meio de espectroscopia luminescente. Os dados de microanálises de CHN e titulação complexométrica evidenciaram a fórmula geral (Q)[TR(&#946;-dicetonato)4 ]. Os espectros de absorção na região do infravermelho indicaram o caráter anidro da maioria dos complexos, 3+ exceto para (Li)[TR(dbm))4 ].4H2 O, e que a coordenação dos &#946;-dicetonatos aos íons TR3+ ocorre através dos átomos de oxigênio dos grupos carbonila. Os difratogramas de raios-X (método do pó) evidenciam que os complexos com ligante acac e cátions derivados de metais alcalinos são mais cristalinos em relação aos compostos contendo bases nitrogenadas. O estudo fotoluminescente dos complexos (Q)[TR(&#946;-dicetonato)4] foi realizado a partir dos espectros de excitação e emissão registrados a 298 e 77K, e pela curva de decaimento luminescente. Os espectros de emissão dos compostos de Eu3+ , Tb3+ e Tm3+ apresentaram bandas finas características das transições intraconfiguracionais exibindo cores de emissão vermelha oriundas do íon Eu3+ (5 D0 7Fj J = 0-6), verde do íon Tb3+ (5D5 ? Fj, J = 6-0) e azul para do íon Tm3+ (1G4&#8594; 3H6 , e a 1G4&#8594;3 F4 ). Os desdobramentos e a intensidade das transições 5D0&#8594; 7Fj dos complexos de európio sugerem que este íon encontra-se em um ambiente químico D2d distorcido para C4v ou S4 . Com base nos dados espectrais foram determinados os parâmetros de intensidade experimentais (&#937;2, &#937;4 e &#937;6), os coeficientes de emissão radiativa (A<SUBrad) e não radiativa (A<SUBnrad) e a eficiência quântica de emissão experimental do nível 5D0 do íon Eu3+ (&#951;). Para os sistemas tetrakis contendo o ligante tta, o complexo com o contra-cátion (TMPip)+ apresentou o maior valor de &#9372 (42,1x10-20 cm-1) evidenciando um ambiente químico mais polarizável com o maior caráter covalente da ligação Eu3+ (&#946;-dicetonato). Os valores de eficiência quântica (&#951; ) do 5D0 , dos complexos tetrakis(&#946;-dicetonato) de Eu3+ , são altos quando comparados 0 com os compostos tris. Os complexos (Morf)[Eu(tta)4 ] e (TMPip)[Eu(tta)4 ] apresentaram os maiores valores de eficiência quântica &#951; = 88 e 92%, respectivamente. Portanto, estes complexos comportam-se como promissores dispositivos moleculares conversores de luz (DMCLs). A atribuição dos estados T dos ligantes acac, dbm e tta foram feitas a partir dos espectros de emissão dos complexos de gadolínio, (Q)[Gd(&#946;-dicetonato acac)4 ], registrados no estado estacionário e resolvido no tempo, a 77K. Os espectros de emissão dos complexos tetrakis, (Q)[Tm(acac)4] onde Q = Li+, Na+ e K apresentaram a transição 1G4&#8594; 3H6 bastante intensa, indicando a alta luminescência azul. Os espectros de emissão dos complexos tetrakis, (Q)[Tb(acac)4 ], Q = Li+ , Na+ e K+ mostram bandas de emissão finas características das transições 5D4&#8594;7Fj (J = 6-0) e não exibem as emissões originárias do ligante acac, indicando uma transferência de energia intramolecular 3+ eficiente do ligante acetilacetonato ao íon Tb3+ . Os dispositivos OLEDs, bicamada e tricamada, contendo os complexos tetrakis Li[Eu(dbm)4] e Li[Tb(acac)4], como camada emissora e transportadora de elétrons exibiram alta intensidade eletroluminescente vermelha e verde, oriundas das transições 5D0&#8594;7F0-4 e 5D4&#8594;7F6-0 dos íons Eu3+ e TbSUP>3+ , respectivamente. Os espectros triboluminescentes (TL) do complexo (TMPip)[Eu(tta)4 ] apresentam as transições intraconfiguracionais 5D0&#8594;7Fj (J = 0 a 4), com a transição hipersensível 5D0&#8594;7F2 proeminente na região de 612 nm. / This work reports the synthesis, characterization, spectroscopic properties of tetrakis(&#946;-diketonate) complexes of rare earths, (Q)[RE(&#946;-diketonate)4] {(Q+ = Li+, Na+, K+, (Et3NH)+, (Morf)+, (TMPip)+ and (Diciclo)+); (RE3+ = Eu3+, Gd3+, Tb+ and Tm3+) and (&$946;-diketonate = acac, dbm and tta)}. The elemental analysis of CHN and complexometric titration suggest the general formula (Q)[RE(&#946;-diketonate)4]. The infrared spectra indicated the anhydrous character of the complexes, except for (Li)[RE(dbm)4].4H2O, and the coordination between &$946;-diketonate ligands and RE3+ ions occurs through the oxygen atoms of carbonyl groups. The X-ray diffractograms (powder method) confirmed that the complexes with acac ligand and derived alkaline metals cations are more crystalline when compared with the complexes containing nitrogenated bases. The photoluminescence study of the (Q)[RE(&#946;-diketonate)4] complexes was performed through the excitation and emission spectra at 298 and 77K, and luminescence decay curves. The emission spectra of the Eu3+, Tb3+ and Tm3+ complexes displayed characteristic narrow bands arising from intraconfigurational transitions of trivalent rare earths ions and exhibited red color emission for the Eu3+ ion (5D0&#8594;7FJ, J = 0-6), green for the Tb3+ ion ( 5D4&#8594;7FJ, J = 6-0) and blue for the Tm3+ ion ( 1G4&#8594;3H6, and 1G4&#8594;3F4). The splitting and intensity of the 5D0&#8594;7FJ transitions of the europium complexes suggest the distortion of chemical environment around this Eu3+ ion from D2d to C4v or S4. Based on the spectroscopy data, the experimental intensity parameters (&#9372, &#937;4 e &#937;6), the coefficients of radioactive (Arad) and non-radioactive (Anrad) emissions and the quantum efficiency of experimental emission of the emitting 5D0 level of Eu3+ ion (&#951;) were determined. For tetrakis systems containing tta ligand, the complex with (TMPip)+ countercation presented the highest value of &#937;2 (42.1x10-20 cm-1), suggesting the presence of a highly polarizable chemical environment and consequently, indicating the highest covalent character of the Eu3+ - (&#946;-diketonate) bond. The values of quantum efficiency (&#951;) of the emitting 5D0 state of the tetrakis(&#946;-diketonate) complexes of Eu3+ were higher compared with those tris-complexes. The (Morf)[Eu(tta)4] and (TMPip)[Eu(tta)4] complexes presented highest values of quantum efficiency &#951; = 88 and 92%, respectively. Therefore, these complexes can act as potential candidates for Light Conversion Molecular Devices (LCMDs). The triplet states of the acac, dbm and tta ligands were determined from the emission spectra of gadolinium complexes, (Q)[Gd(&#946;-dicetonato acac)4], recorded by steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence measurements, at 77K. The emission spectra of the tetrakis complexes, (Q)[Tm(acac)4] where Q+ = Li+, Na+ and K+ presented high intensity 1G4&#8594;3H6 transition, showing a intense blue luminescence. The emission spectra of tetrakis complexes, (Q)[Tb(acac)4], Q+ = Li+, Na+ e K+, exhibit characteristic narrow emission bands of the 5D4&#8594;7FJ (J = 6-0) transitions, however, the absent of the broaden band arising from the acac ligand suggests the efficient intramolecular energy transfer from the acetylacetonate ligand to Tb3+ ion. The double-layer and triple-layer OLEDs devices, containing Li[Eu(dbm)4] and Li[Tb(acac)4] tetrakis complexes as emitting layer and electron transport layer, exhibited high electroluminescent intensity with red and green emissions arising from the 5D0&#8594;7F0-4 and 5D4&#8594;7F6-0 transitions of Eu3+ and Tb3+ ions, respectively. The spectra of triboluminescence (TL) of the (TMPip)[Eu(tta)4] complex present intraconfigurational 5D0&#8594;7FJ transitions (J = 0 a 4), with the hypersensitive 5D0&#8594;7F2 transition prominent in the region around 612 nm.
92

Eletroluminescência e fotoluminescência de &#946;-dicetonatos de terras raras contendo ligantes sulfóxidos e fosfinóxidos / Electroluminescence and photoluminescence of rare earth &#946;-diketonates containing sulfoxides and phosphin oxides

Carlos Fernando Barboza da Silva 11 October 2001 (has links)
Neste trabalho são relatadas as propriedades fotoluminescentes e eletroluminescentes dos compostos de &#946;-dicetonato de terras raras trivalentes (onde TR3+ = Eu, Sm e Gd) contendo ligantes fosfinóxidos e sulfóxidos. A preparação dos complexos foi feita pela reação do precursor &#946;-dicetonato hidratado [TR(TTA)3(H2O)2] (TTA = tenoiltrifluoroacetonato) com os ligantes fosfinóxidos [trifenilfosfinóxido (TPPO)] e sulfóxidos [dibenzilsulfóxido (DBSO) e difenilsulfóxido (DPSO)] em solução etanólica. Os complexos foram caracterizados por análise elementar, análise termogravimétrica, DRX pelo método do pó e monocristal e espectroscopia IV. Os dados de microanálise e titulação complexométrica evidenciaram que os complexos apresentam a fórmula geral [TR(TTA)3(L)2]. As curvas TG/DTG apresentaram etapas de decomposição térmica bem definidas para os compostos anidros e indicaram que os complexos sintetizados mostram maior estabilidade térmica que o complexo hidratado. Os espectros de absorção na região do infravermelho indicaram que a coordenação do ânion TTA- e ligantes fosfinóxidos e sulfóxidos ao íon TR3+ ocorre através dos átomos de oxigênio. Através da técnica de difratometria de raios-X por monocristal elucidou-se a estrutura molecular do complexo bis(trifenilfosfinóxido )-tris(tenoilfluoracetonato )európio(III) [Eu(TTA)3(TPPO)2]. O complexo em questão apresenta sistema triclínico, com grupo espacial P-1. Oito átomos de oxigênio estão coordenados ao íon central e a esfera de coordenação apresenta-se como um antiprisma quadrado com moléculas de TPPO ocupando faces opostas. Os espectros de emissão mostram que os desdobramentos das transições 5D0&#8594;7Fj (J = 0 a 4) para os complexos de Eu3+ e 4G5/2 &#8594; 6HJ (J = 5/2-11/2) para o Sm3+ obedecem à regra de seleção do número máximo de componentes, sugerindo um grupo pontual de baixa simetria. O alto valor dos parâmetros de intensidade &#937;2 dos complexos de Eu3+ reflete o comportamento hipersensível da transição 5D0&#8594;7F2, indicando que o íon Eu3+ encontra-se em um ambiente químico altamente polarizável. As curvas de decaimento, para os sistemas com os íons Eu3+ e Sm3+, ajustam-se a uma exponencial de primeira ordem, sugerindo que não há outro processo de depopulação para o nível 5D0 e o valor do tempo de vida indica que o processo de transferência de energia é bastante operante. Os compostos preparados com os ligantes sulfóxidos e fosfinóxidos apresentam maior tempo de vida em relação ao complexo [Eu(TTA)3(H2O)2], este fato está associado a ausência de processos de desativação não radiativa referente ao acoplamento vibrônico com as moléculas de água. Os complexos contendo ligantes sulfóxidos e fosfinóxidos apresentam maiores valores de eficiência quântica e rendimento quântico de emissão experimental em relação ao complexo hidratado devido à substituição das moléculas de água, extinguindo assim, a supressão da luminescência pelos osciladores OH. O espectro de fosforescência do composto [Gd(TTA)3(TPPO)2] apresenta bandas referentes aos estados tripletos (T) do TTA- (~ 525 nm). Estas bandas não são observadas no espectro de emissão dos complexos de Eu3+ e Sm3+ indicando que a transferência de energia do estado T de menor energia do TTA- para os níveis emissores 5D0 (Eu3+) e 4G5/2 (Sm3+) é bastante eficiente. O complexo [Eu(TTA)3(TPPO)2] foi utilizado como camada emissora na construção de dispositivos eletroluminescentes com estruturas: ITO/TPD/[Eu(TTA)3(TPPO)2]/Alq3/Al,ITO/MTCD/[Eu(TTA)3(TPPO)2]/Alq3/Al e ITO/MTCD/[Eu(TTA)3(TPPO)2]/Al apresentaram valor máximo de eficiência EL em torno de 0,0011 cd/A em 23 V. Os espectros EL apresentaram emissão características das transições 5D0&#8594;7FJ oriundas do íon Eu3+. As coordenadas da Comissão Internacional de l\'Eclairage (CIE) foram determinadas e mostraram que os dispositivos emitem cor vermelha monocromática. / In this work the photo and electroluminescent properties of the trivalent rare earth (RE3+ = Eu, Sm and Gd) &#946;-diketonate compounds with phosphine oxide and sulfoxide ligands are related. The TR3+ complexes were prepared by the reaction between the hydrated &#946;-diketonate [TR(TTA)3(H2O)2] (TTA = thenoyltrifluoroacetonate) and the phosphine oxides and sulfoxides ligands in ethanolic solution. The complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, XRD by powder and monocrystal methods, and IR spectroscopy. The microanalysis and complexometric titration data evidenced that complexes present the general formula [RE(TTA)3(L)2] (where L = triphenilphosphine oxide TPPO, diphenilsulfoxide DPSO and dibenzilsulfoxide DBSO). The TG/DTG curves ofthe anhydrous compounds showed well-defined stages with higher thermal stability when compared to the hydrated complex. The absorption spectra in the infrared region showed that the coordination of TTA anion and ligands to RE3+ ions occurs through the oxygen atoms. The molecular structure of the complex europium (III) tris(&#945;-tenoyltrifluoroacetonate) bistriphenylphosphine oxide [Eu(TTA)3(TPPO)2] was elucidated utilizing the monocrystal X-ray difractometry technique. This complex has a triclinic system, with spatial group P-1, where eight oxygen atoms are coordinated to the rare earth ion and the coordination polyhedron which is best approximated as a squared antiprism whereas there are two TPPO molecules occupying the opposite faces. The emission spectra showed that the 5D0&#8594;7Fj (J = 0-4) and 4G5/2 &#8594; 6HJ (J = 5/2-11/2) transitions of the europium and samarium complexes, respectively splitting in the maximum number components, indicating that the rare earth ions are in a low site symmetries. The high value of the intensity parameters &#937;2 of the Eu3+ complexes reflect the hypersensitive behavior of the 5D0&#8594;7F2 transition indicating that the Eu3+ ion is in a highly polarizable chemical environment. The luminescence decay curves of the systems containing Eu3+ and Sm3+ ions, adjust to a first order exponential, suggesting that there is no other channel for the depopulation to the level 5D0 and the value of lifetime indicate that the transfer energy process is operant. The [Eu(TTA)3(TPPO)2] has a higher lifetime value than europium tris(thenoyltrifluoroacetonate) dihydrate [Eu(TTA)3(H2O)2] due to the absence of the deactivation channel non-radiative by the vibronic coupling from the water molecules. It has been observed an increase in the emission quantum yield ( and emission quantum efficiency) of &#946;-diketonate complexes when the TPPO, DPSO and DBSO ligands substitute the two water molecules. The phosphorescence spectrum of the [Gd(TTA)3(TPPO)2] complex shows bands referent to the triplet states (T) of the TTA-. These bands are not observed in the emission spectra of the Eu3+ e Sm3+ complexes, corroborating that the energy transfer from the lower energy T of the TTA- to the emitting level 5D0 (Eu3+) e 4G5/2 (Sm3+) is very effective. The [Eu(TTA)3(TPPO)2] complex was utilized as emitting layer in the construction of electroluminescent devices with the structure ITO/TPD/[Eu(TTA)3(TPPO)2]/Alq3/Al, ITO/MTCD/[Eu(TTA)3(TPPO)2]/Alq3/Al and ITO/MTCD/[Eu(TTA)3(TPPO)2]/Al and showed high efficiency around 0.0011 cd/A at 23 V The EL spectra presented characteristic emission originated from the Eu3+ ion. The chromaticity coordinates of the Commission Internationale de l\'Eclairage (CIE) was determined and showed that the constructed devices emit a monochromatic red light.
93

Nanofils de semiconducteurs à grande énergie de bande interdite pour des applications optoélectroniques / Wide bandgap semiconductor nanowires for optoelectronic devices

Jacopin, Gwenolé 26 September 2012 (has links)
Depuis le début des années 2000, une vaste classe de nanofils de nitrures d’éléments III et de ZnO peut être synthétisée avec un excellent contrôle des propriétés de dopage et de composition. La géométrie spécifique de ces nanofils permet de faire croître des hétérostructures radiales et axiales qui ont des propriétés optiques et de transport très avantageuses par rapport aux couches minces. Ces propriétés en font des candidats prometteurs pour la réalisation d’une nouvelle génération de dispositifs plus efficaces (LEDs, photodétecteurs,…). Pour cela, il est indispensable de comprendre les nouveaux effets induits par la géométrie particulière de ces nanostructures : c’est l’objet de cette thèse. Dans une première partie, je présente une étude des propriétés optiques de nanofils de semiconducteurs à grande énergie de bande interdite. J’analyse d’abord l’effet de la contrainte sur les propriétés d’émission des nanofils cœur-coquille GaN/AlGaN. En particulier, je mets en évidence le croisement des bandes de valence et son influence sur les propriétés optiques des nanofils. Ensuite, je me focalise sur l’effet du confinement quantique et les propriétés de polarisation dans les nanofils hétérostructurés de nitrures d’éléments III. Dans une seconde partie, je m’intéresse à la réalisation et à la caractérisation de dispositifs à base de nanofils de nitrures d’éléments III et de ZnO. J’expose tout d’abord la modélisation et l’étude expérimentale de photodétecteurs à ensemble de nanofils en mettant en avant l’influence des états de surface sur leur réponse. Je m’intéresse ensuite aux propriétés de transport dans des nanofils uniques de nitrures d’éléments III hétérostructurés. Je montre, en particulier, que ces hétérostructures sont le siège d’une résistance différentielle négative. Enfin, je présente la réalisation et la caractérisation de photodétecteurs et de LEDs utilisant des nanofils uniques InGaN/GaN cœur-coquille. Un modèle électrique équivalent permet de rendre compte du comportement observé. / Since the early 2000s, a large class of wide bandgap nanowires can be grown with an excellent control of doping and composition. The specific geometry of the nanowires leads to radial or axial heterostructures with better optical and transport properties compared to thin films. Due to these properties, they are promising candidates for a new generation of more efficient devices (LEDs, photodetectors, etc.). It is essential to understand the new effects induced by the particular geometry of these nanostructures.In the first part, I deal with the optical properties of wide bandgap semiconductor nanowires. First, I analyze the effect of the stress on the emission properties of core-shell GaN/AlGaN nanowires. I highlight the intersection of valence bands and its influence on the optical properties of nanowires. Then, I focus on the effect of quantum confinement and on the polarization properties of III-nitride heterostructured nanowires.In the second part, I describe the fabrication and characterization of III-nitride and ZnO nanowire-based devices. I first model and study photodetectors based on ensemble of nanowires. Then, I focus on the transport properties of single heterostructured nanowires of III-nitride heterostructures. I show in particular that these heterostructures exhibit a negative differential resistance. Finally, I present characterization of photodetectors and LEDs using single core-shell InGaN/GaN nanowires. An equivalent electrical circuit explains the observed behavior
94

Nanoscale characterization of interfacial electronic properties and degradation mechanisms of organic thin films for electroluminescence displays. / CUHK electronic theses & dissertations collection / Digital dissertation consortium

January 2002 (has links)
by Xu Mingsheng. / "October 2002." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.
95

Comportamento fotoluminescente dos ânions complexos tetrakis(-dicetonatos) de Íons terras raras - Eu3+ , Gd3+ , Tb3+ e Tm3+ / Photoluminescent Behaviour of tetrakis(b-diketonates) Complex Anions with Rare Earth Ions - Eu3+, Gd3+, Tb3+ e Tm3+

Marco Aurelio Guedes 30 November 2007 (has links)
Neste trabalho, os complexos tetrakis(ß-dicetonato) de terras-raras, (Q)[TR(&#946;-dicetonato)4 ] {(Q = Li+ , Na+ , K+ , (Et3 NH)+ , (Morf)+ , (TMPip)+ e (Diciclo)+ ); (TR3+ = Eu3+ , Gd3+ , Tb+ e Tm3+ ) e (&#946;-dicetonato = acac, dbm e tta), foram sintetizados, caracterizados e suas propriedades ópticas investigadas por meio de espectroscopia luminescente. Os dados de microanálises de CHN e titulação complexométrica evidenciaram a fórmula geral (Q)[TR(&#946;-dicetonato)4 ]. Os espectros de absorção na região do infravermelho indicaram o caráter anidro da maioria dos complexos, 3+ exceto para (Li)[TR(dbm))4 ].4H2 O, e que a coordenação dos &#946;-dicetonatos aos íons TR3+ ocorre através dos átomos de oxigênio dos grupos carbonila. Os difratogramas de raios-X (método do pó) evidenciam que os complexos com ligante acac e cátions derivados de metais alcalinos são mais cristalinos em relação aos compostos contendo bases nitrogenadas. O estudo fotoluminescente dos complexos (Q)[TR(&#946;-dicetonato)4] foi realizado a partir dos espectros de excitação e emissão registrados a 298 e 77K, e pela curva de decaimento luminescente. Os espectros de emissão dos compostos de Eu3+ , Tb3+ e Tm3+ apresentaram bandas finas características das transições intraconfiguracionais exibindo cores de emissão vermelha oriundas do íon Eu3+ (5 D0 7Fj J = 0-6), verde do íon Tb3+ (5D5 ? Fj, J = 6-0) e azul para do íon Tm3+ (1G4&#8594; 3H6 , e a 1G4&#8594;3 F4 ). Os desdobramentos e a intensidade das transições 5D0&#8594; 7Fj dos complexos de európio sugerem que este íon encontra-se em um ambiente químico D2d distorcido para C4v ou S4 . Com base nos dados espectrais foram determinados os parâmetros de intensidade experimentais (&#937;2, &#937;4 e &#937;6), os coeficientes de emissão radiativa (A<SUBrad) e não radiativa (A<SUBnrad) e a eficiência quântica de emissão experimental do nível 5D0 do íon Eu3+ (&#951;). Para os sistemas tetrakis contendo o ligante tta, o complexo com o contra-cátion (TMPip)+ apresentou o maior valor de &#9372 (42,1x10-20 cm-1) evidenciando um ambiente químico mais polarizável com o maior caráter covalente da ligação Eu3+ (&#946;-dicetonato). Os valores de eficiência quântica (&#951; ) do 5D0 , dos complexos tetrakis(&#946;-dicetonato) de Eu3+ , são altos quando comparados 0 com os compostos tris. Os complexos (Morf)[Eu(tta)4 ] e (TMPip)[Eu(tta)4 ] apresentaram os maiores valores de eficiência quântica &#951; = 88 e 92%, respectivamente. Portanto, estes complexos comportam-se como promissores dispositivos moleculares conversores de luz (DMCLs). A atribuição dos estados T dos ligantes acac, dbm e tta foram feitas a partir dos espectros de emissão dos complexos de gadolínio, (Q)[Gd(&#946;-dicetonato acac)4 ], registrados no estado estacionário e resolvido no tempo, a 77K. Os espectros de emissão dos complexos tetrakis, (Q)[Tm(acac)4] onde Q = Li+, Na+ e K apresentaram a transição 1G4&#8594; 3H6 bastante intensa, indicando a alta luminescência azul. Os espectros de emissão dos complexos tetrakis, (Q)[Tb(acac)4 ], Q = Li+ , Na+ e K+ mostram bandas de emissão finas características das transições 5D4&#8594;7Fj (J = 6-0) e não exibem as emissões originárias do ligante acac, indicando uma transferência de energia intramolecular 3+ eficiente do ligante acetilacetonato ao íon Tb3+ . Os dispositivos OLEDs, bicamada e tricamada, contendo os complexos tetrakis Li[Eu(dbm)4] e Li[Tb(acac)4], como camada emissora e transportadora de elétrons exibiram alta intensidade eletroluminescente vermelha e verde, oriundas das transições 5D0&#8594;7F0-4 e 5D4&#8594;7F6-0 dos íons Eu3+ e TbSUP>3+ , respectivamente. Os espectros triboluminescentes (TL) do complexo (TMPip)[Eu(tta)4 ] apresentam as transições intraconfiguracionais 5D0&#8594;7Fj (J = 0 a 4), com a transição hipersensível 5D0&#8594;7F2 proeminente na região de 612 nm. / This work reports the synthesis, characterization, spectroscopic properties of tetrakis(&#946;-diketonate) complexes of rare earths, (Q)[RE(&#946;-diketonate)4] {(Q+ = Li+, Na+, K+, (Et3NH)+, (Morf)+, (TMPip)+ and (Diciclo)+); (RE3+ = Eu3+, Gd3+, Tb+ and Tm3+) and (&$946;-diketonate = acac, dbm and tta)}. The elemental analysis of CHN and complexometric titration suggest the general formula (Q)[RE(&#946;-diketonate)4]. The infrared spectra indicated the anhydrous character of the complexes, except for (Li)[RE(dbm)4].4H2O, and the coordination between &$946;-diketonate ligands and RE3+ ions occurs through the oxygen atoms of carbonyl groups. The X-ray diffractograms (powder method) confirmed that the complexes with acac ligand and derived alkaline metals cations are more crystalline when compared with the complexes containing nitrogenated bases. The photoluminescence study of the (Q)[RE(&#946;-diketonate)4] complexes was performed through the excitation and emission spectra at 298 and 77K, and luminescence decay curves. The emission spectra of the Eu3+, Tb3+ and Tm3+ complexes displayed characteristic narrow bands arising from intraconfigurational transitions of trivalent rare earths ions and exhibited red color emission for the Eu3+ ion (5D0&#8594;7FJ, J = 0-6), green for the Tb3+ ion ( 5D4&#8594;7FJ, J = 6-0) and blue for the Tm3+ ion ( 1G4&#8594;3H6, and 1G4&#8594;3F4). The splitting and intensity of the 5D0&#8594;7FJ transitions of the europium complexes suggest the distortion of chemical environment around this Eu3+ ion from D2d to C4v or S4. Based on the spectroscopy data, the experimental intensity parameters (&#9372, &#937;4 e &#937;6), the coefficients of radioactive (Arad) and non-radioactive (Anrad) emissions and the quantum efficiency of experimental emission of the emitting 5D0 level of Eu3+ ion (&#951;) were determined. For tetrakis systems containing tta ligand, the complex with (TMPip)+ countercation presented the highest value of &#937;2 (42.1x10-20 cm-1), suggesting the presence of a highly polarizable chemical environment and consequently, indicating the highest covalent character of the Eu3+ - (&#946;-diketonate) bond. The values of quantum efficiency (&#951;) of the emitting 5D0 state of the tetrakis(&#946;-diketonate) complexes of Eu3+ were higher compared with those tris-complexes. The (Morf)[Eu(tta)4] and (TMPip)[Eu(tta)4] complexes presented highest values of quantum efficiency &#951; = 88 and 92%, respectively. Therefore, these complexes can act as potential candidates for Light Conversion Molecular Devices (LCMDs). The triplet states of the acac, dbm and tta ligands were determined from the emission spectra of gadolinium complexes, (Q)[Gd(&#946;-dicetonato acac)4], recorded by steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence measurements, at 77K. The emission spectra of the tetrakis complexes, (Q)[Tm(acac)4] where Q+ = Li+, Na+ and K+ presented high intensity 1G4&#8594;3H6 transition, showing a intense blue luminescence. The emission spectra of tetrakis complexes, (Q)[Tb(acac)4], Q+ = Li+, Na+ e K+, exhibit characteristic narrow emission bands of the 5D4&#8594;7FJ (J = 6-0) transitions, however, the absent of the broaden band arising from the acac ligand suggests the efficient intramolecular energy transfer from the acetylacetonate ligand to Tb3+ ion. The double-layer and triple-layer OLEDs devices, containing Li[Eu(dbm)4] and Li[Tb(acac)4] tetrakis complexes as emitting layer and electron transport layer, exhibited high electroluminescent intensity with red and green emissions arising from the 5D0&#8594;7F0-4 and 5D4&#8594;7F6-0 transitions of Eu3+ and Tb3+ ions, respectively. The spectra of triboluminescence (TL) of the (TMPip)[Eu(tta)4] complex present intraconfigurational 5D0&#8594;7FJ transitions (J = 0 a 4), with the hypersensitive 5D0&#8594;7F2 transition prominent in the region around 612 nm.
96

Eletroluminescência e fotoluminescência de &#946;-dicetonatos de terras raras contendo ligantes sulfóxidos e fosfinóxidos / Electroluminescence and photoluminescence of rare earth &#946;-diketonates containing sulfoxides and phosphin oxides

Silva, Carlos Fernando Barboza da 11 October 2001 (has links)
Neste trabalho são relatadas as propriedades fotoluminescentes e eletroluminescentes dos compostos de &#946;-dicetonato de terras raras trivalentes (onde TR3+ = Eu, Sm e Gd) contendo ligantes fosfinóxidos e sulfóxidos. A preparação dos complexos foi feita pela reação do precursor &#946;-dicetonato hidratado [TR(TTA)3(H2O)2] (TTA = tenoiltrifluoroacetonato) com os ligantes fosfinóxidos [trifenilfosfinóxido (TPPO)] e sulfóxidos [dibenzilsulfóxido (DBSO) e difenilsulfóxido (DPSO)] em solução etanólica. Os complexos foram caracterizados por análise elementar, análise termogravimétrica, DRX pelo método do pó e monocristal e espectroscopia IV. Os dados de microanálise e titulação complexométrica evidenciaram que os complexos apresentam a fórmula geral [TR(TTA)3(L)2]. As curvas TG/DTG apresentaram etapas de decomposição térmica bem definidas para os compostos anidros e indicaram que os complexos sintetizados mostram maior estabilidade térmica que o complexo hidratado. Os espectros de absorção na região do infravermelho indicaram que a coordenação do ânion TTA- e ligantes fosfinóxidos e sulfóxidos ao íon TR3+ ocorre através dos átomos de oxigênio. Através da técnica de difratometria de raios-X por monocristal elucidou-se a estrutura molecular do complexo bis(trifenilfosfinóxido )-tris(tenoilfluoracetonato )európio(III) [Eu(TTA)3(TPPO)2]. O complexo em questão apresenta sistema triclínico, com grupo espacial P-1. Oito átomos de oxigênio estão coordenados ao íon central e a esfera de coordenação apresenta-se como um antiprisma quadrado com moléculas de TPPO ocupando faces opostas. Os espectros de emissão mostram que os desdobramentos das transições 5D0&#8594;7Fj (J = 0 a 4) para os complexos de Eu3+ e 4G5/2 &#8594; 6HJ (J = 5/2-11/2) para o Sm3+ obedecem à regra de seleção do número máximo de componentes, sugerindo um grupo pontual de baixa simetria. O alto valor dos parâmetros de intensidade &#937;2 dos complexos de Eu3+ reflete o comportamento hipersensível da transição 5D0&#8594;7F2, indicando que o íon Eu3+ encontra-se em um ambiente químico altamente polarizável. As curvas de decaimento, para os sistemas com os íons Eu3+ e Sm3+, ajustam-se a uma exponencial de primeira ordem, sugerindo que não há outro processo de depopulação para o nível 5D0 e o valor do tempo de vida indica que o processo de transferência de energia é bastante operante. Os compostos preparados com os ligantes sulfóxidos e fosfinóxidos apresentam maior tempo de vida em relação ao complexo [Eu(TTA)3(H2O)2], este fato está associado a ausência de processos de desativação não radiativa referente ao acoplamento vibrônico com as moléculas de água. Os complexos contendo ligantes sulfóxidos e fosfinóxidos apresentam maiores valores de eficiência quântica e rendimento quântico de emissão experimental em relação ao complexo hidratado devido à substituição das moléculas de água, extinguindo assim, a supressão da luminescência pelos osciladores OH. O espectro de fosforescência do composto [Gd(TTA)3(TPPO)2] apresenta bandas referentes aos estados tripletos (T) do TTA- (~ 525 nm). Estas bandas não são observadas no espectro de emissão dos complexos de Eu3+ e Sm3+ indicando que a transferência de energia do estado T de menor energia do TTA- para os níveis emissores 5D0 (Eu3+) e 4G5/2 (Sm3+) é bastante eficiente. O complexo [Eu(TTA)3(TPPO)2] foi utilizado como camada emissora na construção de dispositivos eletroluminescentes com estruturas: ITO/TPD/[Eu(TTA)3(TPPO)2]/Alq3/Al,ITO/MTCD/[Eu(TTA)3(TPPO)2]/Alq3/Al e ITO/MTCD/[Eu(TTA)3(TPPO)2]/Al apresentaram valor máximo de eficiência EL em torno de 0,0011 cd/A em 23 V. Os espectros EL apresentaram emissão características das transições 5D0&#8594;7FJ oriundas do íon Eu3+. As coordenadas da Comissão Internacional de l\'Eclairage (CIE) foram determinadas e mostraram que os dispositivos emitem cor vermelha monocromática. / In this work the photo and electroluminescent properties of the trivalent rare earth (RE3+ = Eu, Sm and Gd) &#946;-diketonate compounds with phosphine oxide and sulfoxide ligands are related. The TR3+ complexes were prepared by the reaction between the hydrated &#946;-diketonate [TR(TTA)3(H2O)2] (TTA = thenoyltrifluoroacetonate) and the phosphine oxides and sulfoxides ligands in ethanolic solution. The complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, XRD by powder and monocrystal methods, and IR spectroscopy. The microanalysis and complexometric titration data evidenced that complexes present the general formula [RE(TTA)3(L)2] (where L = triphenilphosphine oxide TPPO, diphenilsulfoxide DPSO and dibenzilsulfoxide DBSO). The TG/DTG curves ofthe anhydrous compounds showed well-defined stages with higher thermal stability when compared to the hydrated complex. The absorption spectra in the infrared region showed that the coordination of TTA anion and ligands to RE3+ ions occurs through the oxygen atoms. The molecular structure of the complex europium (III) tris(&#945;-tenoyltrifluoroacetonate) bistriphenylphosphine oxide [Eu(TTA)3(TPPO)2] was elucidated utilizing the monocrystal X-ray difractometry technique. This complex has a triclinic system, with spatial group P-1, where eight oxygen atoms are coordinated to the rare earth ion and the coordination polyhedron which is best approximated as a squared antiprism whereas there are two TPPO molecules occupying the opposite faces. The emission spectra showed that the 5D0&#8594;7Fj (J = 0-4) and 4G5/2 &#8594; 6HJ (J = 5/2-11/2) transitions of the europium and samarium complexes, respectively splitting in the maximum number components, indicating that the rare earth ions are in a low site symmetries. The high value of the intensity parameters &#937;2 of the Eu3+ complexes reflect the hypersensitive behavior of the 5D0&#8594;7F2 transition indicating that the Eu3+ ion is in a highly polarizable chemical environment. The luminescence decay curves of the systems containing Eu3+ and Sm3+ ions, adjust to a first order exponential, suggesting that there is no other channel for the depopulation to the level 5D0 and the value of lifetime indicate that the transfer energy process is operant. The [Eu(TTA)3(TPPO)2] has a higher lifetime value than europium tris(thenoyltrifluoroacetonate) dihydrate [Eu(TTA)3(H2O)2] due to the absence of the deactivation channel non-radiative by the vibronic coupling from the water molecules. It has been observed an increase in the emission quantum yield ( and emission quantum efficiency) of &#946;-diketonate complexes when the TPPO, DPSO and DBSO ligands substitute the two water molecules. The phosphorescence spectrum of the [Gd(TTA)3(TPPO)2] complex shows bands referent to the triplet states (T) of the TTA-. These bands are not observed in the emission spectra of the Eu3+ e Sm3+ complexes, corroborating that the energy transfer from the lower energy T of the TTA- to the emitting level 5D0 (Eu3+) e 4G5/2 (Sm3+) is very effective. The [Eu(TTA)3(TPPO)2] complex was utilized as emitting layer in the construction of electroluminescent devices with the structure ITO/TPD/[Eu(TTA)3(TPPO)2]/Alq3/Al, ITO/MTCD/[Eu(TTA)3(TPPO)2]/Alq3/Al and ITO/MTCD/[Eu(TTA)3(TPPO)2]/Al and showed high efficiency around 0.0011 cd/A at 23 V The EL spectra presented characteristic emission originated from the Eu3+ ion. The chromaticity coordinates of the Commission Internationale de l\'Eclairage (CIE) was determined and showed that the constructed devices emit a monochromatic red light.
97

Etudes des propriétés opto-électroniques de structures et de composants à base de nanostructures de Si

DE LA TORRE, Jorge 12 December 2003 (has links) (PDF)
Actuellement le silicium est le semiconducteur de base de la microélectronique grâce notamment à la grande échelle d'intégration et les faibles coûts de production. Cependant, à l'heure actuelle, la miniaturisation de composants microélectroniques est confrontée à des forts problèmes puisque selon les prédictions, dans une dizaine d'années les longueurs de transmission dépasseront les 90 km dans une seule puce et la transmission d'information représentera un gros handicap à cause des problèmes de retardement de propagation des signaux et de dissipation de chaleur. Dans ce contexte, une microphotonique basée 100% en silicium (Si) semble être une option particulièrement intéressante puisque à ce jour la plupart de dispositifs nécessaires pour développer cette technologie tels que des guides d'onde, des modulateurs et commutateurs optiques rapides ou encore des filtres optiques accordables ont été déjà démontrés. Pourtant, un élément majeur pour le développement de cette filière qui est l'obtention d'une source efficace de lumière à base de Si reste à nos jours un obstacle important à franchir. Ce travail porte sur l'étude des propriétés électro-optiques des nanocristaux de silicium (nc-Si) fabriqués par implantation ionique à l'Université de Barcelone et par LPCVD au CEA-LETI à Grenoble en vue de l'obtention de dispositifs électroluminescents (DEL) efficaces. Ainsi, la luminescence des nc-Si sera discutée dans le cadre des différents modèles théoriques postulés. Par ailleurs, nous montrerons les différentes approches utilisées pour l'obtention de DELs et nous présenterons un dispositif opérant à une faible tension de polarisation et dans un régime d'injection de porteurs « froids » qui évite la dégradation de leurs propriétés électroluminescentes. Enfin, la mise au point de la technique de photocourant qui a permit de déterminer d'une façon relativement simple le spectre d'absorption des nc-Si sera présentée.
98

Etats électroniques localisés dans a-Si1-xCx:H massif et poreux: Spectroscopie IR et photoluminescence.

Rerbal, Kamila 04 June 2004 (has links) (PDF)
Dans les semiconducteurs amorphes, les propriétés macroscopiques sont déterminées par les états localisés. La spectroscopie IR photomodulée nous a permis de faire une étude originale des états localisés dans ce matériau. Nous avons étudié l'absorption IR photomodulée de a-Si1-xCx:H. L'analyse des résultats nous a permis de déterminer la largeur de la queue de bande de valence et celle de la queue de bande de conduction séparément. a-Si1-xCx:H dopé au bore peut être rendu microporeux par anodisation dans un électrolyte à base de HF. Sa luminescence est décalée vers le bleu par rapport à celle du massif pour une même concentration en carbone. La caractérisation par spectroscopie IR a révélé un taux de carbone plus élevé dans les couches poreuses que dans le matériau massif correspondant. Cet enrichissement en carbone, dû à la dissolution sélective du silicium lors de l'anodisation a été confirmé quantitativement par SIMS. La variation de la photoluminescence de a-Si1-xCx:H a été mesurée entre 77 et 400K. En utilisant nos résultats de mesures d'absorption IR photomodulée, nous avons pu comprendre la dépendance de la PL avec la température grâce à un modèle.
99

Investigation of Electroluminescence Degradation in Anthracene-based Organic Light-Emitting Devices

Wang, Qi January 2010 (has links)
Organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) have attracted significant attention because of their unique advantages for flat panel display applications. However, the relatively limited electroluminescence (EL) stability of blue emitting OLEDs continues to limit the commercialization of full color OLED displays. In most cases, the decrease in EL efficiency is also accompanied by a loss in blue color purity. Thus, the understanding of the degradation mechanisms of both the EL efficiency loss and color purity loss and the corresponding solutions to device degradation are required. In this thesis, electrical aging mechanism in anthracene-based OLEDs is investigated by using a number of techniques, including delayed EL measurements. The studies reveal that electrical aging is associated with an increasing concentration of an intermolecular species with a weak characteristic luminescence at around 535 nm. This species is capable of trapping charges, and thus plays a role as an electron-hole recombination center with prolonged electrical driving. Weak green luminescence from this species leads to an increased green/blue emission ratio, and causes the color purity loss in aged devices. The results also suggest that this species is also efficient in dissipating excitation energy non-radiatively, hence is capable of quenching singlet excitons in anthracene-based OLEDs, contributing to the observed efficiency loss with electrical aging. Moreover, the photo-stability of the organic/metal cathode interface in OLEDs is studied. Irradiating OLEDs by external illumination is found to result in a gradual increase in driving voltage and decrease in EL efficiency. This photo-induced degradation in device performance is found to be caused by changes at the organic/metal cathode interface that lead to a deterioration in electron injection. Evidence of photodegradation of the same interface, inherently, by device own EL, is also reported. The results uncover an important degradation mechanism in OLEDs and shed the light on a phenomenon that might limit the stability of other organic optoelectronic and photovoltaic devices.
100

Quantum Optoelectronics: Nanoscale Transport in a New Light

Gonzalez, Jose Ignacio 11 April 2006 (has links)
Common to molecular electronics studies, nanoscale break junctions created through electromigration also naturally produce electroluminescent arrays of individual gold nanoclusters spanning the electrodes. Due to inelastic electron tunneling into cluster electronic energy levels, these several-atom nanoclusters (Au~18-22) exhibit bright, field-dependent, antibunched emission in the near infrared (650800 nm), acting as room-temperature electrically driven single-photon sources. AC electrical excitation with time-stamping of photon arrival times enables fast and local tracking of electrode-nanocluster coupling dynamics demonstrating that charge injection to the clusters is directly modulated by dynamic coupling to individual electrodes. The electrode-nanocluster coupling rate fluctuates by nearly an order of magnitude and, due to the asymmetry of the electromigration process, exhibits preferential charge injection from the anode. Directly reporting on (and often facilitating) nanoscale charge transport, time-tagged single-molecule electroluminescence reveals a significant mechanism for nanoscale charge transport in nanoscale gold break junctions, and offers direct readout of the electrode-molecule interactions that can be correlated with current flow. Single-molecule electroluminescence techniques for characterization of electrode heterogeneity and dynamics as well as implications for future research are discussed.

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