O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a utilização de diferentes fontes de gordura nas rações de vacas leiteiras durante o período de transição e inicio de lactação, avaliando seus efeitos sobre o consumo e balanço de energia, produção e composição do leite, dinâmica folicular e desempenho reprodutivo, e os parâmetros sanguíneos. Foram utilizadas 30 vacas da raça Holandesa, suplementadas a partir do 35º dia antes do parto previsto até o 85º dia pós-parto com a mesma ração experimental durante todo o experimento. Os animais foram mantidos em baias individuais em galpão do tipo free-stall e distribuídas em três grupos experimentais, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, alimentadas com as seguintes rações: 1) Controle; 2) Óleo de soja refinado; 3) Sais de cálcio de ácidos graxos insaturados (Megalac-E). O consumo de matéria seca foi mensurado diariamente durante todo o período experimental. Após o parto a produção de leite foi registrada diariamente e as amostras utilizadas para análise da composição do leite foram coletadas semanalmente, sendo provenientes de duas ordenhas diárias. As amostras de sangue foram coletadas em tubos vacuolizados por punção da veia e/ou artéria coccígea. Para a obtenção dos dados de dinâmica folicular, foi realizada diariamente ultra-sonografia com ultra-som Aloka 500 com transdutor linear de 5,0 MHz, sendo iniciada a avaliação no 14º dia pós-parto indo até o 65º dia de lactação. Durante a avaliação da dinâmica folicular foi avaliado o número total de folículos (NT), a distribuição dos folículos nas Classes (classe1: 3-5mm; classe 2: 6-9 mm; e classe 3: 10-15mm), o diâmetro dos folículos dominante (FD) e subordinado (FS), o número de folículos de cada ovário (NOD, NOE), o diâmetro do corpo lúteo quando presentes no ovário direito (CLOD) ou ovário esquerdo (CLOE). Foi avaliado também o desempenho reprodutivo dos animais por meio do intervalo de involução uterina parto-pélvico, ocorrência da primeira ovulação, tamanho do folículo pré ovulatório da primeira ovulação, área do corpo lúteo da primeira ovulação, tamanho do folículo dominante na IATF, e taxa de prenhez a IATF. Os dados de desempenho produtivo, dinâmica folicular e parâmetros sanguíneos foram submetidos à análise estatística por meio do PROC MIXED e contrastes ortogonais (controle vs gordura; OS vs SC) utilizando-se o programa SAS, versão 9.1, adotando-se nível de significância de 5%. Os dados de eficiência reprodutiva obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e contrastes ortogonais (controle vs gordura; OS vs SC) pelo PROC GLM. Foi utilizado o teste do qui-quadrado para taxa de prenhez pelo PROC FREQ, utilizando-se o programa SAS, versão 9.1, adotando-se nível de significância de 5%. As rações experimentais não influenciaram (P>0,05) o consumo de matéria seca, o escore de condição corporal e o peso corporal no período pré-parto. O consumo de matéria seca e o peso corporal foram influenciados pelas semanas em relação parto (P<0,05). A produção de leite e a produção de leite corrigida não foram influenciadas pelas rações experimentais (P>0,05), que, no entanto, influenciaram o teor e a produção de gordura no leite (P<0,05). Quando avaliados os contrastes ortogonais, foi observada redução na produção de leite corrigida, no teor e na produção de gordura do leite (P<0,05) para as vacas alimentadas com as rações com fontes de gordura em relação à ração controle, especialmente para o grupo alimentado com as rações contendo sais de cálcio de ácidos graxos. O balanço de energia não foi influenciado pelas rações experimentais no período pré-parto, houve somente efeito de tempo (P<0,05) no período pré-parto. Houve efeito das rações experimentais e de tempo (P<0,05) para o balanço de energia no período pós-parto, e quando são avaliados os contrastes, as vacas suplementadas com as fontes de gordura apresentaram melhor balanço de energia, especialmente a ração contendo sais de cálcio de ácidos graxos. As concentrações no soro de glicose, proteínas totais, albumina, uréia, nitrogênio uréico, colesterol total, colesterol-HDL, ácidos graxos não esterificados e -hidroxibutirato não foram influenciadas (P>0,05) pelas rações experimentais nos períodos pré e pós-parto. Todos os parâmetros sanguíneos apresentaram efeito de tempo (semanas em relação ao parto) no período pós-parto. Quando avaliados os contrastes, não houve diferença entre as rações experimentais para os parâmetros sanguíneos avaliados neste estudo nos períodos pré e pós-parto. Houve interação entre e o tempo e as rações experimentais para as concentrações de glicose no pré-parto, colesterol total e ácidos graxos não esterificados no pós-parto, e uréia e nitrogênio uréico no soro no pré e pós-parto. As concentrações de progesterona no soro não foram influenciadas pelas rações experimentais (P>0,05), no pré-parto e no pós-parto. As rações experimentais não influenciaram (P>0,05) as variáveis relacionadas a dinâmica folicular número de folículos da classe 2 e 3, tamanho do folículo dominante e subordinado, área do corpo lúteo do ovário direito e esquerdo, e número de folículos no ovário direito e esquerdo. No entanto, as rações experimentais influenciaram positivamente (P<0,05) o número total de folículos e o número de folículos da classe 1. As rações contendo as fontes de gordura, como observado no contraste C vs G, apresentaram (P<0,05) maior população folicular do que os animais alimentados com a ração controle. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) das rações experimentais sobre a involução uterina, mensurada pelo retorna do útero a cavidade pélvica, dias para a primeira ovulação, e tamanho do folículo pré-ovulatório na primeira ovulação. Entretanto foi observado efeito das rações experimentais (P<0,05) em relação as variáveis área do corpo lúteo da primeira ovulação e tamanho do folículo dominante à IATF. A área do corpo luto foi maior para os animais submetidas a ração controle, enquanto que o tamanho do folículo dominante no momento da IATF apresentou maior diâmetro para as vacas suplementadas com as fontes de gordura. Foi observado efeito das rações experimentais sobre a taxa de prenhez na IATF, onde as vacas submetidas as rações com óleo de soja tiveram um menor taxa de prenhez a IATF 30,0%, as vacas do grupo controle e do grupo sais de cálcio de ácidos graxos, apresentaram taxa de prenhez a IATF de 50,0%. A suplementação com gordura nas rações de vacas leiteiras no periodo de transição e início de lactação não influenciou a produção de leite e os parametros sanguíneos. No entanto, influenciou positivamente o balanlo de energia, a dinamica folicular e o desempenho reprodutivo, e negativamente o teor e a produção de gordura do leite, sendo o resultado variável em função da fonte de gordura utilizada. / This study was carried out to evaluate the use of different fat sources in dairy rations, in transition period and early lactation on follicular dynamics, reproductive efficiency, nutrients intake and digestibility, composition and milk yield, composition of protein fraction and energy balance. Third Holstein cows, with production of 30,0 Kg/cow/day on previous lactation, supply since 35 days before parturition until day 85 after parturition with one experimental ration during all experiment, the cows are allocated in free-stall, distributed in three experimental group, feeding with rations: 1) Control; 2) Refined Soybean oil; 3) Calcium salts of fatty acids (Megalac-E). Was evaluated daily the dry matter intake during though the experimental period. After parturition, the composition and milk yield samples used for milk analysis were collected weekly from the two daily milking. The samples of blood were collected with vacuolized tubes per puncture of coccygeal vein and/or artery. For obtaining the follicular dynamics data, was make daily the ultra-sonographic exam with Aloka 500 with linear probe of 5,0 MHz since 14º until 65º days of lactation (DEL), was evaluates the: Total follicle number, the follicles distribution on class : class1 (3-5mm), class 2 (6-9 mm) e class 3 (10-15mm), the diameter dominant follicle (FD) and Subordinated follicle (FS), the follicle number in each ovary (NOD, NOE), corpus luteum when present in left or right ovaries (CLOD an CLOE) and also was evaluated the reproductive efficiency index: Parturition-pelvic, First ovulation, pre ovulatory follicle of first ovulation, corpus luteum of first ovulation, Dominant follicle in fixed time artificial insemination, pregnancy rates of FTAI. The follicular dynamics data was analyzed with time repeated measures of PROC. Mixed, and orthogonal contrasts (control vs fat; OS vs SC), of SAS program version 9.1, with significant alpha of 5%. The reproductive data was submitting a variance analysis, orthogonal contrasts (control vs fat; OS vs SC) for PROC GLM and the chi-square analysis for PROC FREQ for pregnancy rates. Had no effects (P>0,05) of experimental rations on dry mater intake (DMI), on body condition score (BCS) and body weight in pre-partum period. The DMI (kg/day), body condition score change and body weight was influenced (P<0,05) for weeks in post-partum. The milk yield, and the corrected milk yield for fat, was not influenced (P>0,05) for experimental rations. When evaluated the orthogonal contrasts was observed a reduction on fat percentage and fat production on milk (P<0,05) for dairy cows feed with fat sources on rations, especially for the calcium soaps of fat acids. Was observed the interaction besides the experimental rations and the lactation weeks for corrected milk yield for 3,5% of fat. The energy balance was not influenced for the experimental rations in pre-partum period, had only time effect (P<0,001) pre-partum period. Had treatment, time and fat source effect on energy balance in post-partum period (P<0,001), when assessing the contrasts, the cows of calcium soap fatty acids group presented better energy balance in post-partum period when compared with the dairy cows of soybean oil. The blood concentrations of glucose, total proteins, albumin, urea, ureic nitrogen on blood, total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol, non esterified fat acids (NEFA) and -hidroxibutirate (BHBA) was not influenced (P>0,05) of fat sources on rations both in pre-partum period as post-partum period. All blood parameters presented days effects on post-partum period (P>0,05). When assessing the orthogonal contrasts, there was not differences between the experimental rations on blood parameters evaluated in this study on pre and post partum periods. There was interaction between time and experimental rations on glucose, total cholesterol and NEFA on post-partum period, and urea and nitrogen urea on blood in pre and post-partum periods. Had no differences on blood concentrations of HDL cholesterol (P>0,05) and total cholesterol in post-partum period between experimental rations. Had no interaction between time and experimental rations for BHBA concentrations in pre and post-partum periods. Had interaction between days in milk and the experimental rations (P<0,001) for NEFA concentrations on pos-partum period. The progesterone concentrations on pre and post-partum period was not influenced for experimental rations (P>0, 05). The experimental rations was not influenced (P>0,05) the variables, follicle on class 2, class3, dominant follicle, subordinated follicle, corpus luteum on right and left ovaries, t follicles numbers on left ovary The fat sources influenced (P<0,05) the variables total follicles numbers and the follicles numbers on class1. When assessing the orthogonal contrasts had effects (P<0,05), in relation to contrast Control vs. fat sources, it was observed the superiority for fat sources. Had no effects (P>0,05) of experimental rations on calving- pelvic, first ovulation, pre-ovulatory follicle of first ovulation, however was observed effect (P<0,05) in relation of variables corpus luteum of first ovulation and dominant follicle on TFAI. The dominant follicle in the TFAI presented the major diameter (P<0,05) for dairy cows feeding fat sources. Had treatment effect for TFAI pregnancy rates (P<0,05), where the dairy cows of soybean oil presented the lower TFAI pregnancy rates of 30,0%, the dairy cows of control group and calcium soaps of fat acids group presented the TFAI pregnancy rates of 50,0%. The fat suplementation on transition period and early lactation improving the productive performance, the metabolic profile on early lactation, and the follicle dinamycs and the reproductive performance in dairy cows.

This thesis aims to examine the performance of Stockbridge dampers used to suppress aeolian vibrations on overhead transmission lines arising from the wind. In this respect, a computer program, based on the Energy Balance Method, is developed using MATLAB. The developed computer program has also a graphical user interface (GUI), which allows the program to interactively simulate Stockbridge damper performance for vibration control of overhead transmission lines. Field tests results obtained from literature are used in various case studies in order to validate and evaluate the developed software. Moreover, sample Stockbridge damper characterization tests, which then could be introduced to the software, are performed. A custom test fixture is designed due to its unavailability of commercial alternatives in the market. In the design of the test fixture, modal and transmissibility analyses are done by using ANSYS Workbench. To further validate the test setup, transmissibility test is done and consistent results with the transmissibility analyses are observed in the range of expected aeolian vibration frequencies. Finally, the stepped-sine and swept-sine tests are performed with and without damper for the characterization test, where the latter one is performed to eliminate the negative effects of the test setup. Both tests yield almost same damper power dissipation curves.

A macro-homogeneous, nonisothermal, two-phase, and steady state mathematical model is developed to investigate water and thermal management in polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells. An original two-phase energy balance approach is used to catch the thermal transport phenomena in cases when there is a signicant temperature dierence between the fuel cell temperature and the reactants inlet temperatures like during cold start-up. Model considers in depth electrode kinetics for both anode and cathode reactions. External and internal mass transfer resistances on fuel cell performance are accounted by means of a thin-film and agglomerate approach. Developed model accounts for all substantial transport phenomena including diffusion of multi-component gas mixtures in the porous media, electrochemical reactions in the catalytic regions, water and proton transport through the solid polymer electrolyte, transport of electrons within the solid matrix, heat transport in the gas and solid phases, phase change and transport of water through porous diffusion media and catalyst layers. In this study, it is truly shown how significant heat and water transport are to overall fuel cell performance. Model predictions are validated by comparison with experimental data, involving polarization curves, saturation and temperature gradients. For optimal electrode kinetics purposes, an alternative novel hollow core mesoporous shell (HCMS) carbon supported Pt and Pt-Pd electrocatalysts were synthesized by microwave irradiation. HCMS carbon spheres were produced by two different carbon precursors with the template replication of solid core mesoporous shell (SCMS) silica spheres. Compared to Pt/VX and ETEK electrocatalysts, HCMS carbon based Pt and Pt-Pd electrocatalysts showed promising cathode and anode electrodics performance in the fuel cell environment.

Energija reikalinga kūnui dėl medžiagų apykaitos, ląstelinio ir mechaninio darbo taip pat kvėpavimui, širdies veiklai ir raumenų darbui. Trečdalis energijos išeikvojimo yra susiję su fiziniu aktyvumu, kai atliekami įvairūs pratimai, bei kitos fizinio aktyvumo formos. Yra labai svarbu išlaikyti energijos pusiausvyrą. Todėl ir kyla probleminis klausimas, ar sumažinto kaloringumo dieta daro poveikį kūno kompozicijai ir energijos apykaitai ramybėje ir fizinio krūvio metu. Tyrimo tikslas –– nustatyti sumažinto kaloringumo dietos poveikį energijos apykaitai ramybėje ir fizinio krūvio metu bei kai kuriems kūno kompozicijos rodikliams. Siekiant šio tikslo buvo užsibrėžti tokie uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti tiriamųjų energijos eikvojimo pokyčius ramybėje bei fizinio krūvio metu prieš ir po sumažinto kaloringumo dietos. 2. Nustatyti moterų fizinio aktyvumo pobūdį tiesioginio darbo metu ir laisvalaikiu. 3. Nustatyti tiriamųjų moterų kai kurių kūno kompozicijos rodiklių pokyčius (KMI, liemens ir klubų apimties santykis) prieš ir po sumažinto kaloringumo dietos. Tyrime dalyvavo 36,2 ± 5,7 metų amžiaus moterys, imtis (n) 9. Tiriamųjų energijos apykaitai ramybėje ir fizinio krūvio metu nustatyti buvo naudojamas netiesioginės kalorimetrijos metodas analizuojant iškvepiamų dujų santykį. Nustatant kūno kompozicijos pokyčius prieš ir po sumažinto kaloringumo dietos, buvo matuojamos riebalinės odos raukšlės, matuojamas liemens ir klubų santykis, tiriamosios buvo sveriamos bei apskaičiuojamas kūno... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The energy is necessary to a body for metabolism, work of cellular and mechanical work, also respiration, heart activity and muscular performance. One third of energy consumption is related with physical activity when different exercises and other forms of physical activity are performed. It is very important to maintain energy balance. Thus a problematic question arises if a reduced caloric diet has any influence on body composition and energy circulation at rest and during physical strain. The purpose of analysis is to determine the influence of reduced calorific diet on energy circulation at rest and during physical strain and on some body composition indexes. Seeking this objective the following tasks were set: 1. To determine the changes in testees’ energy consumption at rest and during physical strain before and after the influence of reduced caloric diet. 2. To determine the kind of women’s physical activity during direct work and in free time. 3. To determine the changes in body composition (BMI, hips and waist proportion) rates before and after the influence of reduced caloric diet. 36,2 ± 5,7 year-old women participated in the research, pickup (n) 9. An indirect calorimetric method was applied to determine the testees’ metabolism at rest and during physical strain analyzing the ratio of expiratory gas. The sebaceous skin folds and the ratio of waist and hips were measured, the testees were weighted and their body mass index was calculated determining the... [to full text]

Snow surface energy balance was studied along an elevational gradient and under varying forest cover types during the ablation season of 2007 in the Coldstream Basin, Okanagan, British Columbia, Canada. During the snowmelt period, 1-4% of the peak annual snow-water equivalent (SWE) was lost to sublimation in open sites – averaging 0.4 mm d-1. Melt and sublimation rates increased significantly with elevation, and were higher and more variable in the open sites than under forest canopies. Melt rates were driven almost entirely by sensible heat fluxes and exceeded 30 mm d-1 during large-scale advection events. The melt and sublimation processes observed at the snow surface were significantly linked to conditions in the atmospheric boundary layer. From these linkages, a proxy record of historical ablation season energy fluxes for the period 1972-2007 was created. Significant trends towards earlier dates of snowmelt and freshet onset were detected, as was a trend towards increasing ablation-season temperatures at the 850 mb height. Significant correlations between estimated historical ablation-season melt and sublimation and the regionally dominant teleconnection indices were also found. This study significantly advances the understanding of ablation season snow-surface energy exchanges, and the links to the driving atmospheric conditions in the Okanagan Basin.

Les glaciers intègrent naturellement des informations hydrologiques et énergétiques dans des régions climatiques variées du globe et sont sensibles à des changements minimes de bilan d’énergie de surface. Parmi les paramètres mesurés in-situ traduisant les variations climatiques, le bilan de masse de surface est la variable directement reliée aux conditions atmosphériques qui contrôlent les processus d’accumulation et d’ablation. Un grand nombre de modèles, de complexités diverses, existent pour simuler l’évolution du bilan de masse. Cependant, des questions perdurent quant à l’utilisation de l’approche la plus appropriée, notamment sur de longues périodes de temps. Basés sur de longues séries de mesures réalisées sur quatre glaciers des Alpes françaises (issues du service d’observation GLACIOCLIM), ces travaux de thèse ont pour but d’étudier la sensibilité du bilan de masse aux variables atmosphériques et topographiques, afin d’identifier celles essentielles pour contraindre les modèles.En s’appuyant tout d’abord sur une approche empirique, nos résultats indiquent que pour chaque glacier, la variabilité temporelle de l’ablation s’explique principalement par la variabilité de la température tandis que la variabilité spatiale de la fonte de la neige et de la glace est largement gouvernée par l’insolation. Néanmoins, à l’échelle du glacier, considérer l’insolation en plus de la température ne conduit pas à une amélioration de la performance des modèles empiriques et un modèle type degré-jour apparaît suffisant pour simuler son bilan de masse. L’utilisation du modèle à base physique SURFEX/ISBA-Crocus a permis d’étudier la sensibilité du bilan de masse estival à chacune des variables du bilan d’énergie de surface. Le modèle s’avère très performant pour la simulation des bilans spatialisés, mais nécessite un forçage météorologique précis et distribué spatialement. En particulier, le vent, souvent complexe à représenter dans les modèles atmosphériques,apparaît comme un facteur prépondérant pour modéliser correctement les processus de fonte. Avec des forçages météorologiques bien contraints, ces deux approches (empirique et physique) se révèlent très performantes quant à la modélisation du bilan de masse estival. Toutefois, nos résultats montrent que les bilans annuels restent très conditionnés par les bilans hivernaux du fait de la rétroaction de l’albédo de surface. Une attention particulière a donc été portée sur la simulation de l’accumulation.A partir des données de l’observatoire GLACIOCLIM, notre étude n’a pas permis d’établir de relation significative entre la variabilité spatio-temporelle des bilans hivernaux et les variables morpho-topographiques.Pour cette raison, une campagne spécifique basée sur des mesures LiDAR a été mise en œuvre au Col du Midi (Massif du Mont-Blanc) afin d’affiner le réseau de mesures et d’améliorer la compréhension de la variabilité spatio-temporelle de la couverture neigeuse. Nos résultats montrent la complexité d’obtenir des mesures d’accumulation par différence de MNT, du fait des vitesses d’émergence/submergence. / Glaciers naturally record hydrological and energetic information into varied climatic regions of the world, and are sensitive to small changes in their surface energy balance. The glacier surface mass balance is directly linked to the atmospheric variables which control accumulation and ablation processes. Many models, with different complexities, enable simulations of mass balance evolution, but some questions arise about the best approach to use, especially over long time periods. Based on long measurement series on four glaciers in the French Alps (GLACIOCLIM observatory), this thesis aims at studying the mass balance sensitivity to climatic variations, to identify relevant meteorological variables for modelling. Based on an empirical approach performed on each glacier, temperature was found to be the main driver of temporal ice/snow ablation variability while solar radiations strongly influence the spatial distribution of summer mass balance. However, at glacier scale, to include solar radiation in melt models does not improvethe performances and a classical degree-day model is sufficient to simulate glacier-wide mass balance.The snowpack model SURFEX-ISBA-Crocus was then used to study summer mass balance sensitivity to all surface energy balance fluxes. Results indicate good performances of the model to simulate mass balance at each stake, but it requires accurate meteorological forcing. In particular wind, generally difficult to assessby atmospheric models, appears as a key factor for an accurate ablation modelling. Our work emphasizes that both physical and empirical approaches are very efficient for ablation modeling when forced with accurate meteorological data. Yet, annual mass balances remain very sensitive to wintermass balance due to the surface albedo feedback. For this reason, simulating accumulation processes remainsas important as ablation modelling. Using GLACIOCLIM data measurements, our study failed to find relevant relationship between winter mass balance and topographical variables such as slope, aspect, elevation, due to insufficient spatio-temporal resolution. To fill this gap of measurements, we set up a dedicated field campaign to improve our understanding of the spatio-temporal variability of the snow depth distribution on Alpineglaciers. This year-round campaign was performed using LiDAR acquisitions at Col du Midi (Mont Blancmassif). Results underline the complexity of accurate accumulation measurements from DEM differences due to submergence/emergence velocities.

Advanced understanding of the global carbon budget requires large-scale and long-term information on forest carbon pools and fluxes. In situ and remote sensing measurements have greatly enhanced monitoring of forest carbon dynamics, but incomplete data coverage in space and time results in significant uncertainties in carbon accounting. Although theoretical and mechanistic models have enabled continental-scale and global mapping, robust predictions of forest carbon dynamics are difficult without initialization, adjustment, and parameterization using observations. Therefore, this dissertation is focused on a synergistic combination of lidar measurements and modeling that incorporates biophysical principles underlying forest growth. First, spaceborne lidar data from the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) were analyzed for monitoring and modeling of forest heights over the U.S. Mainland. Results showed the best GLAS metric representing the within-footprint heights to be dependent on topography. Insufficient data sampling by the GLAS sensor was problematic for spatially-complete carbon quantification. A modeling approach, called Allometric Scaling and Resource Limitations (ASRL), successfully alleviated this problem. The metabolic scaling theory and water-energy balance equations embedded within the model also provided a generalized mechanistic understanding of valid relationships between forest structure and geo-predictors including topographic and climatic variables. Second, the ASRL model was refined and applied to predict large-scale patterns of forest structure. This research successfully expanded model applicability by including eco-regional and forest-type variations, and disturbance history. Baseline maps (circa 2005; 1-km2 grids) of forest heights and aboveground biomass were generated over the U.S. Mainland. The Pacific Northwest/California forests were simulated as the most favorable region for hosting large trees, consistent with observations. Through sensitivity and uncertainty analyses, this research found that the refined ASRL model showed promise for prognostic applications, in contrast to conventional black-box approaches. The model predicted temporal evolution of forest carbon stocks during the 21st century. The results demonstrate the effects of CO2 fertilization and climate feedbacks across water- and energy-limited environments. This dissertation documents the complex mechanisms determining forest structure, given availability of local resources. These mechanisms can be used to monitor and forecast forest carbon pools in combination with satellite observations to advance our understanding of the global carbon cycle.

The acute effects of exercise on appetite, ad libitum energy intake and gut hormone responses have received much attention over the past two decades. The experiments in this thesis have contributed to this research by examining appetite, acylated ghrelin, peptide-YY (PYY), leptin and ad libitum energy intake responses to two consecutive days of moderate-high intensity running. To achieve this 15 individuals aged 21 (2) y, with a BMI of 23.0 (1.9) kg·m-2 were recruited. Additionally, appetite, acylated ghrelin, PYY, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and ad libitum energy intake responses to an acute bout of moderate intensity treadmill exercise were compared in lean and overweight/obese (ow/ob) males and females. Two separate cohorts of individuals were recruited; 22 lean individuals and 25 ow/ob individuals (aged 38 (15) and 45 (12) y, with a BMI of 22 (2) and 29 (3) kg·m 2, for lean and ow/ob individuals, respectively). In Chapter 4, two consecutive days of 60 min treadmill running at 70% VO₂ peak did not produce compensatory changes in appetite or energy intake over two days. There were no main effects of trial for acylated ghrelin or leptin. However a main effect of trial for PYY indicated higher concentrations on the exercise than control trial. A meta-analysis was completed in Chapter 5, suggesting further research in the effects of acute exercise on appetite regulatory hormones in individuals who are ow/ob was necessary. In Chapter 6, 60 min of treadmill exercise at 60% VO₂ peak did not alter appetite sensations or energy intake in the 7 h after exercise in lean and ow/ob males and females. There were no main effects of sex, BMI or trial for acylated ghrelin; however, PYY and GLP-1 concentrations were higher in exercise than control trials. This thesis has demonstrated that over two days, high volume exercise does not stimulate compensatory appetite regulatory changes, in lean healthy males. In the short term, lean and ow/ob males and females respond similarly to acute exercise, showing no alterations in appetite or food intake responses, whilst PYY and GLP-1 concentrations are higher in exercise than control trials.

Using techniques of remote detection, this work aimed to obtain the energy balance in the Basin of Low Jaguaribe, Perimeter irrigated Tabuleiro de Russas and dam Santo Antônio de Russas. Two images of sensor TM of the satellite Landsat 5 obtained together DGI (Department of Generation of Images) of INPE, composed by six bands, (1,2,3,4,5,7) of the spectrum of the visible and a thermal band, (6) dated of 13/08/2007 and 28/09/2008, were used for this. After, I linked the variations of the obtained results, with the indexes of rain observed in four pluviometers, belonging to FUNCEME, entered in the study area. There was not rain registration during the five previous days the image of 2007, already in 2008, three pluviometers registered 14 mm, 15 mm and 3,2 mm.The processing of the images, the Software ERDAS 8.7 was used, being used for the estimate of the energy balance, the method proposed by the algorithm SEBAL (Surface Energy Balancy Algorithm Land). This algorithm calculated: reflectance, vegetation indexes, temperature of the surface, radiation balance, flow of sensitive heat, flow of latent heat among others. For the obtaining of some of those parameters was used surface data obtained in the automatic station of the municipal district of Russas. The medium reflectance, in 2008, was of 0,249. and in 2007, it was of 0,236, being verified a small increase in 2008. The Index of Vegetation of the normalized difference presented average of 0,376 in 2008, and 0,162 in 2007, being verified a strong influence of the rains in that parameter. The radiation balance in 2007, 570 W/m², was higher than 2008, 522 W/m². I concluded that this increase is related with smaller reflectance index and larger incidence of the radiation of short waves in 2007. The flow of sensitive heat in 2007 was of 303 W/m² and, in 2008, it was of 185 W/m², observed that the rains, in 2008, will reduce the flow of sensitive heat. The flow of latent heat presented opposite values to the flow of sensitive heat as expected. In 2007 the obtained average was 162 W/m², and in 2008, it increased due ace rains, for 272 W/m². / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Utilizando técnicas de sensoriamento remoto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo a obtenção do balanço de energia à superfície na Bacia do Baixo Jaguaribe, no perímetro irrigado Tabuleiro de Russas e no açude Santo Antônio de Russas. Foram utilizadas para isso, duas imagens do sensor TM do satélite Landsat 5 obtidas junto ao DGI (Departamento de Geração de Imagens) do INPE compostas por seis bandas, (1,2,3,4,5,7) do espectro do visível e de uma banda do termal, (6), datadas de 28/09/2007 e 13/08/2008. Após, relacionou-se as variações dos resultados obtidos, com os índices de chuva observados em quatro pluviômetros, pertencentes à FUNCEME, inseridos na área de estudo. Não houve registro de chuva durante os cinco dias anteriores à imagem de 2007. Já em 2008, três pluviômetros registraram chuvas de 14 mm, 15 mm e 3,2 mm. Para o processamento das imagens, usou-se o Software ERDAS 8.7, utilizando-se para a estimativa do balanço de energia, o método proposto pelo algoritmo SEBAL (Surface Energy Balancy Algorithm Land). Através desse algoritmo estimou-se: albedo, índices de vegetação, temperatura da superfície, saldo de radiação, fluxo de calor sensível, fluxo de calor latente, entre outros. Para a obtenção de alguns desses parâmetros utilizou-se dados meteorológicos de superfície, obtidos na estação automática do município de Russas. O albedo médio, em 2008, foi de 0,249, e em 2007, de 0,236, constatandose um pequeno aumento em 2008. O Índice de Vegetação da Diferença Normalizada apresentou média de 0,376 em 2008 e 0,162 em 2007, verificando-se uma forte influência das chuvas nesse parâmetro. O saldo de radiação em 2007, 570 W/m², foi superior ao de 2008, 522 W/m². Concluí-se que, esse aumento está relacionado com menor índice de albedo e maior incidência da radiação de ondas curtas em 2007. O fluxo de calor sensível em 2007 foi de 303 W/m² e, em 2008, de 185 W/m², observando-se, dessa forma, que as chuvas, em 2008, diminuíram significativamente o fluxo de calor sensível. O fluxo de calor latente apresentou valores opostos ao fluxo de calor sensível, como se esperava. Em 2007, a média obtida foi de 162 W/m², e em 2008, aumentou, devido às chuvas, para 272 W/m².

Remote sensing is a very effective way for obtaining earth surface information due to its wide area coverage and low cost. This paper aims to map and estimate the components of the Radiation Balance (Albedo, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, Surface Temperature) and Energy Balance (Net Radiation, Soil Heat Flux, Sensible Heat Flux and Latent Heat Flux) through the sensor Thematic Mapper coupled to the Landsat-5, collected through the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, combined with a digital elevation model with altitude information. The components were obtained from the Radiation and Energy Balance performed by the SEBAL/METRIC algorithm, with information obtained from two data collection platforms (Xingó-AL and Poço Redondo-SE). The covered region has an area of approximately 1342 square kilometers and includes the municipalities of Monteirópolis, Palestina, Pão de Açúcar, Piranhas and São José da Tapera, Alagoas, and the cities of Canindé do São Francisco, Poço Redondo and Porto da Folha in the state of Sergipe. The images collected corresponded to the passage of TM/Landsat-5 on said area at 9 h 30 min (Solar time) of October 17, 1999 (day 290 in the Julian calendar), October 06, 2001 (day 279 in Julian calendar) and December 7, 2006 (day 341 in the Julian calendar) in orbit 214 and point 67. The first parameter obtained, the albedo, has increased by approximately 3% in the surface over the seven years analyzed, caused due to loss in vegetation cover, analyzed by the NDVI, this loss led to an increase in surface temperature by about 4°C. Due to the large extent and depth of the Lower São Francisco which has ability to retain a lot of energy, the values of the radiation balance were more than to 675 W.m-2, and the areas with exposed soil were below the 475 W.m-2. The ground heat flux was increased gradually, ranging from about 10 W.m-2 in five years, with predominance of 96 W.m-2 on 07/12/2006. Sensible Heat Flux, a parameter to be very sensitive to rainfall, had an increase of 100 W.m-2 in the first two years and a decay of 50 W.m-2 in five years later. In regions without vegetation cover flow values sensible heat exceeded 630 W.m-2. The latent heat flux has values opposed to sensible heat flux in regions without vegetation cover, where the values obtained were under 70 W.m-2 and the São Francisco river values are above 630 W.m-2. The values suffered interference in the recorded rainfall values for the days prior to 17/10/1999 and 06/12/2006 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O sensoriamento remoto é um meio bastante eficaz para obtenção de informações da superfície terrestre devido a sua grande área de cobertura e baixo custo. O presente trabalho visa mapear e estimar as componentes do Balanço de Radiação (albedo, Índice de Vegetação da Diferença Normalizada e Temperatura de Superfície) e do Balanço de Energia (Saldo de Radiação, Fluxo de Calor no Solo, Fluxo de Calor Sensível e Fluxo de Calor Latente) por meio de imagens do sensor Thematic Mapper a bordo do satélite Landsat 5, combinadas com um modelo de elevação digital com informações altimétricas. A obtenção dos componentes dos balanços de radiação e energia foi realizada por meio do algoritmo SEBAL/METRIC,complementadas com informações obtidas em duas plataformas de coleta de dados (Xingó-AL e Poço Redondo-SE). A região abordada tem uma área de aproximadamente 1342 Km² e contempla os municípios de Monteirópolis, Palestina, Pão de Açúcar, Piranhas e São José da Tapera no estado de Alagoas, e os municípios de Canindé de São Francisco, Poço Redondo e Porto da Folha no estado de Sergipe. As imagens coletadas correspondem à passagem do Landsat 5 sobre a referida área às 9 h 30 min. (tempo local) dos dias 17 de outubro de 1999, 06 de outubro de 2001 e 07 de dezembro de 2006 na órbita 214 e ponto 67. A primeira variável obtida, o albedo, sofreu um aumento de aproximadamente 3% na superfície terrestre ao longo dos sete anos analisados, ocasionado devido a perda na cobertura de vegetação, analisado por meio do IVDN. Essa perda acarretou um aumento na Temperatura de Superfície em cerca de 4ºC. Devido a grande extensão e profundidade do Baixo São Francisco, o qual tem capacidade de reter bastante energia, os valores do Saldo de Radiação foram superiores a 675W.m-2, e as áreas com solo exposto ficassem abaixo dos 475 W.m-2. O Fluxo de Calor no Solo sofreu um aumento gradativo, variando cerca de 10 W.m-2 nos cinco anos, com predominância de 96 W.m-2 em 07/12/2006. O Fluxo de Calor Sensível, por ser um parâmetro bastante sensível a precipitação pluviométrica, teve um aumento de 100 W.m-2 nos dois primeiros anos e um decaimento de 50 W.m-2 nos cinco anos posteriores. Em regiões sem cobertura de vegetação os valores do fluxo de calor sensível excederam os 630 W.m-2. O Fluxo de Calor Latente apresentou valores opostos ao fluxo de calor sensível, e nas regiões sem cobertura de vegetação foram obtidos valores abaixo de 70 W.m-2 e no leito do rio São Francisco os valores são acima de 630 W.m-2. Os valores obtidos sofreram interferência do registro de chuva, para os dias anteriores a 17/10/1999 e 06/12/2006