Part 1: Theoretic background information - Review of Hooke’s law for linear elastic materials - The strain energy density of linear elastic materials - Hyperelastic material - Material laws for hyperelastic materials - About selecting the material model and performing tests - Implementation of hyperelastic material laws in Mechanica - Defining hyperelastic material parameters in Mechanica - Test set-ups and specimen shapes of the supported material tests - The uniaxial compression test - Stress and strain definitions in the Mechanica LDA analysis Part 2: Application examples - A test specimen subjected to uniaxial loading - A volumetric compression test - A planar test - Influence of the material law Appendix - PTC Simulation Services Introduction - Dictionary Technical English-German / Teil 1: Theoretische Hintergrundinformation - Das Hookesche Gesetz für linear-elastische Werkstoffe - Die Dehnungsenergiedichte für linear-elastische Materialien - Hyperelastisches Material - Materialgesetze für Hyperelastizität - Auswählen des Materialgesetzes und Testdurchführung - Implementierung der hyperelastischen Materialgesetze in Mechanica - Definieren der hyperelastischen Materialparameter in Mechanica - Testaufbauten und Prüfkörper der unterstützten Materialtests - Der einachsige Druckversuch - Spannungs- und Dehnungsdefinition in der Mechanica-Analyse mit großen Verformungen Teil 2: Anwendungsbeispiele - Ein einachsig beanspruchter Prüfkörper - Ein volumetrischer Drucktest - Ein planarer Test - Einfluss des Materialgesetzes Anhang: - Kurzvorstellung der PTC Simulationsdienstleistungen - Wörterbuch technisches Englisch-Deutsch

Part 1: Theoretic background information - Review of Hooke’s law for linear elastic materials - The strain energy density of linear elastic materials - Hyperelastic material - Material laws for hyperelastic materials - About selecting the material model and performing tests - Implementation of hyperelastic material laws in Mechanica - Defining hyperelastic material parameters in Mechanica - Test set-ups and specimen shapes of the supported material tests - The uniaxial compression test - Stress and strain definitions in the Mechanica LDA analysis Part 2: Application examples - A test specimen subjected to uniaxial loading - A volumetric compression test - A planar test - Influence of the material law Appendix - PTC Simulation Services Introduction - Dictionary Technical English-German / Teil 1: Theoretische Hintergrundinformation - Das Hookesche Gesetz für linear-elastische Werkstoffe - Die Dehnungsenergiedichte für linear-elastische Materialien - Hyperelastisches Material - Materialgesetze für Hyperelastizität - Auswählen des Materialgesetzes und Testdurchführung - Implementierung der hyperelastischen Materialgesetze in Mechanica - Definieren der hyperelastischen Materialparameter in Mechanica - Testaufbauten und Prüfkörper der unterstützten Materialtests - Der einachsige Druckversuch - Spannungs- und Dehnungsdefinition in der Mechanica-Analyse mit großen Verformungen Teil 2: Anwendungsbeispiele - Ein einachsig beanspruchter Prüfkörper - Ein volumetrischer Drucktest - Ein planarer Test - Einfluss des Materialgesetzes Anhang: - Kurzvorstellung der PTC Simulationsdienstleistungen - Wörterbuch technisches Englisch-Deutsch

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知識管理是現代最重要的課題之一，企業轉型也在許多實務中證明對組織的成長與獲利很有幫助。然而因為轉型而創新的知識要如何管理，又是如何以知識螺旋的方式融入企業，進而幫助企業創新服務營運內容，則較少為人討論。本研究就是以此為研究動機，發展出的論文。藉由發生在Z公司轉型的過程中知識轉移發展的個案故事，來分析與印證企業在「知識管理」，與「企業轉型」兩方面的變化，如何與「知識螺旋」理論，交互影響的演變過程。 為了探討「知識轉換」的個案故事，本論文分別整理多篇「全球化」，與「知識螺旋」兩方面的重要理論文獻，設計出研究架構。本研究將個案公司企業知識的轉換過程，區分為三大階段; 而每一個歷程包含部份「共同化」、「外化」、「結合」與「內化」因子。企業知識管理上的重點之一，便是在於經理人們，如何能夠有效地調和這個「知識變換螺旋」過程，並將組織的策略資源與知識能力，藉由共同化、內化、外化與結合、轉化與學習而提昇。 經由個案資料與理論的分析與比較，主要的研究發現與結論如下：(1).在商業模式的轉型中，導入外部新資源與新知識，可讓其更迅速轉型並找到新策略。Z公司是企業轉型的最佳典範； (2). Z公司重新定位於「科技服務事業」，與轉型為「全球整合型企業」的創新商業模式，讓公司重新站上高峰；(3)個案A公司利用差異化分析，導入Z公司的經驗，建構新的能力，成就自己成為一個「全球整合型企業」。 最後，由個案故事的分析，本研究發現在「知識轉換」的螺旋中，即使是幫別的公司輔導轉型，也會對於因此學習到或是培養的新知識，經過知識的螺旋，再度轉換成企業本身的新核心能力。 關鍵字：知識螺旋、全球化、企業流程優化、委外加工、模組化、全球整合型企業、轉型、共享式服務中心 / Knowledge management is one of the most important topics in recent years. Business transformation has proved to be useful in the growth of the organization and profit. However, only few studies had focused on how to manage the innovative knowledge and how it is merged into a business through knowledge spiral and thereby helping to expand the business opportunities. This research is based on the case study of the knowledge conversion during a business transformation at company Z and analyzed the mutual effect and its relation with the knowledge spiral theory. The research structure is based on the summary of several key literatures on globalization and knowledge spiral to better understand the knowledge conversion cases. This research has divided the business transformation and knowledge conversion process in company Z into three major phases, and each phase is analyzed by four modules of knowledge transformation model, Socialization, Externalization, Combination and Internalization. One of the key points in business knowledge management is how the managers could cope with the knowledge conversion spiral process and improve the strategic resources with knowledge through the processes of socialization, externalization, internalization and combination. This research concludes that a company could introduce new external resources and knowledge during the business transformation in order to speed up the transformation process and craft a new strategy. Also, company Z repositioned itself as a service science company and then transformed with an innovative business model into a globally integrated enterprise to reclaim its glory. Finally, company A utilized gap analysis tool and introduced the transformation experiences by company Z to establish its own new expertise and become a globally integrated enterprise as well. This research also discovers that a company could also obtain new core comptetence through knowledge spiral by servicing other companies. Keywords: The Knowledge Spiral Theory, Globalization, Business Process Re-engineer, Outsource, Component Business Model, Globally Integrated Enterprise, Business Transformation, Shared Service Center

[Truncated abstract] Ecosystem engineers are organisms that physically modify habitat in a manner that modulate resource flows and species within ecosystems. Ecosystem engineering is distinct from classical interactions (competition, predation, parasitism and mutualism) in that it does not involve direct trophic exchange between organisms. The term ‘ecosystem engineer’ is a recently adopted one, and we are just beginning to investigate the occurrence and impact of engineers in ecosystems. My thesis explores the ecosystem engineering actions of Wedge-tailed Shearwaters, Puffinus pacificus, in a Mediterranean island, heathland ecosystem. I have approached this by (1) describing and quantifying the physical impact of these engineers, and (2) describing and quantifying the effects that these actions have on three major ecosystem components: the soil, the vascular plants, and the vertebrate fauna. Wedge-tailed Shearwaters are procellariid seabirds that excavate nesting burrows on offshore islands. The birds are colonial nesters, and on Rottnest Island, 17 km off the mainland coast of south-western Western Australia, their colonies have expanded considerably in recent decades. The expansion fits the trend observed in other tropicalorigin seabirds that breed in south-western Australia. In the last ten years, two new colonies have appeared (in a total of six) and the number of burrows on the island has almost doubled, to 11 745 ± 1320SE. In the same period the area occupied by the birds has increased by almost half ...

The purpose of the study was to describe factors that influence black females to choose engineering as a career. It transpired from the literature study that enabling environment, gender of role models, self-efficacy and socialization are important factors in terms of causing and attracting females into the fields of science and engineering study. From the empirical study it came out clearly that family members, female role members, and confidence in mathematics and science were factors that caused the females in engineering group to choose it as a career. Findings also revealed that gender stereotypes did not deter them from choosing engineering and that they were content with their career choice. For the above factors to be addressed incentives exclusive to females should be launched by government so as to attract more females to the fields of science and engineering. Schools also need to pursue programmes that expose learners to these fields. / Educational Studies / M. Ed.

A travers le monde, les zones côtières abritent une grande diversité d’ingénieurs de l’écosystème accomplissant des fonctions clés comme le recyclage de la matière organique et des nutriments. Les habitats résultants de l’activité biologique de ces espèces sont exposés à de nombreuses perturbations comme la surpêche, le piétinement ou via l’aménagement des côtes. Dans ce contexte, il est urgent de comprendre le fonctionnement de ces habitats ingénieurés et comment ils sont affectés par des perturbations croissantes. Pendant ma thèse, j’ai utilisé l’habitat récifal construit par le polychète grégaire tubicole Sabellaria alveolata comme cas d’étude. Tout d’abord, les changements environnementaux et biotiques associés à la mise en place d’un récif à S. alveolata et à sa perturbation croissante ont été évalué, se concentrant sur les paramètres du sédiment (e.g. granulométrie, contenu en matière organique) ainsi que la diversité taxonomique et les assemblages d’espèces. De manière similaire, le troisième article se penche sur le fonctionnement trophique de la communauté récifale et d’une communauté contrôle afin de comprendre les effets de la mise en place de l’espèce ingénieur sur les transferts de carbone, s’intéressant successivement à l’ensemble de la communauté des consommateurs, aux consommateurs primaires et à l’importance des sources de nourriture autochtones (microphytobenthos et Ulva sp.) vs allochtone (phytoplancton). Dans cette partie, j’ai utilisé les isotopes stables du carbone et de l’azote ainsi que différentes approches analytiques telles que des mesures de la niche isotopique et des modèles de mélange. L’article 2 a pour but de comprendre les interactions entre complexité de l’habitat récifal, hétérogénéité des sources de nourriture autochtones et échelles spatiales dans l’explication des variations du rapport isotopique du carbone de S. alveolata et d’un suspensivore associée. Dans les deux derniers chapitres, j’ai traité la question du fonctionnement de l’habitat ingénieuré de manière directe, en utilisant des incubations de carottes benthiques pour mesurer des flux biogéochimiques (e.g. demande en oxygène), ou indirecte, en utilisant des indices de diversité fonctionnelle et isotopique intégratifs. Cette dernière partie révèle l’existence d’un optimum de densité de S. alveolata, utilisée comme proxy des perturbations, où la niche trophique et le fonctionnement biogéochimique du récif sont tous les deux maximaux. / Coastal zones worldwide are home to a large diversity of ecosystem engineers that perform key functions such as the recycling of organic matter and nutrients. The habitats resulting from the biological activity of these species are exposed to numerous disturbances such as over harvesting and trampling or via coastal modification. In this context, it is becoming key to understand the functioning of these engineered habitats and how they are affected by increasing disturbances. During my PhD, I used the reef habitat built by the gregarious tubiculous polychaete Sabellaria alveolata as a study case. First, the environmental and biotic changes associated with the establishment of a S. alveolata reef and its increasing disturbance were assessed, focusing on sediment characteristics (e.g. grain-size distribution, organic matter content) along with taxonomic diversity and species assemblage. In the same vain, the third article looks into the trophic functioning of the reef community and a control community to understand the effects of the establishment of the engineer species on carbon transfers, successively looking at the whole consumer community, the primary consumers and the importance of autochthonous (microphytobenthos and Ulva sp.) vs allochthone (phytoplankton) food sources. In this part, I used carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes and different analytical approaches such as isotopic niche metrics and mixing models. Article 2 aims towards understanding the interactions between reef habitat complexity, autochthonous food source heterogeneity and spatial scales in explaining the carbon isotopic ratio variations of S. alveolata and an associated suspension-feeder. In the last two chapters, I address the functioning of the engineered habitat either directly, using benthic core incubations to measure biogeochemical fluxes (e.g. oxygen demand) or indirectly, through the use of integrative functional and isotopic diversity indices. This last part reveals the existence of an optimum value of S. alveolata density, used as a disturbance proxy, where the trophic niche and the biogeochemical functioning of the reef are both maximal.

A l’occasion de deux études de cas, une démarche de tableau de bord stratégique hospitalier et une réorganisation de direction des systèmes d’information dans une entreprise de services, nous avons, dans cette recherche, analysé les freins qui apparaissent dans les démarches de changement technologique et managérial.Nous avons montré dans le premier cas comment le modèle du Balanced Scorecard peut être adapté pour piloter un programme de projets et promouvoir un travail coopératif, sous condition d’une évolution du rôle des dirigeants. Le deuxième cas nous a permis de montrer comment les démarches qualité s’enferment dans une logique de qualité-conformité contre-productive qui n’est pas due au manque de formation ou d’implication. Dans les deux cas, nous avons constaté que l’insuffisance de capacité méthodologique des ingénieurs et des managers renforce leur résistance au changement et leurs difficultés en situation complexe. Nous avons montré que la résistance organisationnelle se manifeste en deux temps : des difficultés de premier niveau, dérives nomopathes, apparaissent sous la forme d’un appauvrissement méthodologique du modèle choisi, puis les actions correctives sont suivies de difficultés de deuxième niveau constituant un phénomène de déviance computo-cogitationnelle, sorte de résilience organisationnelle qui voit la transformation de l’état final attendu en un état final hybride. Ces acquis méthodologiques nous ont permis, après une analyse historique de l’évolution des concepts de la qualité puis sur l’évolution du rôle des managers, de dresser des constats à un niveau méso reliant le niveau macro-économique (domination financière dans les entreprises, révolution numérique, renouveau bureaucratique) au niveau micro des entreprises (injonctions paradoxales, juridicisation de la société et conformité généralisée). Nous avons enfin proposé plusieurs modélisations, notamment le concept cyclique d’information-valeur, la figure tripolaire d’un Ingénieur-Stratège et l’ébauche d’un futur modèle de management des intangibles. / The two case studies concern an approach of the strategic dashboard of a hospital and the reorganization of an IT department in a services company. We have, in this research, analyzed the brakes which appear in the technological and managerial change approaches. In the first study case, we have showed how the Balanced Scorecard model can be adapted to pilot a projects program and to promote a cooperative way of working, under the condition of an evolution of the managers role. In the second case we have shown how the quality approaches lock themselves in a counter-productive logical of quality-conformity which is not due to a lack of training or implication. In the both cases we have noticed that the insufficiency of methodological capacity of the managers strengthens their resistance to change and their difficulties in complex situation We have noticed that the organizational resistance express itself in two times : first level difficulties, nomopathic drifts, appear as a methodological impoverishment of the choosen model, then the corrective actions are followed by second level difficulties who form a phenomena of computo-cogitational deviancy, a kind of organizational resistance who transforms the awaited final state to a hybrid final state. These methodological grants, after a historical analysis of the evolution of quality concepts then of the evolution of the managerial roles, succeeded to meso level reports joining the macro-economic level (financial domination in companies, numeric revolution, bureaucratic revival) to the micro-economic level in companies (paradoxical orders, juridical transformation of society and generalized conformity). A last, several modellings are proposed, in particular the cyclic concept of information-value, and the three-pole figure of the engineer-strategist, towards the sketch of a future model of management of intangibles.

The aim of the thesis is to describe the real estate legislation in selected areas and to summarize the differences between the legal real estate in the Czech Republic and the Russian Federation. This theme was chosen in order to highlight the diversity of real estate legal institutions in both countries. A common feature of the legislation in both countries is that their skills are performed in a professional manner in accordance with applicable standards and regulations of the country. The thesis is divided into six chapters. The first chapter deals with the characteristics of real estate in the Czech Republic. The main resource of law in this field is the Law No. 344/1992 Coll. Cadastre. The second chapter deals with the characteristics of real estate in Russia. The third chapter discusses the changes which currently rules the Land of the Russian Federation passed. The old provisions of the Act are replaced by more modern and the law generally becomes easier. A special feature of the Russian legislation, the institute cadastral engineer, which is entirely devoted in the fourth chapter. The fifth chapter describes the specific differences in the area of real estate law in both countries, and the last sixth chapter deals with the future developments in this area of law in both countries

This research examined the problem of poor retention of employees with scarce skills in the Limpopo Department of Agriculture. Employees with scarce skills were selected to participate in the research which focused on recruitment, selection and retention. Recruitment, selection and retention of line employees with valued skills are a major crises facing many institutions. The problem of poor retention and turnover of line employees with scarce skills has far reaching consequences in that dissatisfaction with working conditions causes additional turnover. To some extent, the Department can control the turnover rate of its employees with scarce skills. The research assessed recruitment, selection and retention of line employees with scarce skills in the Limpopo Department of Agriculture. The research concentrated on the reasons for poor retention of line employees with scarce skills, the extent of turnover of employees with scarce skills, what process do the Limpopo Department of Agriculture follow in filling vacant post and what interventions and measures do the Department undertakes to ensure compliance to the recruitment policy. A questionnaire was used to collect data from managers and line employees with scarce skills. A hundred (100) questionnaires were distributed and 67 were returned. The findings revealed that Limpopo Department of Agriculture can do more in retaining its valued line employees (those with scarce skills). The challenge of scarce skills in the Department is compounded by the high demand of for instance engineers, state veterinarians and researchers in South Africa. There is a war on scarce skills in South Africa, Generation Y needs resources, better working conditions and a better salary to be retained. The research findings were evaluated and possible strategies for improving recruitment, selection and retention of line employees with scarce skills are recommended. The Department should design a career progression path policy. This would assist in retaining scarce skills in the public sector. / Public Administration and Management / M.A. (Public Administration)