In Verbal Behavior, Skinner (1957) suggested that each verbal operant has independent response functions, in which acquiring one does not automatically result in the other, unless transfer between the verbal operants is directly trained. Although several researchers have shown that mands and tacts are functionally independent, more recent research has demonstrated that mands may emerge following tact training. However, this research has not clarified the influence of establishing operations on the emergence of pure mands following tact training. Therefore, the present study investigated the effects of tact training on the acquisition of impure and pure mands in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) when conditioned establishing operations (CEO) were manipulated during mand probes. Three children diagnosed with ASD were taught to tact the utensils needed to consume their preferred edibles and then were assessed on their ability to mand for those utensils during CEO absent versus CEO present pure mand probes using a multiple baseline design across participants. It was hypothesized that children would be able to mand for the missing utensils needed to consume their preferred edibles only when the food items were present (CEO present, pure mand probes), but not when they were absent (CEO absent, pure mand probes). Results showed that responses taught as tacts failed to transfer to mand responses until direct training was implemented for two of the three participants. However, once a mand response was learned, all participants exhibited the mand in the CEO present condition but not in the CEO absent condition.

Det har länge diskuterats om entreprenörskap går att lära sig genom utbildning eller om det är ett karaktärsdrag. Sverige arbetar sedan 2011 med att främja nya innovativa företag och entreprenörskap genom utbildning i samband med Europa 2020, för att vidare främja samhällsekonomisk tillväxt. Det finns delade uppfattningar om utbildning främjar eller hämmar entreprenöriellt agerande då studenter efter avklarad utbildning saknar praktisk kunskap om hur de startar bolag. De praktiska delarna av en utbildning har ett stort värde men samspelet mellan både teori och praktik har visat sig vara mer inflytelserik för studenternas lärandeprocess inom entreprenörskap. Det kan således uppfattas som paradoxalt att entreprenörskapsutbildning inte alltid inkluderar båda dessa delar av lärande. Entreprenöriell orientering (EO) är ett samlingsbegrepp för de karaktärsdrag som kännetecknar den framgångsrika entreprenören, där utbildning är tänkt att främja dessa attribut. Tidigare forskning har studerat olika variablers påverkan på EO samt enbart specifika kurser har satts i relation till EO, där entreprenörskapsutbildning som formell och informell kunskapskälla har exkluderats. Denna studie undersöker olika former av kunskapsinhämtande för att studera sambandet mellan entreprenörskapsutbildning och de entreprenöriella karaktärsdragen risktagande, innovativ och proaktiv förmåga samt självständighet, vilka återfinns inom EO. Med en kvalitativ forskningsansats och genom en explorativ undersökning ämnar denna studie att söka nya infallsvinklar inom ämnet för att lyfta fram företagarens personliga uppfattning om sin entreprenörskapsutbildning och entreprenöriella karaktärsdrag. Djupintervjuer har fokuserat på företagsägare i en startup då det anses ställs högre krav på entreprenören i de tidigare skedena i företagets livscykel, där kunskap och karaktärsdrag är avgörande faktorer för företagets överlevnad. Studiens resultat visar att karaktärsdragen risktagande och proaktiv förmåga har en direkt koppling till entreprenörskapsutbildning, medan resterande attribut indirekt kan kopplas till utbildningen genom individens förmåga och medvetenhet. Den totala entreprenöriella orienteringen visade sig vara hög då tre av fyra karaktärsdrag har analyserats som höga och genomsnittet av den innovativa förmågan var låg. Resultatet visar att utbildning inom entreprenörskap påverkar EO men att det finns ett indirekt samband mellan utbildning och entreprenörens förmåga och medvetenhet. Relationen mellan dessa variabler blir således bilateral. Rekommendationer riktas till utbildningsanordnare i Sverige att i större utsträckning implementera praktiska inlärningsmoment. Det rekommenderas även att entreprenörer och företagare som väljer att utbilda sig på egen hand ska fortsätta se inlärningsprocessen som kontinuerlig, samt att kombinera egenlärd kunskap med en teoretisk utbildning. Vidare ges förslag för framtida forskning och avslutningsvis presenteras en framtidsvision för utbildningens önskade påverkan på EO för att detta i sin tur ska främja samhällsekonomisk tillväxt.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The oxidative biomarkers play an important role in the genesis of cardiometabolic risk related processes. This study aimed to investigate in clinically healthy young non-obese subjects, the total antioxidant capacity of plasma and its possible associations with anthropometric, body composition, clinical, biochemical and dietary related to cardiometabolic risk. This study evaluated individuals between the ages of 18 and 25 y, of two college of the state of Sergipe. Anthropometric parameters and body composition were measured using standardized techniques and previously described in the literature. Mechanical sphygmomanometer mercury column was used for the measurement of systolic and diastolic pressure. After fasting for 12 hours, by venipuncture, blood samples were collected to make biochemical parameters analysis and plasma antioxidant capacity. The samples (serum and plasma) were conditioned at -80°C until assay. Serum glucose, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, triglycerides and total antioxidant capacity plasma was evaluated by colorimetric or turbidimetric assays. The daily dietary intake was assessed by food frequency questionnaire semi-quantitative. Comparisons between groups categorized by the 25th percentile of total antioxidant capacity plasma were performed using the Mann-Whitney- U test for numerical variables. The Spearman correlation were used to track the between total antioxidant capacity plasma and other variables. The results were presented as mean ± SD or absolute frequency and relative. The confidence interval was 95% and the level of statistical significance of 5%. The study included 139 subjects with a mean age of 21,4 ± 1,9 years, with 77% belonging to the female sex. There was no statistical difference between the groups established by percentile value 25th (2,635 mM) of the distribution of CAT using established groups. Regarding the components of cardiometabolic risk almost 25% of the sample had more than one component, 7.9% over two and 0.7% more than three, the most prevalent being reduced HDL cholesterol (15%). The value of CAT did not differ between the groups for the components of cardiometabolic risk. With regard to nutrient intake, individuals showed higher CAT less of trans fat consumption values, vitamin D, iodine and zinc. Inadequacies in energy intake, saturated fat, fiber, and vitamin D were substantial though not significant. There was no statistical difference to the daily dietary intake of any food groups according to the categorization of CAT. The CAT plasma was positively correlated with the PCSI variables (r =0,15, p =0,04) and glucose (r = 0,15, p = 0,03) and negatively with SBP (-0,18, p = 0,01). In the case of young people, non-obese and clinically healthy, unlike what occurs in people with diseases already installed the CAT was unable to predict the components of cardiometabolic risk, possibly because of the introduction of active compensatory mechanism in physiological conditions. / Os biomarcadores oxidativos desempenham importante papel na gênese de processos relacionados ao risco cardiometabólico. O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar, em indivíduos jovens, não obesos e clinicamente saudáveis, a capacidade antioxidante total do plasma e suas associações com os parâmetros antropométricos, de composição corporal, clínicos, bioquímicos e dietéticos, relacionados ao risco cardiometabólico. Foram avaliados indivíduos com idade entre 18 e 25 anos, de duas instituições de ensino de nível superior do estado de Sergipe. Os parâmetros antropométricos e de composição corporal foram aferidos mediante técnicas, previamente padronizadas e descritas na literatura. Esfigmomanômetro mecânico de coluna de mercúrio foi utilizado para a aferição da pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica. Após jejum de 12 horas, mediante punção venosa, foram coletadas amostras de sangue, separadas em soro e plasma e acondicionadas a -80°C As concentrações séricas de glicose, colesterol total, lipoproteína de alta densidade, triacilgliceróis e capacidade antioxidante total do plasma foram analisadas por ensaios colorimétricos ou turbidimétricos. A ingestão dietética diária foi estimada mediante aplicação de questionário de frequência alimentar semi-quantitativo. As comparações entre grupos, categorizados pelo percentil 25 da capacidade antioxidante total do plasma, foram realizadas utilizando o teste de U-Mann-Whitney. Foi utilizado o teste de Spearman para rastrear as correlações existentes entre a capacidade antioxidante total do plasma e as demais variáveis estudadas. O intervalo de confiança foi de 95% e o nível de significância estatística de 5%. Participaram do estudo 139 indivíduos com idade média de 21,4 ± 1,9 anos, sendo 77% pertencente ao sexo feminino. Não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos estabelecidos pelo valor do percentil 25 (2,635 mM) da distribuição da CAT. Quanto aos componentes do risco cardiometabólico quase 25% da amostra apresentou mais de um componente, 7,9% mais de dois e 0,7% mais de três, sendo o mais prevalente o HDL-colesterol reduzido (15%). O valor de CAT não diferiu entre os grupos para os componentes do risco cardiometabólico. A CAT do plasma se correlacionou positivamente com as variáveis PCSI (r=0,15, p=0,04) e glicemia de jejum (r=0,15, p=0,03) e negativamente com a PAS (-0,18, p=0,01). Tratando-se de indivíduos jovens, não obesos e clinicamente saudáveis, diferente do que ocorre em populações com doenças já instaladas, a CAT não foi capaz de predizer os componentes do risco cardiometabólico, possivelmente, em razão da instauração do mecanismo compensatório atuante em condições fisiológicas.

Les recherches en Management/Organisation ont quelque peu mis de côté la Perspective Temporelle ou PT (selon Lewin, la somme des points de vue individuels à un moment donné sur le passé et le futur psychologique). Cette Thèse étudie comment le(la) dirigeant(e) et sa PME agissent pour générer de la croissance en se focalisant sur la PT. Les questionnaires et les entretiens avec les 22 dirigeant(e)s d’entreprises (effectif : 10-49 salariés) permettent la mise au jour de leurs PT mais aussi des liens entre les différentes composantes du cadre conceptuel (ex : l’orientation entrepreneuriale de la firme, la vigilance individuelle) et d’autres éléments importants (ex : les biais cognitifs). La construction et les comparaisons des 22 cartes cognitives permettent également la mise au jour des différentes trajectoires de croissance et le questionnement de « l’équilibre » de la PT comme critère « discriminant ». Enfin, un modèle à tester et des directions de recherche sont proposés. / Organization and Management studies have somewhat neglected Time Perspective (TP), which is, according to Lewin, the sum of the individual’s viewpoints of his psychological past and future existing at a given time. This dissertation examines how small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) owner-managers and their firms generate growth, with a focus on TP. Questionnaires and qualitative interviews with 22 SME owners (10‒49 employees) revealed individual TPs and links among diverse components of the conceptual framework (e.g., alertness, entrepreneurial orientation) and other important factors (e.g., cognitive biases). The 22 cognitive maps also showed several firm growth trajectories and raised questions about the “balanced” TP as a discriminating criterion. Last, a model and directions for future research are proposed.

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Background:  Over the years, traditional entrepreneurs started businesses due to either pull or push factors within their environments. Research has been carried out in profiling different types of entrepreneurs and their characteristics. The social media influencers are new forms of entrepreneurs who recently appeared due to changes in the technological environments. The existence of social media platforms has enhanced the possibility of entrepreneurial activities online. The platforms are available for everyone, but some have more entrepreneurial orientation or characteristics than others.  Purpose: The aim of this research is to measure the entrepreneurial orientation and the characteristics of social media users, compare social media influencers with other social media users, to determine if differences exist. Methods:       This research uses the Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation scale (Bolton & Lane, 2012) and the Individual Personality Traits measuring scale (Al Mamun, Bin Yusoff, & Ibrahim, 2018). This is a deductive study, testing the above-mentioned theories on social media users, and a quantitative study aided using data collected from online survey. Conclusion:   The results of this study show that Social Media Influencer have higher entrepreneurial traits than non-Social Media Influencers.  The result also supports the three-factor structure and satisfactory reliability of the IEO scales and subscales. Subsequently, I found out that non-SMIs do create online contents and carry out entrepreneurial activities online too.

This thesis aims to propose a design of a vertical flow constructed wetland for a village up to 500 PE. The project is conducted for the town of Vlachova Lhota (Zlín district), and two alternatives are presented here. The first is based on mechanical pre-treatment and an intermittently loaded vertical flow constructed wetland. This alternative meets the state limits of wastewater discharge, which was demonstrated by a calibrated model of the effectiveness of an intermittently loaded vertical flow constructed wetland. This model was designed by Ing. Mirka Němcová using Hydrus software. The second alternative includes, in addition to the first design, tertiary sewage treatment. Tertiary treatment was proposed as an effective solution to removing all monitored pollutants in wastewater discharge. A combination of technologies of tertiary sewage treatment has not been put into practice, therefore the outcome and the effectiveness of the process can only be estimated. Tertiary sewage treatment would function as the first operational research unit, which could produce further findings in the field of sewage treatment using nature-based methods.

The high amount of scientific and communications data produced by low earth orbiting satellites necessitates economical methods of communication with these satellites. A volumetric phased array for demonstrating horizon-to-horizon electronic tracking of the NASA satellite EO-1 was developed and demonstrated. As a part of this research, methods of optimizing the elemental antenna as well as the antenna on-board the satellite were investigated. Using these optimized antennas removes the variations in received signal strength that are due to the angularly dependent propagation loss exhibited by the communications link. An exhaustive study using genetic algorithms characterized two antenna architectures, and included optimizations for radiation pattern, bandwidth, impedance, and polarization. Eleven antennas were constructed and their measured characteristics were compared to those of the simulated antennas. Additional studies were conducted regarding the optimization of aperiodic arrays. A pattern-space representation of volumetric arrays was developed and used with a novel tracking algorithm for these arrays. This algorithm allows high-resolution direction finding using a small number of antennas while mitigating aliasing ambiguities. Finally, a method of efficiently applying multiple beam synthesis using the Fast Fourier Transform to aperiodic arrays was developed. This algorithm enables the operation of phased arrays combining the benefits of aperiodic element position with the efficiency of FFT multiple beam synthesis. Results of this research are presented along with the characteristics of the volumetric array used to track EO-1. Experimental data and the interpretations of that data are presented, and possible areas of future research are discussed.