Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2017-02-01T10:46:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1061046 bytes, checksum: 1cfc28216ee1a685d4312d8f6408389c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-01T10:46:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1061046 bytes, checksum: 1cfc28216ee1a685d4312d8f6408389c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-04-15 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Apesar do progresso científico e tecnológico ter criado métodos e dispositivos altamente “sofisticados”, a luta contra os acidentes ocupacionais não tem alcançado resultados satisfatórios. A incidência desses acidentes tem sido relacionada ao conjunto de ações que o próprio sujeito desempenha em interação com o trabalho. Essas ações visíveis no plano da prática são orientadas em grande parte pelo quadro de representações construídas, pela posição que ocupa o trabalhador no mundo. Diante dessa realidade, a presente pesquisa buscou entender, a partir de um setor da construção civil do Município de Viçosa/MG, o grau de eficácia do equipamento de proteção individual (EPI) como medida de prevenção de acidentes. Além de entender a realidade objetiva dos riscos ocupacionais e dos EPIs, procurou-se compreender como os trabalhadores, enquanto “homens”, responsáveis pelo trabalho realizado em “obra”, percebem e utilizam esse equipamento que protege o corpo, articulando o processo de risco e de prevenção. Na construção dos dados recorreu-se à observação direta e à entrevista semi-estruturada, buscando acessar o quadro de representações sociais que informam as práticas, definidoras da validade do EPI, de determinados “homens” oriundos de “classes populares”. Os dados apreendidos permitiram nos compreender os significados como socialmente construídos pela experiência da ação dos corpos dos sujeitos sociais e de suas escolhas possíveis. Enfim, problematizou-se o sentido da atividade humana como um domínio decisivo no processo de adoção das medidas preventivas de acidentes. / Despite the scientific and technological progress having bred highly “sophisticated” methods and devices, the struggle of human being against occupational accidents has not reached satisfactory results. The incidence of these accidents has been related to the set of actions that the human being, itself, plays in interaction with work. These actions, visible in a practical way, are vastly guided by the square of representations constructed by the position that the worker occupies in the world. Ahead this reality, in this present research it was searched to understand, in an edification of the civil construction sector in the city of Viçosa / MG, the degree of effectiveness of an individual protection equipment (IPE) as a measure for accidents prevention. Besides understanding the objective reality of the occupational risks, it was looked to understand how workers, as “men”, responsible for the work carried through in a “workmanship”, perceive and use this equipment that protects the body, articulating the prevention and risk process. During the data construction it was appealed to a direct observation and to a half-structuralized interview, searching to access the square of social representations that informed about the practices, defining of the validity of IPE, of determined “men” who are originated from “popular classes”. The apprehended data had allowed to understand the representations as socially constructed by the social citizens’ bodies’ action experience and by their possible choices. At last, the meaning of the human being activity was taken as a decisive domain in the process of adoption of accidents prevention writs. / Dissertação importada do Alexandria

This thesis deals with comparison of rapid and conventional methods used in MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging). There is a description of imaging methods such as EPI (Echo Planar Imaging), Ultra-fast GRE, FSE (Fast spin echo) as well as a snapshot-FLASH and FISP (Fast Imaging with Steady Precession). Experimental part of this thesis deals with the rapid FSE (Fast Spin Echo) method. Especially is explained and assembled an algorithm for proper compilation of data from the FSE method. This algorithm allows us to evaluate the images from the FSE method. This method is examined in detail (in terms of impact parameters) and compared with traditional conventional methods. Finally, the individual images are evaluated, and the best parameters for FSE method are identified.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第24489号 / 医博第4931号 / 新制||医||1063(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 髙橋 良輔, 教授 永井 洋士, 教授 森田 智視 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Bakgrund: Inom yrket som röntgensjuksköterska används dagligen kontrastmedel i samband med undersökningar. För att räkna ut hur mycket kontrastmedel som patienter ska erhålla för att förebygga kontrastinducerade njurskador används ekvationsformler för att räkna ut njurfunktionens glomerulära filtrationshastighet. Två formler som jämfördes var CKD-EPI och MDRD. Syfte: I denna litteraturstudie var syftet att jämföra vilken av de två mest förekommande ekvationsformler är mest optimal att använda för att räkna ut estimerat GFR. Metod: Denna studie genomfördes i form av en litteraturstudie där 11 artiklar kvalitetsgranskades och sammanställdes. Resultat: CKD-EPI-formeln uppvisade generellt bättre prestationsförmåga för noggrannhet, precision och avvikelse än MDRD-formeln för estimering av GFR. Dock hade båda ekvationerna svagheter och är inte universella då MDRD och CKD-EPI-formlerna inte är lämpliga att använda på alla individer. Slutsats: I dagsläget är CKD-EPI-formeln den som ter sig vara mest användbar, dock behövs det mer forskning för att kunna utveckla ekvationsformler som passar för alla typer av patienter. / Background: In the profession as radiology nurse contrast media is used daily in radiologic examinations. In order to determine the volume of contrast media that patients should be administered and to prevent contrast-induced nephropathy equation formulas are applied to calculate the kidney function glomerular filtration rate. Two formulas were compared the CKD-EPI and MDRD. Aim: In this literature study the aim was to compare which of the two most commonly used equation formulas is the most optimal for calculating estimated GFR. Methods: This study was conducted as a literature study, where 11 articles were quality assessed and compiled. Results: The CKD-EPI formula generally showed better performance for estimating GFR in accuracy, precision and bias than the MDRD formula. However, both equation formulas present inadequacies and are not universal as they are not applicable to all individuals. Conclusions: At the moment the CKD-EPI formula appears to be the most applicable, although more research is required in order to develop equation formulas which cater to all types of patients.

A central principle within UN and EU policy is environmental policyintegration (EPI), aiming at integrating environmental aspirations, targetsand requirements into sector policy in order to promote sustainabledevelopment. The focus of this study is EPI in bioenergy policy. Bioenergy isa renewable energy source of increasing importance in the EU and Swedishenergy mix. At the same time, it is debated how environmentally friendlybioenergy really is. Furthermore, bioenergy can be considered both a multisectorand a multi-level case, since bioenergy is produced in many differentsectors and bioenergy policy is formulated and implemented on differentlevels. Therefore, EPI in bioenergy policy is here analysed over time in twosectors (energy and agriculture) and on three levels (EU, national, subnational).A cognitive, policy learning perspective on EPI is adopted, tracingEPI through looking for reframing of policy towards incorporatingenvironmental objectives in policy rhetoric and practice. Furthermore,institutional and political explanations for the development are discussed.Paper I analyses EPI in Swedish bioenergy policy within energy andagriculture. Paper II analyses institutional conditions for multi-sector EPI inSwedish bioenergy policy. Paper III analyses EPI in EU bioenergy policywithin energy and agriculture. Paper IV analyses sub-national EPI in thecase of the Biofuel Region in north Sweden. The material examined consistsof policy documents complemented by semi-structured interviews. Together, the four papers provide a more complex and holistic picture ofthe EPI process than in previous research, which mainly has focused onstudying EPI in single sectors and on single levels. The study shows thatpriorities are different on different levels; that EPI has varied over time; butthat EPI today is detectable within bioenergy policy in both studied sectorsand on all levels. Policy learning in bioenergy is found to be mainly a topdownprocess. Furthermore, policy coherence between sectors and levels;long-term goals; and concrete policy instruments are found to be importantboth for the EPI process as such and for the outcomes from this process.However, when attempting to marry different goals, such as growth, securityand sustainability, in line with the three-tiered (economic, social, ecologic)sustainable development concept, environmental aspects risks not to beprioritised when goal conflicts arise. The study proposes that future researchboth continues the analysis of multi-sector and multi-level EPI, and furtherexplores to what extent ecological sustainability is improved by EPI.

No description available.

A novel non-invasive imaging method of unique k-space trajectory named “3D center-out EPI with cylindrical encoding” was developed and implemented for fast imaging of the human brain. The method based on a variant of 3D hybrid EPI combines advantages of the Cartesian and the radial encoding to achieve ultra-short echo time independent of spatial resolution and reasonably short echo train length yielding a quality image of high signal-to-noise ratio. Unlike rectilinear sampling, the method offers not only less motion and flow artifacts but enables also the undersampling capability. As a result, the method improves temporal resolution by shortening the measurement time. Nonetheless, artifacts induced from long-term drifts of the magnetic field as well as geometrical distortions caused by B0 inhomogeneity were removed with the average phase of the k-space center lines and an additional field map scan. Compared to other cylindrical k-space trajectories based on echo-planar imaging, which lead to progressively increasing echo time upon increasing the spatial resolution, the proposed method offers more benefits. As a significant application, imaging readout of the novel technique was applied to true 3D cine imaging which was later used in the combination of pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling module in order to track a short arterial spin labeling (ASL) bolus of well-defined length along the fast passage through the large vessel compartment of the brain. Parametric maps of ASL signal change, estimated time-to-peak and ASL bolus width were extracted in order to characterize the macrovascular compartments of the brain-feeding arteries. Consequently, bolus dispersion within a single arterial branch was also assessed.

L’imagerie pondérée en diffusion (DWI) représente un outil prometteur pour augmenter la spécificité de l’IRM mammaire en vue du dépistage du cancer du sein. L’épaisseur de coupe pour une acquisition ayant un rapport signal sur bruit suffisant et couvrant les seins dans un temps compatible avec un examen clinique, reste égale ou supérieur à 3 mm, limitant la possibilité de dépistage. Dans ce travail, une méthode DWI isotrope a été développée pour obtenir des images haute résolution isotropes (1x1x1 mm3) couvrant entièrement les seins. Ces images sont obtenues en combinant : (i) une séquence à train de lecture segmenté (rs-EPI) qui correspond à plusieurs segments de lecture EPI avec écho navigation, permettant d’obtenir de hautes résolutions dans le plan, (ii) une stratégie de super-résolution (SR) consistant à acquérir trois jeux de données avec des coupes épaisses (3 mm) et des décalages de 1 mm dans le sens de coupe entre chaque acquisition et (iii) une méthode de reconstruction dédiée pour obtenir des données isotropes 1x1x1 mm3. Plusieurs schémas de reconstruction basés sur différentes régularisations ont été étudiés. La SR proposée a été comparée aux acquisitions natives de 1x1x1 mm3 sans algorithme SR sur huit sujets sains et des fantômes synthétiques. Pour valider la méthode SR, nous avons utilisé plusieurs méthodes : des simulations Monte-Carlo, des mesures de SNR et des métriques de netteté et enfin le coefficient de diffusion apparent (ADC). Ces validations ont aussi été confirmées par des mesures expérimentales sur fantômes contenant des objets de dimensions et diffusion calibrées. Un nouveau protocole de recherche clinique est proposé pour évaluer l’efficacité de la séquence de diffusion à haute résolution sur le dépistage d’un cancer mammaire, dans le but de remplacer la séquence de perfusion avec injection de produit de contraste utilisée en IRM mammaire. / Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is a promising tool to increase the specificity of MRI for breast cancer screening. However, the field of view covering the breasts makes the DWI at high resolution difficult and the images obtained have low signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). The current DWI techniques are limited by the spatial resolution, mainly a slice thickness greater than or equal to 3 mm. In this work, an isotropic DWI method was developed to obtain high resolution isotropic images (1x1x1 mm3) covering the entire breast. These images are obtained by combining: (i) a readout-segmented DW-EPI sequence (rs-EPI), with several segments of k-space and echo navigator providing high in-plane resolution, (ii) a super-resolution (SR) strategy, which consists of acquiring three datasets with thick slices (3 mm) and 1mm-shifts in the slice direction, (iii) and combining them into a 1x1x1 mm3 dataset using a dedicated reconstruction. Several SR reconstruction schemes were investigated, based on different regularizations. The proposed SR strategy was compared to native 1x1x1 mm3 acquisitions (i.e. with 1 mm slice thickness) on eight healthy subjects, and synthetics phantoms. To validate the SR method, we used several methods: Monte Carlo simulations, SNR measurements and sharpness metrics, the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values in normal breast tissue and breast diffusion/resolution phantom were also compared. A new clinical research protocol is proposed to evaluate the effectiveness of the high resolution diffusion sequence on breast cancer screening. The aim of this protocol is to replace the contrast-enhanced perfusion by the diffusion sequence for screening.

The Formative Period in the South: IntroductionThe text doesn´t have an abstract / El texto no presenta resumen

Dans un contexte où l'injonction d’innover atteint son paroxysme, les différentes fonctions de l’entreprise sont à la recherche de processus susceptibles de renforcer leur capacité d’innovation. Notre recherche a pour objectif d’apporter un éclairage sur l’implication et la contribution de la fonction Achats dans le processus d’innovation des entreprises Agro-Alimentaires en construisant, d’une part, une typologie des acheteurs et en identifiant, d’autre part, certains facteurs organisationnels déterminants du succès de l'implication de cette fonction. Sur la base de nos résultats, l’implication réussie de la fonction Achats dans le processus d’innovation n’est pas l’affaire d’une performance particulière des facteurs inter-organisationnels mais plutôt le fruit d’une performance équilibrée sur un ensemble de composantes comme l’alignement des services et organisations en interne et externe, les compétences métacognitives des acheteurs, l’implication dans l’idéation, ainsi que l’attractivité interne et externe. / At the heart of the company's strategy for a long time, and compounded by globalisation, innovation is becoming increasingly collaborative, open to external organisations such as suppliers who can play a prominent role in innovations (product or service design, organisational or technical). As Purchasing is the internal/external interface, this function may have an impact on the companies' ability to innovate. Beyond the suppliers' contribution, and within the other departments, the purpose of this thesis is to help clarify and characterise innovation by the Purchasing department, a multi-faceted notion, as well as identify the endogenous and exogenous factors conducive to innovation.