Animal domestication, the process where animals become adapted to living in proximity to humans, is associated with the alteration of multiple traits, including decreased fearfulness and stress response. With an estimated population of 50 billion, the domesticated chicken is the most populous avian species in the world. Hundreds of chicken breeds have been developed for meat and egg production, hobby or research purposes. Multidirectional selection and the relaxation of natural selection in captivity have created immense phenotypic diversity amongst domesticates in a relatively short evolutionary time. The extensive phenotypic diversity, existence of the wild ancestor, and feasibility of intercrossing various breeds makes the chicken a suitable model animal for deciphering genetic determinants of complex traits such as stress response. We used chicken domestication as a model to gain insights about the mechanisms that regulate stress response in an avian species. We studied behavioural and physiological stress response in the ancestral Red Junglefowl and one of its domesticated progenies, White Leghorn. An advanced intercross between the aforementioned breeds was later used to map genetic loci underlying modification of stress response. The general pattern of the stress response in chickens was comparable with that reported in mammals, however we identified distinctive differences in the stress modulatory pathways in chickens. We showed that changes in the expression levels of several stress modulatory genes in the brain, the pituitary and the adrenal glands underlie the observed modified stress response in domesticated chickens. Using quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping, several QTL underlying stress induced corticosterone, aldosterone and baseline dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels were detected. As a next step, we combined QTL mapping with gene expression (eQTL) mapping and narrowed two QTL down to the putative causal genes, SERPINA10 and PDE1C. Both of these genes were differentially expressed in the adrenal glands of White Leghorn and the Red Junglefowl, had overlapping eQTL with hormonal QTL, and their expression levels in the adrenal glands were correlated with plasma levels of corticosterone and al-dosterone. These two genes thus serve as strong candidates for further functional investigation concerning modification of the stress response during domestication. This dissertation increase the knowledge about genetics and physiology of the stress response in an avian species and its modification during domestication. Our findings expand the basic knowledge about the stress response in chicken, which can potentially be used to improve welfare through appropriate genetic selection.

The post human genome sequence era has begun to explore various aspects of the functional genome in relation to disease including gene expression, genetic variation and epigenetics. The genetic determinants of common and complex phenotypes are difficult to resolve even though their heritability is recognised. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for common diseases has identified many new disease susceptibility associated loci. These loci often lie in non-coding regions of the genome and disease associated genetic variants are proposed to act by modulating gene expression. This thesis investigated genetic variation as determinants of gene expression in the context of the immune system especially focused on the innate immune and inflammatory responses. Different primary human immune cell types were collected from healthy volunteers of European ancestry to achieve this. In order to identify genetic variants associating with gene expression, expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) mapping was conducted in a cell type specific manner. The primary dataset (n=288) consists of CD19⁺ B-cells from the adaptive immune system and CD14⁺ monocytes from the innate immune system. 78% of the total cis eQTL were found to be cell type specific and include genes relating to their roles in the immune response. Trans eQTL showed greater cell type specificity and include master regulatory eQTL on the LYZ locus at chromosome 12q15 in monocytes and the KLF4 (9p31) in B-cells. The identified eQTL are implicated in association with autoimmune disease susceptibility including inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis. The second analysed dataset (n=64) consists of CD14+ monocytes and macrophages differentiated ex vivo. Macrophages are involved in many inflammatory diseases as well as in the innate immune response. The differential gene expression and eQTL mapping analyses were conducted to investigate macrophages specific gene expression signatures and associations to genetic variants. Macrophage eQTL are involved in signal transduction for the inflammatory response (IL1RN and STAT4) and lipid metabolism (PPARG) with implication for metabolic disease association. The eQTL analyses using primary immune cell types provide insights into genetic variation in association to gene expression which is involved in autoimmunity and disease susceptibility.

Les téléostéens euryhalins peuvent vivre dans des milieux à salinité très différentes. L'objectif de mon travail est de décrire les processus d'acclimatation à l'eau salée chez la truite arc-en-ciel par une étude couplant approches de génomique fonctionnelle et génétique. A partir d'une première approche cinétique de transcriptomie différentielle menée sur la branchie, une liste de gènes candidats a été établie et la réponse physiologique des poissons étudiée. Les principaux résultats révèlent de bonnes capacités d'euryhalinité et une réponse transcriptomique maximum 24h après le transfert en eau de mer. Des processus biologiques impliqués dans les mécanismes d'acclimatation sont également proposés. Une seconde partie de ce travail consistait en la caractérisation d'un contrôle génétique des processus liés à l'acclimatation à l'eau de mer chez la truite. Utilisant comme caractères, les teneurs plasmatiques en sodium et en chlore mesurées 24h après un transfert d'eau douce en eau salée répété à 2 reprises, ainsi que le poids branchial, des analyses univariées et multivariées ont permis de détecter 18 QTL dont 9 sont qualifiés de robustes. Une dernière étape de détection de QTL d'expression a alors permis de proposer 69 gènes candidats de premier choix. C'est la première fois qu'une approche mêlant transcriptomie différentielle et approche QTL / eQTL est menée chez une espèce d'intérêt aquacole au génome non séquencé pour la capacité d'acclimatation à un milieu osmotique différent. Ces résultats pavent la route pour une investigation précise des bases génétiques des processus d'acclimatation à l'eau de mer chez les téléostéens.

En 1975, Wilson et King ont proposé que l'évolution opère non seulement via des changements affectant la structure des protéines, mais aussi via des mutations qui modifient la régulation génétique. L'étude des éléments régulateurs de l'expression génétique a un rôle important dans la compréhension de l'expression de différentes maladies et de la réponse thérapeutique. Nous avons développé un algorithme bio- informatique qui nous permet rapidement de trouver des sites de régulation génétique à travers tout le génome et pour une grande quantité de gènes. Notre approche consiste à trouver des sites polymorphes (SNPs) qui sont en déséquilibre de liaison avec le débalancement allélique (AI) afin de cartographier la région régulatrice et le site responsable. Notre méthode est avantageuse par rapport à d'autres méthodes, car elle n'a pas besoin des données « phasées». De plus, les données de débalancement allélique ne sont pas affectées par des facteurs externes étant donné qu'ils sont mesurés dans la même cellule. Nous avons démontré que notre approche est fiable et qu'elle peut détecter des sites loin du gène. De plus, il peut être appliqué à des données de génotypage sans avoir besoin de les « phaser » . / Wilson and King (1975) proposed that evolution frequently operates through mutations affecting genetic regulation. Likewise, it is expected that genetic variation responsible for inter-individual differences will be due to variation in regulatory sites. Identifying such sites is thus important in the genetic and medical research. We have developed a new bioinformatics algorithm to find genome-wide regulatory sites for a big number of genes. Individuals carrying different alleles at a regulatory site will exhibit allelic imbalance(AI) due to differential expression of the two copies the same locus. Our approach consists of searching polymorphic sites (SNPs) in linkage disequilibrium with AI in order to map regulatory regions. We have detected many SNPs associated to the regulation of different genes pointed in previous studies. We have also found regulatory regions far from the transcription start site (TSS). The major advantage of this method is that phased data is not needed. In addition, AI data has the benefit of not being affected by external factors since it is measured in the same cell. The results show that our approach is reliable and it can detect sites far from the gene.

Over the last ten years, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been used to identify genetic variants associated with many diseases as well as quantitative phenotypes, by exploiting naturally occurring genetic variation in large cohorts of individuals. More recently, the GWAS approach has also been applied to highthroughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data in order to find loci associated with different levels of gene expression, called expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL). Because of the large amount of data that is required for such high-resolution eQTL studies, most of them have so far been carried out in humans, where the cost of data collection could be justified by a possible future impact in human health. However, due to the rapidly falling price of high-throughput sequencing it is now also becoming feasible to perform high-resolution eQTL studies in higher model organisms. This enables the study of gene regulation in biological contexts that have so far been beyond our reach for practical or ethical reasons, such as early embryonic development. Taking advantage of these new possibilities, we performed a high-resolution eQTL study on 80 inbred fruit fly lines from the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel, which represent naturally occurring genetic variation in a wild population of Drosophila melanogaster. Using a 3′ Tag RNA-sequencing protocol we were able to estimate the level of expression both of genes as well as of different 3′ isoforms of the same gene. We estimated these expression levels for each line at three different stages of embryonic development, allowing us to not only improve our understanding of D. melanogaster gene regulation in general, but also investigate how gene regulation changes during development. In this thesis, I describe the processing of 3′ Tag-Seq data into both 3′ isoform expression levels and overall gene expression levels. Using these expression levels I call proximal eQTLs both common and specific to a single developmental stage with a multivariate linear mixed model approach while accounting for various confounding factors. I then investigate the properties of these eQTLs, such as their location or the gene categories enriched or depleted in eQTLs. Finally, I extend the proximal eQTL calling approach to distal variants to find gene regulatory mechanisms acting in trans. Taken together, this thesis describes the design, challenges and results of performing a multivariate eQTL study in a higher model organism and provides new insights into gene regulation in D. melanogaster during embryonic development.

No description available.

L'huître plate européenne, espèce endémique des côtes européennes, est classée dans la catégorie des « espèces menacées et/ou en déclin ». En effet, les gisements naturels de cette huître ont été progressivement décimés par la sur-exploitation et par l'émergence successive de maladies parasitaires. Le parasite responsable de la bonamiose a notamment contribué à réduire de façon drastique l'exploitation de cette huître en France, et en Europe. Les mollusques bivalves marins présentent deux caractéristiques qui restreignent de fait le potentiel d'action pour lutter contre les maladies : ils sont cultivés en milieu ouvert, et possèdent un système immunitaire inné dépourvu de la capacité de réponse adaptative. Dans ce contexte, la sélection d'animaux naturellement résistants à la bonamiose est une voie prometteuse pour relancer la culture de l'huître plate européenne. Afin de mieux comprendre le phénomène de résistance à la bonamiose, plusieurs études ont porté sur les mécanismes de réponse de l'huître plate et sur l'identification de régions génomiques potentiellement impliquées dans les mécanismes de résistance à la maladie.Le présent travail de thèse consistait à améliorer la compréhension de la résistance de l'huître plate européenne vis-à-vis de la bonamiose, mais également à mieux caractériser la ressource génétique et la structuration de ses populations naturelles. L'huître plate n'étant pas un organisme modèle, seule une carte génétique préliminaire était disponible chez cette espèce. Il a donc été nécessaire de développer de nouveaux outils moléculaires afin d'optimiser la couverture de son génome. Des marqueurs de type SNP (polymorphisme d'une seule base) ont ainsi été développés par séquençage de produits PCR et par séquençage à haut débit. Afin d'améliorer la compréhension de la résistance à la bonamiose, trois expériences d'infection avec le parasite responsable de cette maladie ont été réalisées et ont permis de caractériser les phénotypes de réponse de l'huître plate à plusieurs échelles d'études.1- À l'échelle inter-familiale, il s'agissait de détecter des régions du génome (QTL) associées aux mécanismes de réponse (survie / mortalité) à la bonamiose chez plusieurs familles d'huîtres. Cette approche a permis d'identifier plusieurs régions génomiques d'intérêt communes entre les familles, et de nouvelles régions d'intérêt qui n'avaient pas encore été détectées.2- À l'échelle intra-familiale, il s'agissait de détecter des régions génomiques associées à la régulation d'activités hémocytaires (QTL) ou à l'expression de gènes (eQTL) préalablement identifiés comme potentiellement impliqués dans la réponse à la bonamiose. Cette approche, nouvelle chez un mollusque bivalve, a notamment permis de mettre en évidence une concordance positionnelle entre les régions génomiques impliquées dans la survie ou la mortalité à la bonamiose et celles impliquées dans la régulation des réponses cellulaires et/ou moléculaires.3- À l'échelle des populations, il s'agissait d'étudier un éventuel différentiel de réponse à la bonamiose chez des huîtres provenant de trois populations naturelles géographiquement et écologiquement distinctes. Cette étude a notamment permis d'identifier une possible adaptation à la parasitose des huîtres provenant de la baie de Quiberon. Afin de mieux caractériser les ressources naturelles de l'huître plate européenne, plusieurs populations couvrant l'ensemble de l'aire de distribution de l'espèce ont également été étudiées. Cette étude a permis de confirmer la forte diversité nucléotidique de l'huître plate, en évaluant pour la première fois la diversité génétique globale des populations naturelles d'un mollusque bivalve marin. Cette étude a également permis d'identifier une structuration génétique des populations, avec coïncidence entre les discontinuités dans la distribution des fréquences alléliques des marqueurs moléculaires sous sélection positive ou divergente et les barrières biogéographiques. / The European flat oyster, an endemic species from European coasts, is classified in the category of “endangered and/or declining species”. Indeed, the natural beds of this oyster, consumed since ancient times, have gradually been decimated by over-exploitation and by successive emergence of parasitic diseases. The parasite that causes the disease called bonamiosis has contributed to drastically reduce the French and European aquacultural production of flat oyster. Marine bivalve molluscs display two specificities that restrict possibilities to fight against diseases: they are grown in an open environment, and possess an innate immune system lacking in adaptive response. In this context, the selection of animals naturally resistant to bonamiosis is a very promising issue to revive the culture of the European flat oyster. To better understand the phenomenon of resistance against bonamiosis, several studies have focused on understanding the mechanisms of response of the flat oyster, and on the identification of genomic regions potentially involved in the mechanisms of disease resistance.In this context, the present work consisted in improving our understanding of the resistance of the European flat oyster against bonamiosis, and in better characterizing the genetic resources and the structuring of its natural populations. Considering that the flat oyster is not a model organism, a preliminary genetic map was available for this species. It was therefore necessary to develop new molecular tools to optimize the coverage of its genome. SNP markers (single nucleotide polymorphism) have been developed by direct sequencing of PCR products and high-throughput sequencing. To improve the understanding of resistance against bonamiosis, three experiments of infection with the parasite have been performed and used to characterize phenotypes of the oyster response at several study levels.1 – At the inter-family level, the objective was to detect genomic regions (QTL) associated with the mechanisms of response (survival/mortality) against bonamiosis in several families of oysters. This approach enabled to identify several genomic regions of interest shared between families, and new ones that had not yet been detected. 2 – At the intra-family level, the objective was to detect genomic regions associated with the regulation of haemocytic activities (QTLs) or genes expression (eQTL) previously identified as potentially involved in the response to bonamiosis. This approach had never been used before on a bivalve mollusc. It has enabled to identify a positional correlation between the genomic regions involved in the survival or mortality to bonamiosis and those involved in the regulation of cellular or molecular responses.3 – At the population level, the experiment aimed at detecting possible differential responses against bonamiosis between oysters from three natural populations geographically and ecologically distinct. This study has enabled to identify a possible adaptation of oysters from the bay of Quiberon to the parasitosis. In order to improve the characterization of the natural resources of the European flat oyster, several populations covering the entire geographic range of the species were also studied. This study confirmed the high nucleotide diversity of the flat oyster, assessing for the first time the overall genetic diversity of natural populations of a marine bivalve mollusc. This study also enabled to identify the genetic structure of populations, with coincidences between geographical discontinuities in allele frequencies of molecular markers under positive or divergent selection and biogeographical barriers.

INTRODUÇÃO: O polimorfismo dentro do gene TCF7L2, rs7903146, é, até o momento, o marcador genético mais significantemente associado ao risco de diabetes mellitus tipo 2, sendo também associado à doença arterial coronariana. Contudo, pouco ainda se conhece sobre o papel funcional desse polimorfismo na patologia dessas doenças. O objetivo desse projeto foi investigar esse papel funcional, no fenótipo de células vasculares de músculo liso de 92 indivíduos, usando abordagens de comparação de níveis de expressão gênica e de comparação de correlações de expressão gênica, de modo que tais comparações fossem representadas visualmente como redes de interação gênica. MÉTODOS: Inicialmente, foram comparados os níveis de expressão de 41 genes (genes que possuem ou estão perto de variantes genéticas associadas ao diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e outros genes relacionados às vias de sinalização de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 ou às vias de proliferação celular) entre indivíduos com o alelo associado ao risco de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (CT e TT) e indivíduos sem o alelo de risco (CC) do rs7903146. Com a finalidade de se observar se os genes estavam se relacionando de modo diferente entre os grupos genotípicos, foram comparados os padrões de correlação de expressão dos 41 genes. RESULTADOS: Quanto às comparações de níveis de expressão entre os grupos, cinco formas de splicing do gene TCF7L2 e os genes CDKAL1, IGF2BP2, JAZF1, CDKN2B, CAMK1D, JUN, CDK4, ATP2A2, e FKBP1A apresentaram níveis de expressão significativamente diferentes. Quanto às comparações de correlação de expressão entre os grupos, os genes RXR?, CALM1, CALR e IGF2BP2 foram os que mostraram os mais diferentes padrões de correlação com os outros genes. CONCLUSÃO: Deste modo, o alelo de risco analisado é apontado como tendo influência em cis na regulação da expressão de determinadas formas de splicing do gene TCF7L2 em células vasculares de músculo liso; além de parecer influenciar nas expressões e nas interações de genes relacionados à homeostase glicolítica e/ou proliferação celular. Sendo assim, através de nossas análises identificaram-se possíveis candidatos-alvos no tratamento de redução do risco em indivíduos com alto risco de desenvolvimento de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e de doença arterial coronariana, especialmente os indivíduos que possuem os genótipos de risco analisados do gene TCF7L2 / INTRODUCTION: The SNP within the TCF7L2 gene, rs7903146, is, to date, the most significant genetic marker associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus risk, well as being associated with coronary artery disease. Nonetheless, its functional role in these diseases pathology is poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate this role, in vascular smooth muscle cells from 92 patients undergoing aortocoronary bypass surgery, using expression levels and expression correlation comparison approaches, which were visually represented as gene interaction networks. METHODS: Initially, the expression levels of 41 genes (seven TCF7L2 splice forms and other 40 relevant genes) were compared between rs7903146 wild-type (CC) and type 2 diabetes mellitus risk (CT + TT) genotype groups. Next, the expression correlation patterns of the 41 genes were compared between genotypic groups in order to observe if the relationships between genes were different. RESULTS: Five TCF7L2 splice forms and CDKAL1, IGF2BP2, JAZF1, CDKN2B, CAMK1D, JUN, CDK4, ATP2A2 and FKBP1A genes showed significant expression differences between groups. RXR?, CALM1, CALR and IGF2BP2 genes were pinpointed as showing the most different expression correlation pattern with other genes. CONCLUSION: Therefore, type 2 diabetes mellitus risk alleles appear to be influencing TCF7L2 splice form\'s expression in vascular smooth muscle cells; besides it can be influencing expression and interactions of genes related to glucose homeostasis and/or cellular proliferation. Thereby, through our analysis were identified possible treatment target candidates for risk reduction in individuals with high-risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease, especially individuals harboring TCF7L2 risk genotypes

INTRODUÇÃO: O polimorfismo dentro do gene TCF7L2, rs7903146, é, até o momento, o marcador genético mais significantemente associado ao risco de diabetes mellitus tipo 2, sendo também associado à doença arterial coronariana. Contudo, pouco ainda se conhece sobre o papel funcional desse polimorfismo na patologia dessas doenças. O objetivo desse projeto foi investigar esse papel funcional, no fenótipo de células vasculares de músculo liso de 92 indivíduos, usando abordagens de comparação de níveis de expressão gênica e de comparação de correlações de expressão gênica, de modo que tais comparações fossem representadas visualmente como redes de interação gênica. MÉTODOS: Inicialmente, foram comparados os níveis de expressão de 41 genes (genes que possuem ou estão perto de variantes genéticas associadas ao diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e outros genes relacionados às vias de sinalização de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 ou às vias de proliferação celular) entre indivíduos com o alelo associado ao risco de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (CT e TT) e indivíduos sem o alelo de risco (CC) do rs7903146. Com a finalidade de se observar se os genes estavam se relacionando de modo diferente entre os grupos genotípicos, foram comparados os padrões de correlação de expressão dos 41 genes. RESULTADOS: Quanto às comparações de níveis de expressão entre os grupos, cinco formas de splicing do gene TCF7L2 e os genes CDKAL1, IGF2BP2, JAZF1, CDKN2B, CAMK1D, JUN, CDK4, ATP2A2, e FKBP1A apresentaram níveis de expressão significativamente diferentes. Quanto às comparações de correlação de expressão entre os grupos, os genes RXR?, CALM1, CALR e IGF2BP2 foram os que mostraram os mais diferentes padrões de correlação com os outros genes. CONCLUSÃO: Deste modo, o alelo de risco analisado é apontado como tendo influência em cis na regulação da expressão de determinadas formas de splicing do gene TCF7L2 em células vasculares de músculo liso; além de parecer influenciar nas expressões e nas interações de genes relacionados à homeostase glicolítica e/ou proliferação celular. Sendo assim, através de nossas análises identificaram-se possíveis candidatos-alvos no tratamento de redução do risco em indivíduos com alto risco de desenvolvimento de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 e de doença arterial coronariana, especialmente os indivíduos que possuem os genótipos de risco analisados do gene TCF7L2 / INTRODUCTION: The SNP within the TCF7L2 gene, rs7903146, is, to date, the most significant genetic marker associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus risk, well as being associated with coronary artery disease. Nonetheless, its functional role in these diseases pathology is poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate this role, in vascular smooth muscle cells from 92 patients undergoing aortocoronary bypass surgery, using expression levels and expression correlation comparison approaches, which were visually represented as gene interaction networks. METHODS: Initially, the expression levels of 41 genes (seven TCF7L2 splice forms and other 40 relevant genes) were compared between rs7903146 wild-type (CC) and type 2 diabetes mellitus risk (CT + TT) genotype groups. Next, the expression correlation patterns of the 41 genes were compared between genotypic groups in order to observe if the relationships between genes were different. RESULTS: Five TCF7L2 splice forms and CDKAL1, IGF2BP2, JAZF1, CDKN2B, CAMK1D, JUN, CDK4, ATP2A2 and FKBP1A genes showed significant expression differences between groups. RXR?, CALM1, CALR and IGF2BP2 genes were pinpointed as showing the most different expression correlation pattern with other genes. CONCLUSION: Therefore, type 2 diabetes mellitus risk alleles appear to be influencing TCF7L2 splice form\'s expression in vascular smooth muscle cells; besides it can be influencing expression and interactions of genes related to glucose homeostasis and/or cellular proliferation. Thereby, through our analysis were identified possible treatment target candidates for risk reduction in individuals with high-risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease, especially individuals harboring TCF7L2 risk genotypes

L'huître plate européenne, espèce endémique des côtes européennes, est classée dans la catégorie des " espèces menacées et/ou en déclin ". En effet, les gisements naturels de cette huître ont été progressivement décimés par la sur-exploitation et par l'émergence successive de maladies parasitaires. Le parasite responsable de la bonamiose a notamment contribué à réduire de façon drastique l'exploitation de cette huître en France, et en Europe. Les mollusques bivalves marins présentent deux caractéristiques qui restreignent de fait le potentiel d'action pour lutter contre les maladies : ils sont cultivés en milieu ouvert, et possèdent un système immunitaire inné dépourvu de la capacité de réponse adaptative. Dans ce contexte, la sélection d'animaux naturellement résistants à la bonamiose est une voie prometteuse pour relancer la culture de l'huître plate européenne. Afin de mieux comprendre le phénomène de résistance à la bonamiose, plusieurs études ont porté sur les mécanismes de réponse de l'huître plate et sur l'identification de régions génomiques potentiellement impliquées dans les mécanismes de résistance à la maladie.Le présent travail de thèse consistait à améliorer la compréhension de la résistance de l'huître plate européenne vis-à-vis de la bonamiose, mais également à mieux caractériser la ressource génétique et la structuration de ses populations naturelles. L'huître plate n'étant pas un organisme modèle, seule une carte génétique préliminaire était disponible chez cette espèce. Il a donc été nécessaire de développer de nouveaux outils moléculaires afin d'optimiser la couverture de son génome. Des marqueurs de type SNP (polymorphisme d'une seule base) ont ainsi été développés par séquençage de produits PCR et par séquençage à haut débit. Afin d'améliorer la compréhension de la résistance à la bonamiose, trois expériences d'infection avec le parasite responsable de cette maladie ont été réalisées et ont permis de caractériser les phénotypes de réponse de l'huître plate à plusieurs échelles d'études.1- À l'échelle inter-familiale, il s'agissait de détecter des régions du génome (QTL) associées aux mécanismes de réponse (survie / mortalité) à la bonamiose chez plusieurs familles d'huîtres. Cette approche a permis d'identifier plusieurs régions génomiques d'intérêt communes entre les familles, et de nouvelles régions d'intérêt qui n'avaient pas encore été détectées.2- À l'échelle intra-familiale, il s'agissait de détecter des régions génomiques associées à la régulation d'activités hémocytaires (QTL) ou à l'expression de gènes (eQTL) préalablement identifiés comme potentiellement impliqués dans la réponse à la bonamiose. Cette approche, nouvelle chez un mollusque bivalve, a notamment permis de mettre en évidence une concordance positionnelle entre les régions génomiques impliquées dans la survie ou la mortalité à la bonamiose et celles impliquées dans la régulation des réponses cellulaires et/ou moléculaires.3- À l'échelle des populations, il s'agissait d'étudier un éventuel différentiel de réponse à la bonamiose chez des huîtres provenant de trois populations naturelles géographiquement et écologiquement distinctes. Cette étude a notamment permis d'identifier une possible adaptation à la parasitose des huîtres provenant de la baie de Quiberon. Afin de mieux caractériser les ressources naturelles de l'huître plate européenne, plusieurs populations couvrant l'ensemble de l'aire de distribution de l'espèce ont également été étudiées. Cette étude a permis de confirmer la forte diversité nucléotidique de l'huître plate, en évaluant pour la première fois la diversité génétique globale des populations naturelles d'un mollusque bivalve marin. Cette étude a également permis d'identifier une structuration génétique des populations, avec coïncidence entre les discontinuités dans la distribution des fréquences alléliques des marqueurs moléculaires sous sélection positive ou divergente et les barrières biogéographiques.