Geólogo / La nanogeociencia así como la mineralogía ambiental son áreas de investigación que gracias a nuevos avances tecnológicos se están expandiendo rápidamente en múltiples direcciones enfocadas en la detección, caracterización y comprensión de fases no cristalinas, pobremente cristalinas y fases mixtas amorfo-cristalinas, así como también materiales nanométricos. En este contexto, los procesos no clásicos de nucleación y crecimiento cristalino presentes en soluciones acuosas representan un campo emergente que surge como alternativa al enfoque clásico con el cual ha sido abordado este tema (diferentes etapas de unión de monómeros básicos -átomos, iones o moléculas- entre sí). Estos procesos utilizan polímeros y nanopartículas más pequeñas como unidades básicas precursoras del crecimiento cristalino. La formación de nanopartículas de aluminio (comunes tanto en entornos naturales como procesos industriales), y más concretamente la precipitación de hidrobasaluminita (Al4SO4(OH)10 · 12-36H2O), puede ser considerada como el proxy perfecto para el estudio de estos procesos no clásicos. Para caracterizar las especies poliméricas generadas durante la síntesis acuosa de nanopartículas de hidrobasaluminita la metodología utilizada en este trabajo es el análisis mediante ionización por electrospray acoplada a un espectrómetro de masas de tiempo de vuelo (ESI-TOF/MS). Esta técnica fue aplicada a cuatro soluciones de Al2(SO4)3 · 18H2O resultando en la identificación de 38 especies poliméricas catiónicas, ratificando la utilidad de esta técnica en el estudio de estos procesos no clásicos de cristalización permitiendo generar un primer volumen de datos para la elaboración de una base de datos con la masa y la fórmula de los polímeros de aluminio más comunes detectados en el sistema acuoso Al-S-O-H. Los resultados mostraron una especiación variable, donde las especies reconocidas abarcan polímeros basados en Al, Al2, Al3, Al4, Al5, Al6 y algunos más complejos como Al11 o Al13. Dentro de los parámetros estudiados el efecto del pH fue el más notable de todos. Observándose una clara dependencia de este factor en la formación de complejos de mayor tamaño y carga. Por otra parte, la concentración de Al en la solución también mostró injerencia sobre la especiación de las muestras. Finalmente, la metodología y resultados obtenidos, a pesar de las limitaciones asociadas, permiten acercarse a una caracterización más certera de los procesos que rigen la precipitación de hidrobasaluminita y la naturaleza de las especies que participan en éstos.

The goal of this thesis is to determine if Sinorhizobium meliloti can be useful as a sentinel soil microorganism for assessing the impacts of contaminant stressors on the metabolome of a microorganism. Not only is a good deal known about this organism, but it is an important organism in agriculture. Moreover, the currently available gene array and a large library of gene fusion can be used as facile pathways to explore genetic and genomic impacts in addition to metabolomic impacts of contaminants, should such studies be deemed worthwhile. In this study, the polar metabolome of the soil microorganism, Sinorhizobium meliloti, has been analyzed by LC-ESI-MS using a HILIC column coupled to a medium mass resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometer. This approach has resulted in the retention (k' > 0.7) of over 300 polar metabolites as detected in both positive ion and negative ion modes. These data do not include ions corresponding to adduct ions, isotopic features or ions resulting from in-source decay processes. The retained peaks showed excellent linear responses and did not suffer from ion suppression, a common problem in flow-injection ESI analysis. This methodology has been applied to the analysis of S. meliloti exposed to fluorene, a common PAH contaminant, and to a coal tar fraction containing low molecular mass PAHs. Multiple cultures of S. meliloti were grown on M9 glucose minimal medium in the absence and presence of fluorene (0.14 mg/L and 1.4 mg/L) and a PAH mixture (total PAH concentrations of 0.14 mg/L and 1.4 mg/L). Analyses of biological replicates were performed in pentuplicate. The retention times of the resulting chromatograms were aligned, peak areas determined and the resulting data processed using PCA and OPLS-DA methods. The retention time reproducibilities of peaks were within ± 10 seconds and the biological variabilities of over 700 components averaged 23% ± 15% (n=25) . The impacts of fluorene exposures and PAH mixture exposures on the S. meliloti metabolomes (polar) caused significant changes in the metabolome. The lower concentration exposures had less of an impact than the higher dosages. Low dosages of both fluorene and the PAH mixture produced a similar metabolic response in S. meliloti, while at higher dosages the responses were more specific to each toxin. The use of SUS plots coupled with S-plots of the OPLS-DA analysis were particularly advantageous for the identification of metabolites of interest. Changes were seen in the levels of adenine, adenosine, glutamate, and aspartate, among others. In the future, the profiles of the non-polar metabolites of each of sample will be analyzed using a previously developed 'shotgun lipidomics' method. / Thesis / Master of Science (MS)

Ellagitannins are plant phenolics characterized by biaryl-coupled gallic acid moieties esterified to a D-glucose core. They are widely distributed through higher plants. In the case of oaks, ellagitannin concentrations in heartwood can reach up to 10% (dry wt. basis). These secondary metabolites are not only important physiologically but also influence the economic value and quality of wood products that contain them. Efforts were made to develop and validate the methods used to quantify both soluble and insoluble ellagitannins. First, the efficiencies of the two commonly used extraction solvents, aqueous acetone and aqueous methanol were evaluated. The results showed that aqueous acetone is superior to aqueous methanol in obtaining higher vescalagin and castalagin yields. In a separate study, the method used for determining insoluble ellagitannins was found to under-estimate the contents of insoluble ellagitannins in wood products. Anhydrous methanolic HCl was found to be an excellent reagent for releasing insoluble ellagic acid and gallic acid (as methyl gallate) from biomass substrates. Optimization of both the reaction conditions and the gradient HPLC analysis has led to the development of a robust and reliable protocol. The chemical stability of the two predominant ellagitannins in oaks (vescalagin and castalagin) were evaluated in aqueous methanol and water. It was found that oxygen, pH and higher temperature (60 °C) affect their stability with higher temperature being the most prominent factor. Both vescalagin and castalagin were found unstable in methanolic solutions. Vestalagin, however, is less stable than castalagin. In the course of finding alternative models for ellagitannin biosynthesis study, both callus tissues and suspension cell cultures of white oak (Quercus alba) and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) were investigated for their possible use as models for ellagitannin biosynthesis. It was found that oak callus tissue cultures (Quercus alba) are capable of producing ellagitannins, and the production and profile of ellagitannins can be modified by adjusting the media composition. Comparison of extracts from the heartwood of Quercus alba with those from callus tissue reveals that they have similar ellagitannin profiles. Through manipulation of the media nitrogen and copper concentrations the callus tissue produced almost 3 times as much castalagin and vescalagin. Suspension cells of Quercus alba and Liquidambar styraciflua were found to be unsuitable for the study of biosynthesis of ellagitannins. These cells either did not produce any detectable level of ellagitannins or the production was unstable. Although the suspension cells could be elicited to produce ellagic acid with glycanases (Driselase), the levels of ellagic acid were too low for quantitative metabolic studies. A method using high performance liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry was developed and optimized with purified ellagitannins. Ellagitannins analyzed under the optimal conditions all provide base peaks of (M-H)- from which the molecular weights of the ellagitannins can be determined. Mild fragmentation was also achieved to give fragments characteristic of ellagitannins (loss of ellagic acid and gallic acid if present). These characteristic peaks allow for rapid identification of ellagitannins from other secondary metabolites present in the samples. Application of the HPLC/ESI-MS in the identification of monomeric ellagitannins in white oak heartwood extracts revealed that it can unambiguously identify the two monomeric ellagitannins, castalagin and vescalagin, and their degradation product, ellagic acid. The key fragmentation pathways of the ellagitannins are also described. Finally, preliminary work using proteomics to study the heartwood formation was conducted. Proteins from transition zone and sapwood were determined and resolved with two-dimensional electrophoresis. It was found that both sapwood and transition woods contain active enzyme(s) capable of catalyzing formation of ellagic acid from pentagalloylglucose. Preliminary results from the 2-D gel separation of sapwood and transition wood proteins showed more protein spots in sapwood than in transition wood, suggesting that sapwood not only had higher protein levels but also a great total number of proteins. The lower complexity of the transition wood proteome suggests that this material may be a good substrate for studying the biaryl-coupling process. / Ph. D.

L'émergence de disciplines post-génomiques, telles que la protéomique et la métabolomique, requiert le développement d'outils analytiques toujours plus performants afin de déterminer, respectivement, l'ensemble des peptides et protéines et des composés organiques de faible masse moléculaire présents dans un milieu biologique. En raison de sa sensibilité, spécificité et rapidité d'acquisition des données, la désorption/ionisation laser assistée par une matrice (MALDI) constitue une des méthodes d'ionisation majeure en spectrométrie de masse (MS) permettant d'envisager les analyses de ces composés. Cependant, elle présente des limitations pour la détection de petites molécules (<700 Da) due à la présence des ions de matrice dans les basses masses du spectre. Dans ce contexte, le potentiel de différentes techniques LDI alternatives a été évalué dans le cadre de la détection de peptides synthétiques de compositions et de tailles variées. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, de nouvelles stratégies analytiques LDI-MS et LDI-MS/MS basées sur l'utilisation de matrices inertes ont été développées. Pour ce faire, des substrats, à base de silice et de titane présentant différentes structurations, ont été utilisés pour assister la désorption/ionisation sans ajout de matrice organique. L'optimisation des méthodologies a été réalisée, puis l'évaluation de la sensibilité et de la reproductibilité des techniques a ensuite été appréciée. Les problématiques de discrimination spectrale dans le cas d'analyses de mélanges de peptides synthétiques et ou issus de digestats trypsiques de protéines ont été abordées afin de valider ces méthodologies LDI pour des applications en protéomique. Les performances des méthodes ont été comparées à celles obtenues dans des stratégies LDI assistées par des matrices organiques (MALDI) pour des échantillons de peptides synthétiques seuls et en mélange ainsi que de quatre digestats trypsiques issus du Cytochrome C (12 kDa), de la β-Caséine (24 kDa), de l'albumine de sérum bovin (BSA, 66 kDa) et du fibrinogène (340 kDa). Un second aspect a consisté en l'analyse de peptide en spectrométrie de masse en tandem. Pour cela, des expériences de dissociation de peptides en fragmentation basse et haute énergie respectivement sur des appareillages de type ESI-QqTOF et MALDI-TOF/TOF ont été menées. Les résultats obtenus ont contribué à une meilleure compréhension du séquençage peptidique et ont démontré des comportements particuliers propres à certaines séquences observés quelles que soient les méthodes d'activation vibrationnelle employées. La présence de résidus basiques, à partir du moment où ils ne se trouvent pas en position C-terminale, a été déterminante pour déclencher des voies de fragmentation en compétition avec les dissociations bx-yn attendues. Ces comportements doivent être impérativement pris en compte par les logiciels de séquençage. / The advent of proteomics and metabolomics require the development of highly efficient analytical tool in order to detect and identify peptides and proteins as well as small organic compounds present in biological media. Due to its sensitivity, specificity and speed of data acquisition, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization constitutes one of the major ionization methods in mass spectrometry suitable for the analyses of biomolecules. However the sensitive detection of low molecular weight compounds (<700 Da) is most of the time troublesome, being hampered by the production of matrix ions in the low mass range. In that case, the potency of various alternative LDI techniques based on inert ionization promoting substrates was evaluated for the detection of synthetic peptides presenting wide sequence diversity. Silicon and titanium based materials exhibiting different physico-chemical properties were probed for LDI-MS and LDI-MS/MS analyses of the designed model peptides. These methods, which were devoted of the use of any organic matrix, were optimized through a large set of experiments, taking particular attention to detection sensitivity and reproducibility. Spectral discrimination was another matter of concern, especially in the case of peptide mixture analyses which is encountered in proteomics for tryptic digest elucidation. The performances of the design LDI methods were compared with the original MALDI technique for peptide detection and sequencing from various samples i.e. pure and mixed synthetic peptides, and four tryptic digests issued from Cytochrome C (12 kDa), β-Casein (24 kDa), Bovin serum albumin (BSA, 66 kDa) and fibrinogen (340 kDa). A second research topic dealing with peptide sequencing by MS/MS technologies was pursued in order to contribute to the knowledge of the fragmentation rules. Vibrational activation methods through various mass analyzer configurations (MALDI-TOF/TOF, ESI-QqTOF) were investigated. Specific dissociation behaviors were extracted from the recorded MS/MS data sets. The presence of basic residues, provided that they are not located at the peptide C-terminal end, triggered specific backbone fragmentation in competition to the expected bx-yn pathway. This was found to be a critical issue to be considered by sequencing softwares.

A avicultura de corte brasileira tem apresentado elevados índices de crescimento. No intuito de garantir uma maior eficiência da produção de aves, medicamentos veterinários são administrados para tratamento e prevenção de doenças. A coccidiose é uma dessas doenças, a qual é causada por várias espécies do protozoário do gênero Eimeria. Os poliéteres ionóforos são antibióticos largamente administrados no controle desses microrganismos. No entanto, a administração contínua de doses subterapêuticas dessa classe de fármacos pode acarretar no acúmulo de resíduos nos tecidos dos frangos de corte. No intuito de garantir a segurança dos consumidores, são definidos Limites Máximos de Resíduos (LMRs) por órgãos internacionais como: Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Commission Regulation, Codex Alimentarius; e nacionais como Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA). Dessa forma, este estudo teve por objetivo o desenvolvimento, validação e aplicação de um método para determinação em peito de frango de resíduos de Lasalocida (LAS), Monensina (MON), Salinomicina (SAL) e Narasina (NAR) por cromatografia líquida acoplada a espectrometria de massas sequencial com ionização por eletrospray (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Nigericina (NIG) foi utilizada como padrão interno do método analítico. As amostras foram liofilizadas, trituradas e tamisadas, sendo utilizadas no método amostras com tamanho de partículas entre 125 ?m e 250 ?m. Os resíduos foram extraídos com metanol e uma alíquota do extrato foi evaporada e reconstituída para análise em LC-ESI-MS/MS no modo positivo de monitoramento de reação selecionada (SRM). A etapa de clean up foi realizada por meio de filtração do extrato em membrana de PTFE 0,22 ?m. O método apresentou-se linear no intervalo de concentração de 0,0 a 40,0 ?g kg-1 para LAS, de 0,0 a 20,0 ?g kg-1 para MON, de 0,0 a 200,0 ?g kg-1 para SAL e de 0,0 a 30,0 ?g kg-1 para NAR. Para todos os antibióticos o coeficiente de correlação linear (r) esteve de acordo com as diretrizes para métodos bioanalíticos (r >= 0,98). A repetitividade foi avaliada em três concentrações de fortificação para cada antibiótico ionóforo, sendo realizada em três dias consecutivos. Foi obtida boa reprodutibilidade intralaboratorial, com coeficiente de variação (CV) de 4,5% para NAR (22,5 ?g kg-1) e 15,2% para LAS (10,0 ?g kg-1). A recuperação ficou acima de 90,0% para todos os antibióticos, sendo de 91,5% para LAS (10,0 ?g kg-1) e 99,1% para MON (15 ?g kg-1). Valores satisfatórios para o limite de decisão (CC?) e capacidade de detecção (CC?) foram obtidos, sendo CC? de 11,8 ?g kg-1 e 115,2 ?g kg-1 para MON e SAL, respectivamente, e CC? de 13,6 ?g kg-1 e 130,3 ?g kg-1 para os mesmos antibióticos. Os limites de detecção (LD) e os limites de quantificação (LQ) foram determinados a partir de dados da curva de calibração. Todos os antibióticos apresentaram LQ inferior ao seu respectivo LMR. O método foi aplicado em 18 amostras disponíveis comercialmente em Ribeirão Preto, SP. De todas as amostras analisadas apenas uma apresentou resíduo de NAR com concentração acima do seu respectivo LD. / The Brazilian poultry industry has shown high rates of growth. In order to ensure greater efficiency of poultry production, veterinary drugs are administered for the treatment and prevention of diseases. Coccidiosis is one of those diseases, which is caused by various species of protozoa of the genus Eimeria. Polyether ionophore antibiotics are widely administered to control these microorganisms. Continuous administration of subtherapeutic doses of this class of drugs may result in the accumulation of residues at low concentration levels in the tissues of broiler. In order to ensure consumer safety, are set Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) by international organizations such as Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Commission Regulation (EU), Codex Alimentarius; and national such as Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária (MAPA). Thus, this study aimed to develop, validate and apply a simple method for determination of residues of Lasalocid (LAS), Monensin (MON), Salinomycin (SAL) and Narasin (NAR) in chicken meat by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Nigericin (NIG) was used as qualitative internal standard. Samples were lyophilized, powdered and sieved. Particles size between 125 ?m and 250 ?m were used. Residues were extracted with methanol and aliquots of the extracts were evaporated and reconstituted for injection in the LC-ESI-MS/MS operated in positive selected reaction monitoring (SRM). From the molecular ion were obtained two fragment ions and that of higher relative abundance was used in quantification process. Clean-up step was performed by filtration on 0.22 ?m PTFE membrane. In the validation process, this method showed linearity over the concentration range from 0.0 to 40.0 ?g kg-1 for LAS; 0.0 to 20.0 ?g kg-1 for MON; 0.0 to 200.0 ?g kg-1 for SAL and 0.0 to 30.0 ?g kg-1 for NAR. For all antibiotics the coefficient of linear correlation (r) was in accordance with the guidelines for bioanalytical methods (r >= 0.99). The intra-day precision was evaluated at three spiked concentrations for each ionophore antibiotic and was determined in three consecutive days. Good inter-day precision was obtained, with relative standard deviations from 4.5% for NAR (22.5 ?g kg-1) and 15.2% for LAS (10.0 ?g kg-1). For all antibiotics recovery above 90.0% was obtained, which were 91.5% for LAS (10.0 ?g kg-1) and 99.1% for MON (15.0 ?g kg-1). Satisfactory results of decision limit (CC?) and detection capability (CC?) were determined, which were CC? 11.8 ?g kg-1 and 115.2 ?g kg-1 for MON and SAL, respectively; CC? 13.6 ?g kg-1 and 130.3 ?g kg-1 for the same drugs. The limit of detection (LD) and limit of quantification (LQ) were determined from data of the calibration curve. All the LQs were remarkably below the MLRs for each antibiotic. The method was applied to 18 samples acquired in Ribeirão Preto, SP. Of all analyzed samples only one exhibited traces of NAR with concentration above its respective LD. Thus, the proposed method can be applied in routine analysis on samples of commercial chicken meat.

Os pesticidas têm sido largamente empregados na agricultura para controle de pragas, doenças e ervas daninhas. O uso intensivo de pesticidas nas culturas de tomates, desrespeitando as boas práticas agrícolas, tem causado preocupações quanto à provável contaminação do produto final e muitos métodos multirresíduos têm sido empregados para avaliar e determinar os níveis de resíduos em amostras de alimentos. Para tanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi a validação do método usando QuEChERS no preparo de amostra e LC-MS/MS para a quantificação de resíduos de 61 pesticidas de diferentes classes químicas em tomate. A detecção foi realizada utilizando espectrômetro de massas no modo MRM dinâmico, o tempo de análise foi de 13 min com coluna analítica recheada com partículas de 1,8 \'mü\'m de partícula. Dos 61 pesticidas estudados, 46 estão de acordo com os parâmetros de validação da Comissão Européia e Anvisa, 15% dos pesticidas validados apresentaram efeito matriz médio e as recuperações ficaram entre 87 e 116% e coeficiente de variação de 5 a 17%. Mais de 85% dos compostos investigados apresentaram limites de detecção igual ou menor que 5 \'mü\'g kg-1 e de quantificação igual ou menor que 10 \'mü\'g kg-1. Foram analisadas 58 amostras de tomate coletadas em supermercados da cidade de Piracicaba, SP, Brasil. Doze compostos foram detectados em trinta e cinco amostras (60% do total analisado), todos abaixo do limite máximo de resíduos permitido no Brasil para acefato, acetamiprido, azoxistrobina, benalaxil, bromuconazol, diflubenzurom, imidacloprido, iprodiona, procloraz e tiametoxam, e 15 amostras positivas para metamidofós e 1 para oxamil, que não possuem uso autorizado para a cultura de tomate. Foi realizado um estudo de lavagem de tomates contaminados com produtos formulados (8 pesticidas) com água, solução com 10% de vinagre e com 10% de bicarbonato de sódio e analisada a casca e polpa, para avaliar a capacidade de remoção de cada procedimento. Todos os tratamentos de lavagens (n=3) diferiram estatisticamente para todos os pesticidas avaliados (n=8), com exceção do fipronil, para o qual as lavagens com solução de 10% de bicarbonato de sódio e água não apresentaram diferença no nível de significância de 5%. A lavagem com água ou outras soluções antes do consumo é indicada para a redução de resíduos de pesticidas em tomate e a retirada da casca também contribui para essa redução / Pesticides have been widely used in agriculture to control pests, diseases and weeds. The intensive use of pesticides in tomato crops disrespecting good agricultural practices have been causing concerns about the possible contamination of the final product and many multiresidue methods have been used in order to evaluate and determine the levels of residues in food samples. Therefore, the aim of this study was validate the method using QuEChERS sample preparation and LC-MS/MS for quantification of 61 pesticides residues from different chemical classes in tomato. Detection was performed using mass spectrometry in dynamic MRM mode, run time had 13 min and analytical column packed with 1,8 \'mü\'m particles. Of the 61 pesticides studied, 46 are in accordance with the validation parameters of the European Commission and ANVISA, 15% of the validated pesticides presented matrix effect, recoveries were between 87 and 116% and coefficient of variation 5 to 17%. More than 85% of the compounds investigated showed limits of detection less or equal than 5 \'mü\'g kg-1 and the limits of quantification less or equal than 10 \'mü\'g kg-1. 58 real samples of tomato were analyzed and collected in supermarkets in Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. Twelve compounds were detected in thirty-five samples (60% of the total analyzed), all below the maximum residue limit allowed in Brazil for acephate, acetamiprid, azoxystrobin, benalaxyl, bromuconazole, diflubenzuron, imidacloprid, iprodione, prochloraz and thiamethoxam, and 15 positive samples of methamidophos and 1 for oxamyl, which are not authorized to use at the culture of tomatoes. A wash study was conducted with spiked tomatoes using formulated products (8 pesticides) with water, 10% acetic acid, 10% sodium bicarbonate solution and analyzed concentration in the peel and pulp, in order to evaluate the capacity to remove pesticides in each procedure. All wash treatments (n= 3) differed significantly for all pesticides evaluated (n= 8), with the exception of fipronil, which the washing with 10% of sodium bicarbonate solution and water no showed difference in the level of significance 5%. The washing with water or other solutions before consumption is indicated for the reduction of pesticide residues in tomatoes and the peeling also contributes to this reduction

O presente trabalho apresenta os dados obtidos no estudo para o desenvolvimento de método multirresíduo de pesticidas dos grupos de benzimidazol (carbendazim, tiabendazol e tiofanato metílico), carbamatos (aldicarbe, aldicarbe sulfona, aldicarbe sulfóxido, carbaril, carbofurano, metomil, metiocarbe, pirimicarbe, propoxur) e triazinas (atrazina e simazina) em amostras de milho verde. Os pesticidas foram extraídos em acetona, sob agitação, diluídos em água e injetados no sistema LC/MS/MS. A técnica analítica de quantificação e confirmação utilizada foi a Cromatografia Líquida acoplada à Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem com ionização por Electrospray no modo positivo. A validação do método multirresíduo foi submetida em conformidade com a norma EC/2002/657 da Comunidade Européia. Para quantificação dos analitos utillizouse as curvas analíticas dos princípios ativos, nas concentrações que variaram de 0,04 a 8,0 ng/ml, correspondentes a 2,0 a 400 ?g.kg-1 na amostra. Para o estudo da recuperação, os pesticidas foram avaliados em cinco níveis, de ½ Limite de quantificação (LOQ) a 5 LOQ, correspondentes a níveis de fortificação de 4,0 a 200 ?g.kg-1 . Os resultados da recuperação apresentaram, em níveis aceitáveis, na faixa de 80 a 110% e com precisão satisfatórias, CV <=20%, com exceção de aldicarbe e de aldicarbe sulfona. Os limites de quantificação do método variaram de 8 a 40 ?g.kg-1 e os limites de detecção do método, de 0,2 a 2,9 ?g.kg-1. Os limites de quantificação do método atendem aos limites máximos de resíduos da legislação brasileira em vigor. Nas amostras estudadas, não foram encontrados resíduos de pesticidas acima do limite de quantificação do método. Por outro lado, todos os pesticidas, exceto carbaril e pirimicarbe, foram detectados em todas as amostras e em níveis acima dos limites de detecção do método. A alta incidência da presença de resíduos de pesticidas se deve possivelmente ao uso inadequado de agrotóxico, quando não autorizado o seu uso para a cultura de milho no Brasil ou proveniente de alguma contaminação, como o tratamento de agrotóxicos aplicados em outras culturas plantadas no mesmo solo. / The present work presents the results of a study of development about a multiresidue method for determining pesticides of the following groups in corn: benzimidazolic compounds (carbendazim, thiabendazol and methyl thiofanate), carbamates (aldicarb, aldicarb sulfone, aldicarb sulfoxide, carbaryl, carbofuran, methomyl, methiocarb, pirimicarb, propoxur), and triazines (atrazine and simazine). The pesticides were extracted in acetone under constant stirring, diluted in water and injected in the LC/MS/MS system. The analytical technique for quantification and confirmation was Liquid Chromatography coupled to tandem Mass Spectrometry with Electrospray ionization in the positive mode The validation of the multiresidue method underwent the European Community EC/2002/657 standard. For the quantification of the analytes, calibration curves of the substances in concentrations ranging from 0.04 to 8.0 ng/mL were used, corresponding to 2.0 to 400 ?g.kg-1 in the sample. For recovery tests, the pesticides were assessed on five levels, from ½ Limit of Quantification (LOQ) to 5 LOQ, corresponding to the fortification levels of 4.0 to 200 ?g.kg-1. The results of the tests showed a recovery of 80-110% with satisfactory precision, and CV <=20%, except for aldicarb and aldicarb sulfone. The limits of quantification of the method ranged from 8 to 40 ?g.kg-1 and the limits of detection ranged from 0.2 to 2.9 ?g.kg-1. The limits of quantification of the method meet the maximum residue limit allowed by the Brazilian law. In the studied samples, pesticide residues above the limit of quantification of the method were not found. On the other hand, all pesticides, except for carbaryl and pirimicarb, in all samples, were detected and level above the limits of detection of the method. The high incidence of residues of these pesticides is probably due to their inadequate use, since it is not allowed on corn cultures in Brazil, or any kind of contamination like the use of such pesticides on other cultures over the same soil.

O presente trabalho apresenta os dados obtidos no estudo para o desenvolvimento de método multirresíduo de pesticidas dos grupos de benzimidazol (carbendazim, tiabendazol e tiofanato metílico), carbamatos (aldicarbe, aldicarbe sulfona, aldicarbe sulfóxido, carbaril, carbofurano, metomil, metiocarbe, pirimicarbe, propoxur) e triazinas (atrazina e simazina) em amostras de milho verde. Os pesticidas foram extraídos em acetona, sob agitação, diluídos em água e injetados no sistema LC/MS/MS. A técnica analítica de quantificação e confirmação utilizada foi a Cromatografia Líquida acoplada à Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem com ionização por Electrospray no modo positivo. A validação do método multirresíduo foi submetida em conformidade com a norma EC/2002/657 da Comunidade Européia. Para quantificação dos analitos utillizouse as curvas analíticas dos princípios ativos, nas concentrações que variaram de 0,04 a 8,0 ng/ml, correspondentes a 2,0 a 400 ?g.kg-1 na amostra. Para o estudo da recuperação, os pesticidas foram avaliados em cinco níveis, de ½ Limite de quantificação (LOQ) a 5 LOQ, correspondentes a níveis de fortificação de 4,0 a 200 ?g.kg-1 . Os resultados da recuperação apresentaram, em níveis aceitáveis, na faixa de 80 a 110% e com precisão satisfatórias, CV <=20%, com exceção de aldicarbe e de aldicarbe sulfona. Os limites de quantificação do método variaram de 8 a 40 ?g.kg-1 e os limites de detecção do método, de 0,2 a 2,9 ?g.kg-1. Os limites de quantificação do método atendem aos limites máximos de resíduos da legislação brasileira em vigor. Nas amostras estudadas, não foram encontrados resíduos de pesticidas acima do limite de quantificação do método. Por outro lado, todos os pesticidas, exceto carbaril e pirimicarbe, foram detectados em todas as amostras e em níveis acima dos limites de detecção do método. A alta incidência da presença de resíduos de pesticidas se deve possivelmente ao uso inadequado de agrotóxico, quando não autorizado o seu uso para a cultura de milho no Brasil ou proveniente de alguma contaminação, como o tratamento de agrotóxicos aplicados em outras culturas plantadas no mesmo solo. / The present work presents the results of a study of development about a multiresidue method for determining pesticides of the following groups in corn: benzimidazolic compounds (carbendazim, thiabendazol and methyl thiofanate), carbamates (aldicarb, aldicarb sulfone, aldicarb sulfoxide, carbaryl, carbofuran, methomyl, methiocarb, pirimicarb, propoxur), and triazines (atrazine and simazine). The pesticides were extracted in acetone under constant stirring, diluted in water and injected in the LC/MS/MS system. The analytical technique for quantification and confirmation was Liquid Chromatography coupled to tandem Mass Spectrometry with Electrospray ionization in the positive mode The validation of the multiresidue method underwent the European Community EC/2002/657 standard. For the quantification of the analytes, calibration curves of the substances in concentrations ranging from 0.04 to 8.0 ng/mL were used, corresponding to 2.0 to 400 ?g.kg-1 in the sample. For recovery tests, the pesticides were assessed on five levels, from ½ Limit of Quantification (LOQ) to 5 LOQ, corresponding to the fortification levels of 4.0 to 200 ?g.kg-1. The results of the tests showed a recovery of 80-110% with satisfactory precision, and CV <=20%, except for aldicarb and aldicarb sulfone. The limits of quantification of the method ranged from 8 to 40 ?g.kg-1 and the limits of detection ranged from 0.2 to 2.9 ?g.kg-1. The limits of quantification of the method meet the maximum residue limit allowed by the Brazilian law. In the studied samples, pesticide residues above the limit of quantification of the method were not found. On the other hand, all pesticides, except for carbaryl and pirimicarb, in all samples, were detected and level above the limits of detection of the method. The high incidence of residues of these pesticides is probably due to their inadequate use, since it is not allowed on corn cultures in Brazil, or any kind of contamination like the use of such pesticides on other cultures over the same soil.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-08-05T13:14:47Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Verônica Vale Carvalho - 2016.pdf: 3350706 bytes, checksum: a2b65a96388e547cf16aa0fd45a20f7f (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-08-05T13:17:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Verônica Vale Carvalho - 2016.pdf: 3350706 bytes, checksum: a2b65a96388e547cf16aa0fd45a20f7f (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-05T13:17:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Verônica Vale Carvalho - 2016.pdf: 3350706 bytes, checksum: a2b65a96388e547cf16aa0fd45a20f7f (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Heavy oil fractions studies are of great importance for the oil industry, receiving special attention in recent decades due to the interest to meet them in order to obtain compounds with higher added value derived from this. Moreover, these studies also aim solutions to the problems caused by these fractions during all processing steps oil. Asphaltenes in NMP produces two fractions, a soluble and the other insoluble in NMP. It was suggested that the NI fraction present low content of aromatic compounds, opening a new debate on the composition of asphaltenes which are widely discussed in the literature as aromatic and polar compounds. In the present work is the chemical study of these asphaltenes fractions by mass spectrometry of high resolution mass and accuracy, making use of the resonance cyclotron Ion Fourier Transform (FT-ICR MS) associated with the source of atmospheric pressure ionization - ESI (electrospray ionization), infrared, fluorescence and 1H NMR. The infrared analysis, 1H NMR and Fluorescence made it possible to observe differences among samples, where NS fraction had higher amounts of heteroatoms present and a higher percentage of aromatic hydrogens and NI fraction is nonpolar in the presence of increasing amounts of alkyl and naphthenic hydrocarbons. The results of FT-ICR MS corroborated with the other results, showing that the NS fractions showed high proportion of heteroatomics species and higher DBE values compared NI fractions exhibited predominantly hydrocarbon compounds and derisory amounts of heteroatoms and also insignificant quantities compounds of DBE values different from zero. / Os estudos das frações pesadas do petróleo são de grande importância para a indústria petrolífera, recebendo atenção especial nas últimas décadas devido ao interesse em conhecê-las visando a obtenção de compostos com maior valor agregado oriundos desta. Por outro lado, estes estudos também objetivam soluções para os problemas causados por essas frações durante todas as etapas de processamento do petróleo. Os asfaltenos em NMP produzem duas frações, uma solúvel e outra insolúvel em NMP. Foi sugerido que a fração NI apresente baixo teor de compostos aromáticos, abrindo um novo debate sobre a composição dos asfaltenos que são largamente discutidos na literatura como compostos aromáticos e polares. No presente trabalho realizou-se o estudo químico destas frações de asfaltenos por espectrometria de massas de altíssima resolução e exatidão, fazendo uso da Ressonância Ciclotrônica de Íons com Transformada de Fourier, (FT-ICR MS) associada com a fonte de ionização a pressão atmosférica – ESI (ionização por electrospray), infravermelho, fluorescência e RMN de 1H. As análises de infravermelho, RMN de 1H e fluorescência, possibilitaram observar as diferenças existentes entre as amostras, onde a fração NS apresentou maiores quantidades de heteroátomos presentes e maior porcentagem de hidrogênios aromáticos e a fração NI se mostrou apolar com a presença de maiores quantidades de hidrocarbonetos alquílicos e naftênicos. Os resultados de FT-ICR MS corroboraram com os demais resultados, evidenciando que, as frações NS apresentaram elevada proporção de espécies heteroatômicas e maiores valores de DBE quando comparadas as frações NI que exibiram predominância de compostos hidrocarbonetos e quantidades irrisórias de heteroátomos e também quantidades insignificantes de compostos com valores de DBE diferentes de zero.

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