Essa dissertação objetiva investigar a extensão da influência do sistema de escrita virtual, denominado txtng por Crystal (2009) - sistema utilizado frequentemente na composição de mensagens de texto enviadas via sites de relacionamento e programas de comunicação sincrônica sobre a variedade padrão escrita da língua portuguesa. Para melhor compreender essa relação de contato, buscou-se investigar o contexto de produção, a formação e os recursos comuns desse novo sistema gráfico cujo desenvolvimento foi motivado pela evolução tecnológica. Isso levou à conclusão de que não se trata de uma nova língua, nem somente da variação de um sistema de escrita oficial, mas de um novo sistema gráfico, paralelo ao oficial, repleto de recursos comuns em línguas diversas, que visa à comunicação com agilidade, rapidez e facilidade, acrescido de ludicidade. Partindo-se disso, foi colhido um corpus composto por cem redações escolares de alunos do 8º ano do Ensino Fundamental II da região do Grande ABC, procurando-se levantar dos textos escritos segundo a norma padrão da língua portuguesa recursos comuns na txtng. Constatou-se que a influência do sistema de escrita tecnológico, menos prestigiada, sobre a padrão diz respeito principalmente a transferências estruturais, e não de vocabulário, havendo destaque para a análise de aspectos relacionados à ortografia e a tendências de organização e diagramação do texto no papel. Frisa-se, por fim, que algumas analogias e assimilações que dão origem às formas estudadas são trazidas inicialmente da fala, mas que é o ambiente de comunicação escrita virtual que concretiza de forma marcante as mesmas no modelo e repertório de texto escrito do indivíduo e da comunidade linguística a qual pertence, levando às transferências gramaticais sobre a variedade padrão, dentre as quais a fragmentação se mostra como característica marcante. / This thesis has the purpose of investigating the extent of the influence of the virtual writing system named txtng by Crystal (2009) a system which is frequently used to compose text messages sent via social networks and synchronous communication programs on the standard written modality of Portuguese. In order to better understand this contact relation, an investigation was made of the context of production, the formation and the common resources of this new graphic system, whose development was motivated by the the evolution of technology. This led to the conclusion that it is not a new language, nor a variation of an official writing system, but a new graphic system, parallel to the standard one. This system is filled with resources which are common in several languages, which aim at swift, fast, easy, but also playful communication. For that purpose, a corpus was formed out of a hundred school essays written by 8th year students from the region of the Greater ABC. It was then used to survey the common txtng resources which are found in the texts written according to the standard norm of the Portuguese language. It was found that the influence of the less prestigious technological modality over the standard one is located mainly in structural, not lexical, transfers, with aspects related to orthography and the trends in organization and layout of the text on paper standing out. The thesis highlights the fact that some analogies and assimilations which give rise to the forms under study are initially used in speech, but it is the virtual written communication environment that concretizes them so forcefully in the model and repertoire of the written text of individuals and the linguistic community they belong to, producing interferences on the standard modality, with fragmentation being one of its hallmarks.

This thesis investigates how the size, structure and function of the family presented in Shakespeare's plays relates to an early modern understanding of the importance and function of the family. By examining domestic manuals, pamphlets, treatises and diaries from the early modern period, I establish what was considered normative domestic behaviour at the time and analyse Shakespeare's plays through these contemporary attitudes, specifically their treatment of privacy, household structure and medical beliefs surrounding reproduction and gynaecology. This thesis seeks to focus on the way in which people's positions in the family change over time, from infancy to adulthood, and how these relationships are represented in Shakespeare's plays. Beginning with marriage, where the family is first formed; I examine Othello and Macbeth, and show how the marriages in these plays, while tragic, are cherished and valued. Succession was integral to the legacy and sustainability of a family, which is the topic of the next chapter, in which I explore the notions of how children are conceived and raised in Richard III and The Winter's Tale. The transition from childhood into adulthood was fraught with change in both housing and legal circumstances, and this struggle in adolescence is clearly depicted in Romeo and Juliet, which comprises the third chapter. Aside from the familial relationships of husband and wife and parent and child, the most influential relationships were those of siblings, which I investigate in a number of plays in the fourth chapter. Finally, I focus on the traditional and complicated nuclear families in The Merry Wives of Windsor, Hamlet and Coriolanus, and analyse how the family is highlighted and valued in each of these plays. The thesis concludes that throughout Shakespeare's work, the family is privileged over war, nobility and absolute patriarchal control, emphasising that it is vital to understanding and analysing Shakespeare's plays.

La présente étude se propose de donner une traduction abondamment annotée de la seconde série des essais d’Élia qui paraissent dans les revues périodiques anglaises, entre 1820 et 1833. Dans un souci d’exactitude, cette traduction restitue les passages supprimés par l’auteur avant leur parution sous forme de recueil. Une attention toute particulière a été portée sur les traductions en français de certains essais d’Élia publiés séparément dans les revues du milieu du dix-neuvième siècle et sur les traductions plus modernes des Essais d’Elia, réunis en recueil, jusqu’à l’époque présente. Les Last Essays of Elia sont la dernière œuvre publiée par Lamb. La tentation était grande de chercher une continuité depuis les premiers écrits jusqu’aux LEE. Dans l’introduction critique, nous nous sommes efforcé de voir les différents aspects de l’oeuvre de Lamb qui est à la fois poète, journaliste, dramaturge, critique de théâtre et épistolier et qui connaît la notoriété dans le genre de l’essai, genre auquel il donne un souffle nouveau, grâce à la persona d’Élia. Le fait que Lamb ait été l’ami des premiers poètes romantiques anglais de l’époque, le fait que sa vie ait été marquée et bouleversée par le meurtre de sa propre mère de la main de sa sœur bien-aimée, confèrent à son œuvre un vif intérêt. Personnalité inclassable du Romantisme anglais, dont il est une figure mineure, humoriste amoureux des livres et de la langue du passé, Lamb n’en reste pas moins un chaînon indispensable pour comprendre la scène littéraire anglaise du début du XIXe siècle. / The present study aims to provide a carefully annotated translation of the second series of the Essays of Elia which appeared in English periodical magazines between 1820 and 1833. In order to be as complete as possible, this translation includes the passages removed by the author when they were published in book form in 1833. Particular attention has been paid to French translations of individual Elia essays scattered in mid-nineteenth century French magazines as well as to more modern translations of the collected Essays, up to the present day. The Last Essays of Elia was Lamb’s final published work. It was very tempting to look for threads running through his work from the early writings to the LEE. In the critical introduction, we have sought to consider the various aspects of the work of Lamb, who was at the same time a poet, a journalist, a playwright, a theatre critic and a letter-writer before making his name as an essay-writer, breathing new life into the genre, thanks to the Elia persona. The fact that Lamb was a friend of the first English Romantic poets and that his life was blighted by his mother’s murder at the hands of his beloved sister, brings a vivid interest to his work. An isolated figure of Romanticism, a "very reasonable Romantic" himself, a humourist in love with the books and language of the past, Lamb, though a relatively minor author, remains a key link to understanding the early nineteenth-century English literary scene.

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La notion d’exercice spirituel, proposée par Hadot, désigne des pratiques nées en Grèce antique et qui se prolongent dans les méditations chrétiennes. Opposées à une philosophie théorique, elles poursuivent l’ambition d’apprendre à mieux agir et à se connaître soi-même. La thèse propose une vue d’ensemble de cette tradition associée à l’examen de textes précis de diverses périodes, afin de mettre en perspective les Essais de Montaigne qui se la réapproprient en poursuivant le projet de définir un art de vivre. À la fin du XVIe siècle, la confiance que les Anciens portaient à la raison n’est plus de mise : peut-on encore envisager de se maîtriser ou même de se connaître ? Les Chrétiens le croient possible en ayant recours à la grâce divine. Montaigne propose des exercices proprement humains et ordinaires. Prenant exemple sur une figure de Socrate idéalisée et associée à celle de l’Indien cannibale, il entend promouvoir un rapport à soi plus « naïf » et « primitif ». Cela lui demande d’effectuer un travail sur lui-même que seuls des exercices naturalisés pourront réaliser. Les élans de la fantaisie participent à cette démarche au même titre que le travail de la raison, tandis que cette dernière acquiert le droit de rêver. Il ne renonce pas pour autant à se poser en maître de lui-même, reprenant la méthode stoïcienne qui transforme en choix ce contre quoi on ne peut pas lutter. Au moment où la Contre-Réforme réclame le repentir, l’exercice permet à Montaigne de découvrir et d’assumer ce qu’il est. Et tandis que de nombreux traités cherchent la tranquillitas animi, il endosse le rôle d’agitateur, proposant des exercices qui maintiennent le mouvement, conçu comme élan vital. / The concept of spiritual exercise, proposed by Hadot, refers to practices born in ancient Greece and prolonged in Christian meditations. Opposed to theoretical philosophy, they pursue the ambition of learning to act better and to know oneself. The thesis proposes an overview of this tradition which is associated with examining precise texts of various periods, in order to put into perspective the Montaigne Essays which reclaim this tradition by pursuing the project of defining an art of living. At the end of the sixteenth century, the trust that the ancients brought to reason is no longer applicable : can we still consider mastering ourselves or even knowing ourself ? The Christians believe this is possible, by having recourse to divine grace. The exercises that Montaigne proposes are strictly human and ordinary. Taking the example of an idealized figure of Socrates, also associated with that of the Indian cannibal, the author of the Essays intends to promote a more « naïve » and « primitive » relationship to oneself. It requires to do self-work that only naturalized exercises can achieve. The impulses of fantasy participate in the process in the same way as the work of reason, whereas the latter acquires the right to dream. He does not give up the idea of setting himself up as a master of himself, taking up the Stoic method of transforming the inevitable into a choice. At the moment when the Counter-Reformation requires repentance, spiritual exercises allow Montaigne to discover and assume what he is. And when Neo-Stoic treatises look for tranquillitas animi, he assumes the role of agitator, proposing exercises that maintain movement, conceived as vital impetus.

The main subject of the thesis is &ldquo / interpretation&rdquo / and &ldquo / presentation&rdquo / of cultural and natural heritage sites which is an important phenomenon providing sustainability and protection of the heritage sites. Interpretation and conservation are tightly associated to each other. Individuals will learn more about the heritage site by the help of interpretation and as a result of understanding / they will have an intention to protect the historic site more / and protection will ensure continuity of the site. Interpretation and presentation of heritage sites is put into the words in Turkish Legislation by the definition of &ldquo / Environmental Design Project&rdquo / in `Amendment Act No. 5226 Concerning to Revision of Legislation Called as Law Concerning to Conservation of Natural and Cultural Entities` in 2004. In the legislation, it is stated that Environmental Design Projects which propose strategies for effective presentation, control visitor use, provide promotion and advertisement, solve problems emerged as a result of current use and circulation and answer the needs of historic sites by contemporary tools and methods must be prepared for each heritage site in Turkey. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to define principles for effective interpretation and presentation on the selected case according to analysis and evaluations and then propose brand new comprehensive and complementary Environmental Design Project. The case selected in the thesis for the proposition of Environmental Design Project is G&ouml / reme Open Air Museum &ndash / GOAM in Cappadocia which is Turkey&rsquo / s third most visited open air museum after Ephesus in Izmir and Hierapolis in Denizli. The two main reasons for the selection of GOAM are absence of comprehensive and complementary Environmental Design Project in GOAM and insufficiency of current interpretive facilities and visitor services presented in the museum as indicated in the decisions of Nevsehir Regional Council for Conservation of Cultural Entities. Focusing on the aim, thesis is structured in three parts which are interconnected to each other as the theoretical background of the interpretation and presentation in the world and in Turkish legislations, analysis and evaluation of the selected case and finally preliminary decisions and project proposal. To conclude, &ldquo / Environmental Design Project&rdquo / is an important tool for understanding the significance of the museum and providing easygoing and enjoyable visit for the museum visitors according to the values, problems and potentials of GOAM. In that respect, proposing environmental design project is critical in order to satisfy visitor needs during their museum visit and provide safeguarding of GOAM.

From the middle of 20th century, as a result of devastating effects of world wars conservation activities intensified on the protection in area scale. Together with central government and local authorities, the owner or the user of the building, entrepreneurs, groups, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and society were meant to be included in the process. Today, local authorities play important role in the implementation of the restoration or street rehabilitation projects. Today in Turkey, municipalities are the second most important actors in the field of conservation after Ministry of Culture and Tourism. There are seen important changes after 1980s in Turkey in the field of conservation, which are that the localization in conservation increased and the role of local governments became more important. From the beginning of 2000s, the power of municipalities increases with the transfer of decision-making power to the municipalities. In this thesis, the role of local authorities in the field of conservation was discussed with the case of Hamam&ouml / n&uuml / -Ankara, a good example of the conservation implementation of a local authority showing the approach and study process of the municipality. Before explaining implementations of Altindag Municipality in Hamam&ouml / n&uuml / and their different effects on site and the people / a short start giving general information about development of role of local authorities in the field of conservation throughout the world was done and the legislative process in Turkey was stated. Moreover, after the assessment of implementation under different titles, some proposals for future of Hamam&ouml / n&uuml / were done.

Urban decline is one of the most important factors dealing with the creation of urban ills and formation of slums in the city centers. This study investigates the roots of urban decline in urban areas. In order to do so, symptoms, types, causes and participant factors dealing with the process of urban decline are investigated. Also functional decline, as one of the most important triggers of urban decline, is introduced and its force that results in low quality of urban places is explored. The scale of participant factors in the process of functional decline is various. These factors are observed from changes in the global political trends and economy till the regulation changes in local scale. Moreover the ways of talking with urban and functional decline, that is classified into four major category of political considerations, economic financing, planning policy and enhancing the quality of places are explored. Finally the forces of urban and functional decline that have lead to low quality of place in the case of Salipazari, Istanbul are examined. As the scale of study area is in the neighborhood scale, the most important concern will be on the low quality of place in exploring decline in this area.

This thesis work aims the ionic liquid pretreatment of peanut shells for co-production of glucose as fermentable sugar and lignin, considering a multi product perspective. The effects of ionic liquid type and pretreatment time period on the sugar and lignin yields were investigated, as the particle size and temperature parameters were determined in the preliminary studies. Peanut shells were pretreated at constant temperature, 150 oC, for 5, 15 and 30 minutes with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate and for 15, 30 and 60 minutes with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride. The pretreated peanut shells were then subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis in order to produce fermentable sugars, mostly, glucose. The solid residue obtained upon enzymatic hydrolysis was analyzed in terms of lignin quantity. 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate pretreatment for 15 minutes resulted in the maximum reducing sugar and lignin yields / 28 g of reducing sugar and 20 g of solid residue with 70% lignin were obtained per 100 g of peanut shells. Higher pretreatment time resulted in lower yields. Moreover, no optimal time period for 1-ethyl-3- methylimidazolium chloride pretreatment was obtained, since reducing sugar and lignin yields increased as the time period increased. Also all reducing sugar and lignin yields were lower than that obtained with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate. Lignin obtained upon enzymatic hydrolysis of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate pretreated peanut shells were characterized by SEM, FTIR, TGA and XRD analyses, which also showed the morphological and structural effects of pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis on peanut shells / and used as concrete admixture, which increased the flow of the concrete by 6%.

In this study, the effect of pipe-soil relative stiffness on the behaviour of buried flexible pipes was investigated considering the pipe size, material type, stiffness, pipe-soil and natural soil-backfill interfaces and geometry of the trench using the finite element method. For this purpose, a parametric study was conducted to examine the effect of different variables on the resulting earth loads and deformations imposed on the buried pipes. Various types of trench pipe-soil cases were analysed for a certain natural ground and backfill material by the PLAXIS finite element code which allows simulating non-linear soil behaviour, the stages of construction as well as the pipe-soil interaction aspects of the problem. Loads and deformations obtained by the finite element method were compared with those calculated by the conventional approaches for different pipe-soil stiffness ratios. The finite element results obtained for the deformation of typically flexible Polyethylene pipes were then used to back-calculate the range of modulus of soil reaction, E&#039 / , values for various pipe-soil relative stiffness and they were compared with the suggested value proposed by Howard (1977).