Tyrimo tikslas: ištirti kavos rūgšties fenetilo esterio (CAFE) poveikį išemijos paveiktų žiurkės inkstų mitochondrijų funkcijoms. Uždaviniai: įvertinti tiesioginį in vitro CAFE poveikį inkstų mitochondrijų funkcijoms; CAFE poveikį išemijos (20 min) in vitro paveiktų inkstų mitochondrijų funkcijoms; kvėpavimo grandinės I komplekso aktyvumui; mitochondrijų gebėjimui kaupti Ca2+. Metodai. Wistar veislės žiurkių patinėliai buvo skirstomi į 4 grupes: kontrolinė grupė, 20 min trukmės išemijos, CAFE 22 mg/kg ir CAFE 34 mg/kg. CAFE buvo leidžiamas 1,5 h prieš sukeliant išemiją. Mitochondrijos buvo išskiriamos diferencinio centrifugavimo būdu. Mitochondrijų kvėpavimo greitis mitochondrijoms oksiduojant I ir II komplekso substratus buvo registruojamas poliarografiškai Klarko tipo elektrodu. Ca2+ sugėrimas buvo matuojamas fluorimetriškai. Mitochondrijų kvėpavimo grandinės I komplekso aktyvumas buvo tiriamas spektrofotometriškai. Rezultatai: CAFE (0,7 – 4,5 M) didina mitochondrijų kvėpavimo greitį 2-oje metabolinėje būsenoje nuo 15 % iki 34 % ir neveikė mitochondrijų kvėpavimo greičio 3-ioje metabolinėje būsenoje (VADP). Didesnės koncentracijos (5,2 - 6,5 µM) slopina mitochondrijų kvėpavimo greitį VADP (16 % ir 43 % atitinkamai). Tiriant CAFE poveikį 20 min išemijos in vitro paveiktų mitochondrijų funkcijoms, nustatyta, jog 22 mg/kg ir 34 mg/kg CAFE, intraperitonealinė injekcija 1,5 h prieš sukeliant inkstų išemiją, 20 % (p<0,05) pagerino mitochondrijų kvėpavimo greitį VADP bei... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of investigation: to analyse the effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on kidney mitochodrial functions. Objectives: to evaluate direct in vitro effect of CAPE on kidney mitochondrial functions; the impact of CAPE on ischemia (20 min) in vitro affected kidney mitochondrial functions; on the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I activity and on the mitochondria capability to accumulate Ca2+. Methods. Wistar rats were pretreated intraperitoneal with 22 mg/kg and 34 mg/kg of CAPE. Animals were divided into 4 groups: control group, 20 min of ischemia, CAPE 22 mg/kg group and CAPE 34 mg/kg group. Mitochondria were isolated by means of differential centrifugation. The mitochondrial respiration rate while oxidizing complex I and II dependent substrates was registered polarographically with Clark-type electrode. Ca2+ accumulation was measured fluorometrically. Activity of complex I was measured spectrophotometrically. Results: the results shown that CAPE 0,7 - 4,5 µM increases mitochondrial State 2 respiration rate by 15 - 34 % and has no effect on the State 3 respiration rate. Higher concentrations (5,2 - 6,5 µM) decreased mitochondrial State 3 respiration rate by 16% and 43%, respectively. Pretreatment with CAPE (22 mg/kg and 34 mg/kg) increased (by 20%) the ischemia suppressed mitochondrial State 3 respiration rate and respiratory control index. CAPE had no effect on succinate oxydation. Pretreatment with CAPE (22 mg/kg and 34 mg/kg) increased Ca2+... [to full text]

The primary dramas examined in this study are Vicente Garcia de la Huerta's Raquel and Felix Lope de Vega's La hermosa Ester. This thesis is a textual analysis that seeks both to challenge and complement the existing literary criticism that has focused on construction of the female protagonists and the theme of heroism and culpability. Raquel and La hermosa Ester demonstrate the centrality of their female protagonists in the socio-political macrostructures of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries through their ability to influence the functioning of a monarchy and its reigns of power. / The predominant theme that is explored is the ascension and descension to and from power as seen through the movement of the female protagonists within or beyond their social spheres. Other recurrent themes that are examined are the sin of pride, the virtue of humility, the vital interdependence between the monarch and nobility, the displacement of culpability and the fundamental role of the male characters. / Raquel and Ester, united in their tri-fold social marginalization as Jewish, lower class females, are juxtaposed with the dominance of a deeply rooted patriarchal, aristocratic and pagan society. While La hermosa Ester offers the possibility of ethnic, religious and political coexistence on the throne, Raquel does not achieve this ideal. However, Raquel's commanding presence is able to unveil the chaos that lies beneath the monarchical order. / The final objective of this thesis is to embrace the portraiture presented of two women who are catapulted into political realms, polarized in love, servitude, sacrifice and salvation, but who are uniquely bound by heroism, marked in a bleeding lover or blessed in the hymn of a nation.

Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 2003. / Vita. Bibliography: 148-166.

Σκοπός της παρούσας πτυχιακής εργασίας ήταν η μελέτη της περιβαλλοντικής γήρανσης ινωδών συνθέτων υλικών με κυανεστερική μήτρα σε ακραίες θερμοοξειδωτικές ή/και υγροθερμικές συνθήκες. Επίσης, ο θερμομηχανικός χαρακτηρισμός και η αρχική μελέτη των μηχανισμών υποβάθμισης. Για το σκοπό αυτό παρασκευάστηκαν πέντε τύποι πολύστρωτων πλακών οι τρείς εκ των οποίων έφεραν ως ενίσχυση οχτώ στρώσεις προεμποτισμένου πανιού ινών γυαλιού (GFRPs) τριών διαφορετικών κυανεστερικών μητρών (PN901-G201-45{GRT},HTM143,MTM110) και πλέξης 2*2 twill. Η παρασκευή των τριών αυτών πλακών έγινε με τη μέθοδο του κενού σακούλας (Hand Lay Up Vacuum Bag).Όσον αφορά στις δυο άλλες πλάκες οι οποίες προέκυψαν μέσω της διαδικασίας χύτευσης με μεταφορά ρητίνης RTM σε γνωστό ερευνητικό ινστιτούτο της Ισπανίας (Tecnalia), δύο διαφορετικοί τύποι κυανεστέρα (DT-4000,PT-30) χρησιμοποιήθηκαν ως μήτρα για τον εμποτισμό πανιού άνθρακα (CFRPs) τύπου πλέξης 5H Satin. Από την παραπάνω διαδικασία προέκυψαν πλάκες πέντε στρώσεων. Οι πλάκες ελέγχθηκαν ποιοτικά αρχικά, με τη μέθοδο υπερήχων C-Scan όπου διαπιστώθηκε η ομοιογένεια τους και έπειτα με χρήση της μεθόδου Διαφορικής Θερμιδομετρίας Σάρωσης DSC μέσω της οποίας ελέγχθηκε και επιβεβαιώθηκε το ποσοστό πολυμερισμού τους. Στην παρούσα εργασία ορίστηκαν τρεις διαδικασίες γήρανσης:(α) τοποθέτηση των δοκιμίων σε λουτρό απιονισμένου νερού στους 200C έως το σημείο ισορροπίας (AP2),(β) τοποθέτηση των δοκιμίων σε φούρνο στους 2300C για 30 μέρες (AP3) και (γ) τοποθέτηση των δοκιμίων σε φούρνο στους 2300C για 16h και σε λουτρό απιονισμένου νερού στους 200C για 16h με διάρκεια δέκα κύκλων. Αρχικά, και προ της γήρανσης τους, τα υλικά χαρακτηρίστηκαν ως προς την διαστρωματική τους αντοχή σε διάτμηση μέσω της διεξαγωγής πειραμάτων κάμψης τριών σημείων SBS (Short Beam Strength) με βάση το στάνταρντ ASTM D2344(M) και ως προς τη θερμομηχανική τους απόκριση με χρήση της πειραματικής διάταξης Δυναμικής-Μηχανικής Ανάλυσης DMA (Dynamic Mechanical Analysis). Στη συνέχεια, ακολούθησε ο χαρακτηρισμός των δοκιμίων που υποβλήθηκαν στις παραπάνω διαδικασίες γήρανσης ως προς την διαστρωματική αντοχή τους σε διάτμηση και τις θερμομηχανικές τους ιδιότητες. Επίσης, πραγματοποιήθηκε μικροσκοπικός χαρακτηρισμός των δοκιμίων μέσω της ηλεκτρονικής μικροσκοπίας σάρωσης SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy). Συγκρίνοντας τη συμπεριφορά, μεταξύ των δοκιμίων αναφοράς και των δοκιμίων που είχαν υποβληθεί σε κάποια από τις διαδικασίες γήρανσης, στην περίπτωση του θερμοοξειδωτικού και του συνδυασμένου περιβάλλοντος γήρανσης παρατηρήθηκε υποβάθμιση των ιδιοτήτων και μεγάλη αλλαγή/απώλεια στη μάζα των υλικών. Στην περίπτωση του υγροθερμικού περιβάλλοντος παρατηρήθηκε υψηλή απορρόφηση υγρασίας σε όλα τα δοκίμια ενώ όσον αφορά τις ιδιότητές τους άλλα τις διατήρησαν και άλλα υπέστησαν πολύ μικρές μεταβολές σε σύγκριση με τις αρχικές τους. Από την παραπάνω διαδικασία προέκυψε συζήτηση και αρχικά συμπεράσματα για τους μηχανισμούς που πιθανώς έδρασαν σε κάθε διαδικασία γήρανσης. / The aim of the current investigation was to study the environmental aging of fiber reinforced polymer composites with cyanate ester resin at extreme thermooxidative, hydrothermal and combined environmental conditions. During the ageing mechanical, thermo-mechanical as well as optical characterization was performed aiming at an initial study of the active degradation mechanisms under the defined environmental conditions. For this purpose five laminated plates were developed three of which bore a reinforcement of eight layers of glass fiber preimpregnated 2 * 2 twill woven cloth (GFRPs) with three different cyanate ester matrices (PN901-G201-45 {GRT}, HTM143, MTM110). The aforementioned three plates were manufactured by the Hand Lay Up Vacuum Bag method. Regarding the two other plates which arose by following the resin transfer molding RTM technique in a known institute of research located in Spain (Tecnalia), two different types of cyanate ester resin (DT-4000, PT-30) were used as matrices for impregnation of a 5H Satin woven carbon cloth (CFRPs). The above procedure leaded to two plates of five layers. The plates were initially tested qualitatively through the ultrasonic C-Scan method from which the homogeneity of the plates was confirmed. Moreover the curing percentage was checked by using the Differential Scanning Calorimetry DSC method. For the environmental ageing of the aforementioned plates three aging processes were specified as following: (a) control of hydrothermal degradation by immersing the samples in a bath of deionized water at 200C until the equilibrium point (AP2), (b) control of thermo-oxidative degradation by placing the samples in an oven at 2300C for 30 days (AP3), and finally (c) control of materials degradation in cycled environmental conditions that combine both thermo-oxidative and hydrothermal atmosphere by keeping the samples at 2300C for 16h that is followed by their immersion in deionized water bath at 200C for 16h with duration ten cycles. Initially, and prior to aging, the materials were characterized towards their unaged response by conducting three point bending SBS (Short Beam Strength) experiments under the standard ASTM D2344 (M) as well as thermomechanical measurements by performing Dynamic Mechanical Analysis DMA (Dynamic Mechanical Analysis) measurements. This was followed by the characterization of the samples after the aforementioned aging processes towards the interlaminar shear strength and thermo-mechanical properties. In parallel with the above microscopic characterization of samples by scanning electron microscopy SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) was take place, too. Comparing the behavior between reference specimens and the aged specimens subjected to environmental ageing under thermooxidative atmosphere the oxidation seemed to be the main degradation mechanism in all material systems without excluding the synergistic effect of rest of the possible active degradation mechanism (e.g. further crosslinking, chain scission etch.). As for the hydrothermal environment the analysis of the results allowed to say that the plasticization is mainly activated under the specific conditions. Finally as far as the response of the materials under the cycled and combined environmental conditions is concerned, no certain conclusion for the main degradation mechanisms could be derived as the phonomemenon is too complicated.

Objetivos: Avaliar a farmacocinética do éster etílico de indometacina (IndOEt) em ratos Wistar, após sua administração oral (p.o) e intravenosa (i.v.) nas formas livre ou nanoencapsulada, e monitorar a formação de indometacina (IndOH) in vivo. Metodologia: Os protocolos experimentais foram aprovados pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da UFRGS (2005478). Nanocápsulas (NC) contendo IndOEt (IndOEt- NC) foram administradas p.o. (10 mg/kg) e i.v. bolus (5 mg/kg) a ratos machos Wistar (n = 5 a 7/grupo) e as concentrações plasmáticas de IndOEt e IndOH resultantes foram determinadas por CLAE com detecção por UV, empregando-se metodologia validada. Os grupos controle foram tratados com suspensão aquosa de IndOEt (10 mg/kg), com ou sem polissorbato 80, ou com IndOH pelas vias i.v. ou p.o. (10 mg/kg) (n = 7 a 11/grupo). Os perfis plasmáticos individuais foram avaliados por abordagem não-compartimental e compartimental utilizando os softwares Excel® 2003 e Scientist® 2.01, respectivamente, para a determinação dos parâmetros farmacocinéticos, que foram comparados estatisticamente utilizando-se teste “t” de Student ou ANOVA (α = 0,05). A avaliação do local de absorção p.o. de IndOEt-NC foi realizada pela quantificação de IndOEt e IndOH no plasma periférico e da veia porta, homogeneizado de fígado e de parede, bem como conteúdo, de porções do intestino delgado (n= 4/tempo) após a administração oral da formulação. Resultados e Discussão: Após a administração de IndOEt-NC por ambas as vias, apenas a IndOH foi detectada, indicando uma rápida hidrólise do éster. Em todos os casos, o IndOEt não alterou os parâmetros farmacocinéticos da IndOH, exceto a biodisponibilidade. Os perfis plasmáticos de IndOH i.v. foram descritos pelo modelo de 2 compartimentos, e os orais, pelo de 1 compartimento com absorção de primeira ordem. A avaliação da absorção oral de IndOEt-NC evidenciou que o IndOEt é, provavelmente, liberado e hidrolisado ainda na luz do trato gastrintestinal, sendo a IndOH formada in vivo e absorvida. Conclusões: O IndOEt nanoencapsulado ou não, quando administrado pelas vias oral e i.v., é rapidamente convertido a IndOH. A IndOH é, portanto, responsável pela atividade antiedematogênica relatada para o IndOEt-NC. / Objective: To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of either nanoencapsulated (NC) or free indomethacin ethyl ester (IndOEt) after intravenous (i.v.) and oral (p.o.) administration to Wistar rats and to determine the pharmacokinetics of indomethacin (IndOH) formation. Methodology: Animal experiments were approved by UFRGS Ethics in Research Committee (# 2005478). The pharmacokinetics was investigated in male Wistar rats after oral and i.v. administration of IndOEt-NC (10 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg, respectively) (n = 5-7/group) and IndOEt and IndOH plasma concentrations were determined by a validated HPLC with UV detection method. The control groups were treated with IndOEt aqueous suspension (10 mg/kg p.o.) or with IndOH aqueous suspension by the p.o. or i.v. routes (10 mg/kg) (n = 7 -11/group). Noncompartmental and compartmental approaches were used for individual profiles analysis using Excel® 2003 or Scientist® 2.01 softwares, respectively. The site of IndOEt-NC oral absorption was investigated in peripheral and portal vein plasma, hepatic tissue, intestine epithelia, and lumen content (n = 4/time). Results and Discussion: After IndOEt administration by both routes, only IndOH was detected in plasma, suggesting a fast hydrolysis of the ester. The IndOH parameters after administration of IndOEt and IndOH were similar, except for the bioavailability. The pharmacokinetic parameters of IndOH were modeled by two compartment open model after i.v. dosing and by one compartment with first order absorption after oral administration. After oral administration, IndOEt-NC was converted in IndOH in the gastrointestinal tract and then absorbed as such. Conclusions: After i.v. and oral administration, either IndOEt-NC or the free drug is quickly converted in IndOH. After oral administration, IndOEt-NC is released and hydrolyzed to IndOH following its absorption at the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, the IndOH is responsible for antiendematogenic activity reported for IndOEt-NC.

Submitted by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2016-09-08T14:22:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese de Doutorado - Ivon P. Lôbo.pdf: 3344901 bytes, checksum: 7e73b89d7c92c4df99ab47eb630bca7c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Reis (vanessa.jamile@ufba.br) on 2016-09-08T14:40:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese de Doutorado - Ivon P. Lôbo.pdf: 3344901 bytes, checksum: 7e73b89d7c92c4df99ab47eb630bca7c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-08T14:40:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese de Doutorado - Ivon P. Lôbo.pdf: 3344901 bytes, checksum: 7e73b89d7c92c4df99ab47eb630bca7c (MD5) / Dentre os parâmetros estabelecidos para garantia da qualidade do biodiesel, o teor de ésteres destaca-se por refletir a pureza do biocombustível a ser misturado ao diesel mineral. Com esse objetivo, é preconizado pela Resolução 07/08 da ANP o método cromatográfico EN ISO 14103, que se baseia na comparação da área total dos picos dos ésteres com a área relativa ao padrão heptadecanoato de metila (C17:0-Me). Este método apresenta inconvenientes como o alto custo do padrão C17:0-Me e a sua aplicabilidade na quantificação de ésteres com cadeia carbônica com menos de 16 carbonos. Essa limitação é decorrente da maior deficiência de carbono para os ésteres de cadeia curta, resultando em respostas diferenciadas no FID. Outro ponto que deve ser destacado é que o C17:0-Me poderá estar presente em biodieseis de diferentes óleos e gorduras e poderá acarretar em erros de quantificação. Neste trabalho, foram propostos Fatores de Correção Split (FRS), baseados na razão entre a proporção de carbonos ativos na molécula do éster e na sua resposta relativa no GC FID. O propósito desses fatores é corrigir as respostas no FID para ésteres com cadeia menor que 16 carbonos e a discriminação das massas dos ésteres mais pesados, no momento da injeção split. Os FRS mostraram uma correlação linear com as respectivas massas molares, permitindo assim realizar previsão dos FRS dos ésteres do biodiesel, a partir dos FRS de três padrões adicionados a amostra. Os padrões internos empregados foram C12:0-Et, C14:0-Et e C18:1-Et nas análises de biodieseis metílicos e C12:0-Me, C14:0-Me e C18:0-Me para os biodieseis etílicos. Utilizando FRS para a análise de uma amostra sintética simulando o biodiesel de babaçu, onde estavam presentes ésteres de cadeia curta em concentrações significativas, os erros de previsão (EP%) foram respectivamente 1,4; 2,7; 1,4; 2,2; e 3,2%, para os ésteres C6:0-Et, C8:0-Et, C10:0-Et, C12:0-Et, C14:0-Et; contra 24,4; 13,5, 6,2; 2,4 e 2,0% para os mesmos ésteres determinados via padrão C17:0-Me. Para amostras reais de biodieseis de dendê, soja e pinhão manso, onde os ésteres mais leves estão presentes em concentrações não superiores a 1%, os resultados das análises realizadas através dos FRSPreditos e via padrão C17:0-Me não apresentaram diferenças significativas, conforme a avaliação do método de referência EN ISO 14103. Mesmo utilizando uma quantidade maior de padrões internos, o método proposto apresenta um custo mais baixo que o método oficial, permitindo inclusive a quantificação de C17:0-Me que possa vir está presente na amostra do biodiesel. O método mostrou-se confiável, sendo aplicável a análise de biodieseis metílico e etílicos de óleos e gorduras, onde a concentração de ésteres com cadeia carbônica menor que C16 não seja superior a 1%. / Among the parameters set for quality assurance of biodiesel, the ester content stands out because it reflects the purity of the biofuel to be blended with mineral diesel. With this objective, it is recommended by Resolution 07/08 of the ANP the chromatographic method EN ISO 14 103, which is based on a comparison of the total area of the peaks of the esters with the area on the standard methyl heptadecanoate (C17:0-Me). This method has drawbacks such as high cost of the standard C17:0-Me and its applicability in the quantification of esters with chains with less than 16 carbons. This limitation is due to higher carbon deficiency for short chain esters, resulting in differential responses on the FID. Another point to be stressed is that the C17:0-Me may be present in biodiesel of different oils and fats and can cause errors in measurement. In this work, split response factors (SRF) have been proposed, based on the ratio between the proportion of active carbons in the ester molecule and its response on the GC FID. The purpose of these factors is the correct answers to the FID chain esters with less than 16 carbons and discrimination of the masses of heavier esters, during the split injection. The SRF showed a linear correlation with their molecular weights, thus allowing prediction of SRF held the esters of biodiesel, from the FRS three patterns added to the sample. The internal standards used were C12 :0- Et, Et and C14 :0-C18 :1-Et in the analysis of methyl biodiesels and C12 :0-Me, Me, and C14 :0-C18 :0-Me for ethyl biodiesels. Using SRF to the analysis of a sample simulating synthetic biodiesel from babassu, where were these short chain esters in high concentrations, the prediction errors (PE%) were respectively 1.4, 2.7, 1.4, 2.2 , and 3.2% for C6 :0-Et ester, C8 :0-Et, C10 :0-Et, Et :0-C12, C14 :0-Et, against 24.4, 13.5, 6 , 2, 2.4 and 2.0% for the same esters determined via standard C17 :0-Me. For samples of palm, soybean and jatropha biodieseis, where the lighter esters are present in concentrations not exceeding 1%, the results of analysis performed by SRF predicted and by standard route C17:0-Me showed no significant differences, as evaluation of the reference method EN ISO 14 103. Even using a larger amount of internal standards, the proposed method has a lower cost than the official method, permitting a quantification of C17 :0-Me which may present in the sample of biodiesel. This method was reliable and applicable to analysis of methyl and ethyl esters oils and fats, where the concentration of esters with carbon chain less that C16 is not more than 1%.

OLIVEIRA, Ulisses Marcondes Freire de. Desenvolvimento de biocatalisadores utilizando lipases de Rhizomucor mihei (RML) imobilizada em suporte de quitosana e sua aplicação na síntese de ésteres butirato de metila e butirato de etila. 2012. 272 f. : Tese (doutorado) - Univerisdade Federal do Ceará, Doutorado em Biotecnologia da Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia - RENORBIO, Fortaleza-CE, 2012. / Submitted by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-05-30T14:39:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_tese_ umfoliveira.pdf: 5868740 bytes, checksum: fb87a06503cdae0af0e790f65341b983 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-05-30T14:43:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_tese_ umfoliveira.pdf: 5868740 bytes, checksum: fb87a06503cdae0af0e790f65341b983 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-30T14:43:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_tese_ umfoliveira.pdf: 5868740 bytes, checksum: fb87a06503cdae0af0e790f65341b983 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Lipases (glycerol ester hydrolases, EC3.1.1.3) are versatile catalysts with broad and diverse possibilities of industrial applications. Its main application is essentially catalyze the hydrolysis of triglycerides. However, in micro-aqueous environments these enzymes have the ability to catalyze the reverse reaction of esterification. These enzymes do not require cofactors, have relatively low cost, are regioespecific, enantioselectives and may act on a broad range of temperature and pH. This work aimed to develop alternative technologies using enzymatic routes mediated by lipase from Rhizomucor miehei (RmL) immobilized on chitosan support in the presence of some classes of surfactants for the production of methyl butyrate and ethyl butyrate, two esters widely used in cosmetic and food industries. In this study two immobilization strategies were evaluated. In the first, the enzymes were immobilized in the presence of selected surfactants on chitosan supports previously activated with glutaraldehyde. In the second immobilization strategy, chitosan was crosslinked with glutaraldehyde after prior adsorption of the enzymes in the presence of surfactants. Among the immobilization procedures studied, the best results were achived when the enzyme was immobilized onto chitosan support in the presence of the surfactant sodium dodecyl sulphate SDS (0.23% m v-1) for 1 h at 4 ° C and 220 rpm, followed by crosslinking with 0.6% glutaraldehyde (v v-1) for 1 h at 25 ° C. In esterification experiments conducted with the best derivative, a detailed study of the parameters that affect the reaction rates were performed. The best yields were obtained when the reactions were conducted at 25 ° C, 6h and 150 rpm using n-heptane as a solvent. For methyl butyrate maximum esterification yield was 89% and for ethyl butyrate the maximum conversion observed was 92%. The results were comparable to yields observed when the esterification reactions were carried out with the commercial enzyme Lipozyme® and the soluble enzyme under the same reaction conditions. / Lipases (glicerol éster hidrolases, E.C.3.1.1.3) são catalisadores versáteis com amplas e diversificadas possibilidades de aplicação industrial. Sua principal aplicação é essencialmente catalisar a hidrólise de triglicerídeos. Entretanto, em ambientes micro-aquosos estas enzimas possuem a habilidade de catalisar a reação reversa de esterificação. Estas enzimas não requerem cofatores, possuem custo relativamente baixo, são regioespecíficas, enantiosseletivas, além de atuarem em uma larga faixa de temperatura e pH. Neste contexto, este trabalho teve por objetivo desenvolver tecnologias alternativas utilizando rotas enzimáticas mediadas por lipase de Rhizomucor miehei (RmL) imobilizada em suporte quitosana na presença de algumas classes de surfactantes para a produção de butirato de metila e butirato de etila, dois ésteres amplamente utilizados na indústria de cosméticos e de alimentos. Neste estudo, duas estratégias de imobilização foram avaliadas. Na primeira, a enzima foi imobilizada na presença dos surfactantes selecionados em suporte quitosana previamente reticulado com glutaraldeído. Na segunda estratégia de imobilização, o suporte utilizado foi reticulado com glutaraldeído após prévia adsorção da enzima na presença dos surfactantes. Dentre os procedimentos de imobilização estudados, os melhores resultados foram obtidos quando a enzima foi previamente adsorvida no suporte quitosana na presença do surfactante dodecil sulfato de sódio (0,23% m.v-1) por 1h a 4°C e 220 rpm, seguido de reticulação com glutaraldeído 0,6% (v.v-1) por 1h a 25°C. Nos ensaios de esterificação utilizando o melhor derivado obtido, foi efetuado um estudo detalhado dos parâmetros que afetam as taxas de conversão. Os melhores rendimentos foram obtidos quando as reações foram conduzidas a 25°C, 6h e 150 rpm utilizando n-heptano como solvente. Para o butirato de metila, o rendimento máximo de esterificação foi de 89% e para o butirato de etila a maior conversão observada foi de 92%. Os resultados obtidos foram comparáveis aos rendimentos de esterificação observados quando foi utilizada a enzima comercial Lipozyme® nas mesmas condições reacionais.

Nos últimos anos muita atenção tem sido dada a produtos que apresentam em sua composição, substâncias com uso restrito por seu risco potencial ao meio ambiente ou à saúde. A União Européia, inserida ativamente neste contexto, regulamenta requisitos que os fabricantes devem atender para, por exemplo, exportarem seus produtos à Europa. Em artefatos de borracha as maiores restrições são relativas ao uso de óleos plastificantes aromáticos e tipo ésteres ftálicos. Os óleos plastificantes são amplamente utilizados na aditivação de borrachas com o objetivo de melhorar processabilidade, reduzir custos e aperfeiçoar propriedades dos materiais visando suas aplicações. Neste âmbito alguns plastificantes reativos a base de ésteres, alguns óleos minerais e vegetais (renováveis) têm se demonstrado alternativas viáveis aos plastificantes restritos para borracha. Assim, o presente trabalho objetivou a avaliação desses plastificantes (de baixo impacto ambiental e sem restrições à saúde), explorando-se a capacidade reativa, compatibilidade e efeitos nas propriedades da borracha nitrílica hidrogenada, HNBR, e borracha de estireno-butadieno, SBR. As características das composições de HNBR contendo 10 phr e as de SBR contendo 15 phr de plastificante frente à vulcanização foram determinadas a partir das curvas reométricas. Igualmente, determinou-se a viscosidade e a relaxação de tensão destas composições. Os vulcanizados foram caracterizados quanto a sua dureza, resistência à tração, índice de dispersão da carga, densidade, resiliência, deformação permanente à compressão, flexibilidade a baixas temperaturas, comportamento frente ao envelhecimento térmico e inchamento em solvente e óleo IRM 903. Todas as composições contendo os plastificantes foram comparadas a composição sem plastificante (NTP). Nos estudos, verificou-se que o óleo vegetal de mamona in natura é capaz de substituir o plastificante éster de ftalato (DOP) na aplicação em HNBR, observando-se boa compatibilidade com este último. Na SBR os plastificantes Fluibrax Euro 40 (Petrobras), Nytex 4700 (Ninas), Flex NBS 100 (Quantiq) assim como os óleos vegetais de soja e linhaça mostraram-se em condições de substituir os óleos aromáticos restritos. Também, observou-se equivalência de desempenho entre os plastificantes, óleo vegetal de mamona e óleo éster reativo RP1020 (Hall Star) em HNBR curada com peróxido indicando que ambos plastificantes passam por um mecanismo de enxertia com a borracha. / In recent years much attention has been given to products that contain substances with restricted use because of its potential risks to the environment and health. The European Union regulates strongly the requirements that manufacturers must meet, for example, to export their products to Europe. In rubber products, the major constraints are related to the use of aromatic oils and phthalates ester plasticizers as additives. The plasticizers are widely used in rubber in order to improve processability, to reduce costs and to improve properties of materials to their applications. In this context some reactive ester plasticizers, some mineral and vegetable oils (renewable) have demonstrated viable alternatives to the restricted plasticizers for rubber. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate these plasticizers (low environmental impact and no restrictions on health), exploiting its reactive capacity, rubber compatibility and effects on the properties of hydrogenated nitrile rubber, HNBR, and on styrene-butadiene rubber, SBR. The characteristics of the compositions of the HNBR and SBR containing 10 phr and 15 phr of plasticizer, respectively, related to the vulcanization were determined by rheometric analysis. The influence of the plasticizer on the viscosity and stress relaxation were also determined. The cured material were characterized as the hardness, strength, dispersion of the filler, density, rebound, compression set, flexibility at low temperature, brittleness point, heat ageing and swelling behavior in solvent and in IRM 903 oil. All the compositions with plasticizer were compared to the composition without plasticizer (NTP). In this work it was found that the castor vegetable oil in natura has been able to replace the phthalate ester plasticizer (DOP) in HNBR, maintaining good compatibility with the elastomer. In SBR, the plasticizers Fluibrax Euro 40 (Petrobras), Nytex 4700 (Ninas), Flex NBS 100 (QuantiQ), and the vegetables oils soybean and linseed could be properly applied as alternatives to restricted aromatic oils. It was observed very similar behavior between the compounds with the plasticizers RP1020 (reactive) and castor oil. The results of rheometry, acetone extraction and toluene swelling support the hypothesis of the grafting mechanism/oligomers formation for the RP1020 and castor plasticizers in HNBR cured with peroxide, indicating that both plasticizers undergo a mechanism of grafting with the rubber.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-10-07Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:29:59Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pereira_dh_me_arafcf.pdf: 425995 bytes, checksum: 068eeb34dc2b20bf30e7a59473c11414 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / A terapia pró-droga/enzima direcionada por anticorpo (ADEPT) consiste em uma primeira etapa , no direcionamento de uma enzima veiculada por anticorpo à uma célula tumoral. Numa segunda etapa uma pró-droga inócua é administrada, e, na presença da enzima, produz compostos citotóxicos restritos à localização do tumor. O par enzima/pró-droga horseradish peroxidase (HRP)/ ácido 3- indol acético (IAA) tem sido aplicada nas estratégias ADEPT. Nesta combinação, o hormônio de planta não tóxico IAA é ativado para espécies citotóxicas pela ação catalítica da HRP. A elucidação das etapas e produtos da reação IAA/HRP levou uma série de moléculas produto a serem apontadas como responsáveis pelos efeitos citotóxicos sem que, até o presente momento, o mecanismo de citotoxicidade tenha sido elucidado. Nesse trabalho, utilizando-se células McCoy como alvo, foi constatado um efeito citotóxico dose dependente do sistema IAA/HRP, por necrose. Esse efeito é quase completamente abolido com a utilização de substâncias antioxidantes ou em anaerobiose. Também foi estudado o uso de um Ester derivado do IAA, o Etil Ester do IAA, como uma nova combinação citotóxica pró-droga/ enzima. Foi constatado que a HRP isolada não consegue catalizar a oxidação do Etil Ester do IAA na ausência de uma enzima adicional (esterase). Dessa forma, pode-se controlar a citotoxicidade do IAA pelo uso de duas enzimas, HRP e esterase. Finalmente, foram apresentadas evidências da aplicação potencial da tríade: Etil Ester IAA/ esterase/ HRP como uma estratégia potencial para a metodologia ADEPT e correlata. / The antibody-directed enzyme pro-drug therapy (ADEPT) in a first stage, it’s directed to an enzyme carried to an antibody to a tumor cell. In a second stage a pro-drug harmless is administered, and in the presence of the enzyme, produces cytotoxic compounds restricted the location of the tumor. The pair enzyme / pro-drug horseradish peroxidase (HRP)/ 3 - indole acetic acid (IAA) has been applied in ADEPT strategies. In this combination, the nontoxic plant hormone nontoxic IAA is activated for cytotoxic species by the action of catalytic HRP. The elucidation of the steps and products of the reaction IAA/ HRP led to a series of product molecules identified as being responsible for cytotoxic effects, without, so far, the mechanism of cytotoxicity has been elucidated. In this work, using cells McCoy as a target, we have seen a cytotoxic effect dosedependent system IAA/ HRP, for necrosis. This effect is almost completely abolished with the use of antioxidant substances or oxygen depletion. We also studied the use of an Ester derived from the IAA, the Ethyl Ester of the IAA, as a new combination cytotoxic pro-drug/ enzyme. We have seen that the HRP alone can not catalyze the oxidation of Ethyl Ester of the IAA in the absence of an additional enzyme (esterase). Thus, we can control the cytotoxicity of the IAA for the use of two enzymes, HRP and esterase. Finally, we showed evidence of the potential application of the triad: Ethyl Ester IAA/esterase/ HRP as a potential strategy for the methodology ADEPT and correlates.

Les enzymes lipolytiques sont des ester hydrolases impliquées dans le métabolisme lipidique. Leurs caractéristiques se sont révélées être des atouts dans de nombreuses applications industrielles. Chez les microalgues, l’isolement et la caractérisation de ces enzymes d’un point de vue structural et fonctionnel restent des domaines de recherche peu explorés à ce jour.Certaines espèces bénéficient pourtant de contenus en lipides intéressants, source de matière première pour les industries de l’agroalimentaire ou de l’énergie. Par exemple, l’acide docosahexaénoique (DHA), un acide gras polyinsaturé de la série des omégas 3, est reconnu pour ses propriétés en santé humaine. Parmi de nombreuses espèces, Isochrysis galbana, une microalgue unicellulaire appartenant à la classe des Prymnesiophycées est considérée comme une source possible de DHA. La présence d’acides gras libres a été montrée par l’analyse des lipides, suggérant la présence d’enzymes lipolytiques potentiellement intéressantes pour leur sélectivité et leur spécificité de substrat.L’analyse d’une banque de marqueurs de séquences exprimées a permis l’identification de séquences susceptibles de coder des enzymes lipolytiques. Les ARN messagers ont été extraits et les ADN complémentaires ont été clonés.Ce travail de thèse présente l’analyse et le clonage de deux gènes codant une ester hydrolase putative et une thioestérase putative, issues de la microalgue Isochrysis galbana.Les deux séquences codent des protéines de poids moléculaires de 35,41 kDa et de 42,31 kDa. Elles montrent 30 à 40 % d’identité et de similarité avec des hydrolases notamment des carboxylestérasesde différents organismes. Les séquences protéiques ont permis l’identification du pentapeptide consensus Gly-X-Ser-X-Gly caractéristique des enzymes lipolytiques et les acides aminés Ser/Asp/His de la triade catalytique.Les deux séquences codantes ont été clonées et exprimées dans la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae et la bactérie Escherichia coli. Le clonage dans E. coli a permis d’identifier à la taille attendue une protéine par Western blot. En présence de cette protéine, la composition en acides gras des lipides de la bactérie a été modifiée. L’analyse CPG a notamment montré une augmentation des proportions en acides gras C16 :1 et C18 :1 par rapport au témoin. Ce résultat permet de caractériser l’activité thioestérase pour IgTeCe. / Lipolytic enzymes present in all known species play a key role in lipid metabolism and are involved in several industrial processes. They catalyse lipid hydrolysis and synthesis. Actually and particularly in microalgae, isolation and characterization of this type of enzyme remains an unexplored research area.The potential of the lipidic content of microalgae in food industry or energy field requires specific lipolytic enzymes. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), an 3 poly insaturated fatty acid (3 PUFA) is well known for its beneficial effects on human health. Among many species, Isochrysis galbana, a unicellular marine microalga belonging to the Prymnesiophyceae class, is considered as a potential alternative source of DHA.Lipid analysis of I. galbana shows free fatty acids and suggests the presence of lipolytic enzymes with potential interesting selectivities and substrate specificities. Analysis of incomplete expressed sequence tag (EST) listed in the EST bank of Isochrysis galbana, identified incomplete genes that encode lipolytic enzymes. Messenger RNAs were extracted, characterized and cloned.This work describes the analysis and cloning of two genes encoding a putative ester hydrolase and a putative thioesterase in marine microalgae Isochrysis galbana. Sequences encode two proteins with predicted molecular weights of approximately 35,41 kDa and 42,31 kDa. Slight similarity and identity (from 30 to 40 %) were observed between the gene sequence and various  fold hydrolase found in diverse phyla (including carboxylesterase).Sequences also included the consensus Gly-X-Ser-X-Gly and the catalytic triad Ser/Asp/His. To characterize the predicted enzymatic functions, an experimental procedure was introduced: coding sequences were cloned into expression vectors and expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in Escherichia coli.Western blot identification of recombinant enzyme shows a convenient protein production in bacteria. Furthermore, the expression of the protein in E. coli shifted the fatty acid composition predominantly towards C16:1 and C18:1 fatty acids. The enzyme called IgTeCe showed a thioesterase activity.