Esta Dissertação tem como objetivo analisar e sistematizar informações (referências bibliográficas e experiências) sobre Saúde em Todas as Políticas (STP) - abordagem da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), a fim de propor o roteiro de um Curso Online Aberto e Massivo (MOOC - abreviação em inglês de Massive Open Online Courses) sobre o tema STP. De cunho exploratório e abordagem mista, utilizou-se a revisão bibliográfica e a análise documental para produzir os seguintes produtos/resultados: a) um artigo original que apresenta o resultado de buscas no diretório MOOC-List.com, sobre os MOOCs já existentes no campo da saúde, no mundo e no Brasil; b) uma lista de práticas brasileiras sobre STP, a partir do site Salud en Todas Las Políticas en Las Américas; c) uma sistematização dos Workshop propostos pela OMS - Health in All Policies: Training Manual (OMS, 2015) e busca de outras referências para complementar e subsidiar o roteiro proposto. A análise e sistematização dos dados e informações coletados resultaram na proposta do roteiro de aprendizagem: 1) Introdução ao MOOC, sobre apresentação geral do Curso; 2) (re)pensar a saúde, sobre os conceitos ampliado de Saúde, Integralidade, Universalidade e Equidade 3) Motivação para "fazer junto" sobre Intersetoriaidade, Promoção da Saúde, desafios globais e mudanças na saúde; 4) Desigualdades sociais e Iniquidades em saúde, sobre desigualdades em saúde, iniquidades em saúde determinantes da saúde e Determinantes Sociais da Saúde; 5) Doenças Não Transmissíveis (DNT): problema de todos(as), sobre a carga de doenças e DNT; 6) Saúde em Todas as Políticas: um conceito, sobre conceituação de STP; 7) Agendas e combinações para a saúde, sobre Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio (ODM), Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS) e Plano de Ações estratégicas para o enfrentamento das DNT no Brasil 2011-2022; 8) Saúde em Todas as Políticas: marco conceitual, sobre o Quadro/framework de STP. Saúde em Todas as Políticas: marco conceitual, sobre o Quadro/framework de STP. Espera-se que os resultados aqui apresentados facilitem a concretização do Curso, através de uma plataforma de MOOC, permitindo que mais pessoas tenham acesso ao conteúdo que, atualmente, está disponível somente em um idioma e para uma parcela - sejam gestores, trabalhadores ou usuários restrita da população brasileira. Acredita-se, sobretudo, que as reflexões trazidas possam inspirar o uso de outras ferramentas, espaços (virtuais ou não) de aprendizagem e de trocas de experiências e também que os materiais sistematizados possam contribuir com o conhecimento e outros estudos sobre os temas nessa Dissertação abordados. / This dissertation aims to analyze and systematize information (bibliographical references and experiences) about Health in All Policies (HiAP) - approach of the World Health Organization (WHO), in order to propose the script for a Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) about HiAP. From an exploratory and mixed approach, bibliographical review and documentary analysis were used to produce the following products/results: a) an original article that presents the search results in the MOOCList. com directory, about the existing MOOCs in the field of Health, in the world and in Brazil; b) a list of Brazilian HiAP practices, based on the website Salud en Todas Las Políticas en Las Américas; c) a systematization of the Workshops proposed by WHO - Health in All Policies: Training Manual (WHO, 2015) and search for other references to complement and subsidize the proposed script. The analysis and systematization of data and information collected resulted in the proposal of the MOOC script entitled "Introduction to Health in All Policies", with eight Learning Modules: 1) Introduction to MOOC, about general presentation of the Course; 2) (re)thinking about health, about the expanded concepts of Health, Integrality, Universality and Equity; 3) Motivation to "do this together", about Intersectoriality, Health Promotion, global challenges and changes in health; 4) Social inequalities and inequities in health, about inequalities in health, determinants of health and Social Determinants of Health; 5) Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs): problem of all, about disease burden and NCDs; 6) Health in All Policies: a concept, about HiAP conceptualization; 7) Agendas and Combinations for Health, about Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Strategic Action Plan for coping with NCDs in Brazil 2011-2022; 8) Health in All Policies: conceptual framework, about the framework of STP. It is expected that results presented here facilitate the implementation of the Course through a MOOC platform, allowing more people to have access to content that is currently available only in one language and for a portion - whether managers, workers or users - of the brazilian population. It is believed, above all, that the reflections brought may inspire the use of other tools, learningspaces and exchanges of experiences, and also that systematized materials can contribute with knowledge and other studies on the themes discussed in this Dissertation.

IntroduÃÃo â AlteraÃÃes na expressÃo ou funÃÃo das molÃculas de adesÃo (MA) nas cÃlulas leucÃmicas podem contribuir para a evoluÃÃo e no comportamento biolÃgico das leucemias agudas. A expressÃo aumentada nas LLAs parece relacionar-se aos mecanismos de disseminaÃÃo extramedular dos linfoblastos, infiltraÃÃo do SNC e formaÃÃo de massas tumorais. Objetivos â Analisar a expressÃo da L-selectina e do CD44 nas LLAs em crianÃas e adolescentes. Avaliar os fatores prognÃsticos (idade, sexo, leucometria ao diagnÃstico, imunofenÃtipo, classificaÃÃo FAB, EGIL, Ãndice de DNA e resposta ao tratamento de induÃÃo) e as apresentaÃÃes extramedulares das LLAs e correlacionÃ-los com essas MA. Pacientes e MÃtodos â Foram avaliados 76 pacientes com LLA, tratados com o Protocolo GBTLI-LLA. O diagnÃstico foi baseado em critÃrios FAB, imunofenotÃpicos (EGIL) e citogenÃticos. A expressÃo das MA foi avaliada por citometria de fluxo, utilizando tripla marcaÃÃo. O anticorpo monoclonal CD45-PerCP (ImmunotechÂ) foi utlizado como marcador dos linfoblastos. O CD44-PE (Clone HP2/9 - ImmunostepÂ) e o CD62L-FITC (Clone HI62L - ImmunostepÂ) foram utilizados para a marcaÃÃo das MA. Para a anÃlise das amostras e o cÃlculo da intensidade mÃdia de fluorescÃncia foi utilizado o programa Cell Quest. Na anÃlise estatÃstica utilizou-se o software SPSS 16.0. A associaÃÃo entre as variÃveis, os fatores prognÃsticos e resposta foi realizada com os testes de Qui-quadrado, exato de Fisher e Mann-Whitney. Sobrevida global foi determinada por curvas Kaplan-Meier e teste log-rank. AnÃlise multivariada por modelo proporcional de Cox foi utilizada para assegurar a independÃncia dos fatores prognÃsticos. Resultados â A mÃdia de idade foi 6,3Â0,5 anos (5m -17a) e predominou o sexo masculino (65%). Ao diagnÃstico os achados clÃnicos foram: hepatomegalia (63%), esplenomegalia (58%) e linfadenomegalia (44%). A infiltraÃÃo SNC ocorreu em 6,6% dos casos e o alargamento de mediastino em 11,8%. Quanto ao risco, 54% eram baixo risco e 46% alto risco. A classificaÃÃo FAB determinou 83% como L1 e 17% L2. DiagnÃstico de LLA-B foi mais frequente (89,5%) e o da LLA-T em 10,5% dos pacientes. O subtipo EGIL mais prevalente foi B II e B III, 51,5% e 45% respectivamente. O IDNA &#8805; 1.16 foi encontrado em 19% dos pacientes e associou-se a bom prognÃstico. Na avaliaÃÃo do D8, 95% dos pacientes apresentaram contagem de blastos <1000/mm3 e leucÃcitos < 5.000/mm3. A taxa de remissÃo de induÃÃo foi de 95% e ocorreram 2,6% de Ãbitos na induÃÃo. Observou-se uma maior expressÃo do CD44 na LLA-T (87,5%/ IMF=150,44Â20,29), porÃm sem significÃncia estatÃstica. LLAs com massa tumoral apresentaram 84% de expressÃo do CD44, quando comparada a 52% das LLAs sem massa tumoral (p=0.01; OR=4,8). ExpressÃo aumentada da L-selectina na LLA-T (87,5%/IMF=272,33Â52,72) foi estatisticamente significante (p=0,004), comparado a LLA-B (54,5%/ IMF= 115,90Â12,75). NÃo houve correlaÃÃo entre os outros fatores prognÃsticos e essas MA. Na anÃlise multivariada as variÃveis de maior impacto para a sobrevida foram: a leucometria ao diagnÃstico, sexo, imunofenÃtipo T e a L-selectina. ConclusÃo â A expressÃo da L-selectina e do CD44 estÃo aumentadas nas LLAs estudadas, principalmente na LLA-T. O CD44 correlacionou-se com LLAs com massas tumorais e parece estar relacionado aos mecanismos de disseminaÃÃo extramedular dos linfoblastos / Introduction â Altered expression or function of adhesion molecules on leukemic blasts may contribute to the evolution of acute leukemia and its biological behavior. The elevated expression of adhesion molecules in ALL might be correlated with the extramedullary dissemination of blast cells, CNS involvement and leukemia tumor burden. Purpose â To analyze the expression of L-selectin and CD44 in ALL in children and adolescents. As well as to evaluate the prognostic factors (age, gender, initial leukocyte count, immunophenotype, FAB and EGIL classification, DNA index and early response to treatment) and the extramedullary presentation of ALL, to finally correlate the prognostic factors with these adhesion molecules. Patients and Methods â From November 2007 to November 2008, 76 patients with newly diagnosed ALL started on Brazilian GBTLI-ALL Protocol. The diagnosis was based on cytological, immunophenotypic, and cytogenetic methods. The mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) and the percentage of the adhesion molecules blasts cells was measured by flow cytometry using triple staining with McAb directly conjugated. CD45-PerCP positive cells were gated for blasts analysis. Anti-CD44-PE (Clone HP2/9 - ImmunostepÂ) and CD62L-FITC (Clone HI62L - ImmunostepÂ) were used to mark the adhesion molecules. The Cell Quest program was used for data acquisition and analysis. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS 16.0 Software. The association of features, prognosis and response to treatment was assessed by Chi-square, Fisher exact and Mann-Whitney tests. Overall survival curves were constructed by the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed independent prognostic factors. Results â The mean age at diagnosis was 6.3Â0.5 years (range 9mo to 17yr) and 65% of them were boys. Clinical findings were hepatomegaly (63%), splenomegaly (58%), lymphadenopathy (44%). CNS involvement was detected in 6.6% of cases and mediastinal mass appeared in 11.8% of them. Patients were classified into low risk (54%) and high risk (46%). FAB classification identified 83% as L1 and 17% as L2. Immunophenotypically, 89.5% of patients were classified as B-lineage ALL and 10.5% as T-lineage ALL. The most frequent EGIL subtype was B common and pre-B-ALL (51.5% and 45.5%, respectively). DNA index greater than 1.16 was found in 19% of the patients and was associated with favorable prognosis. On the D8 evaluation, 95% of the patients had blast count lower than 1.000/mm3 and leukocyte count lower than 5.000/mm3. The remission induction rate was 95% and there was a rate of 2.6% of death during induction therapy. CD44 had greater expression to the rate of 87.5% in T-cell ALL (MFI=150.44Â20.29) with no statistical correlation. A significant positive correlation was demonstrated between 84% of CD44 expression and Leukemia burden tumor cases (p=0.01; OR=4.8). There was statistical correlation between L-selectin expression (87.5%/MFI=272.33Â52.72) and T-cell ALL (p=0,004). No significant correlation was detected between L-selectin and CD44 expression and other prognostic factors. Multivariate statistical analysis (adjusted for overall survival) indicated that initial leukocyte count, gender, T immunophenotype and L-selectin were independent factors. Conclusion â L-selectin and CD44 expressions were elevated in ALL studied, mainly in T-cell ALL. The research demonstrated that there is an association between CD44 expression and leukemia tumor burden, which might be involved in the dissemination of leukemic cells and the progression of the disease.

A partir da década de 1970 observa-se um crescente aumento no número de matrículas de estudantes com deficiência nas escolas comuns. Esse ingresso maciço marca o início do que se nomeia educação inclusiva. Paulatinamente o termo ganha novos sentidos, significados e entendimentos até articular-se a concepção de uma educação para todos. O presente estudo apresenta fatos e marcos legais que permitem mapear o surgimento da educação inclusiva, assumindo como pano de fundo a história do movimento social e político das pessoas com deficiência para enfatizar consensos e apontar dissensos nos diferentes momentos e contextos. Nesse trabalho, os documentos legais não são entendidos como textos neutros, posto que trazem as marcas das tensões e disputas ocorridas até suas consolidações. Além dos documentos internacionais (convenções e declarações) e nacionais (leis, decretos, portarias etc) são apresentados também algumas normativas e dados da cidade de São Bernardo do Campo, notadamente a respeito de Educação. Na rede municipal de ensino desse município está matriculada a estudante protagonista do estudo de caso desenvolvido como pesquisa de campo dessa dissertação. Uma menina de seis anos, sorridente, moradora de uma região periférica, matriculada no Infantil V de uma escola pública, Natally ou simplesmente Nat, tem dentre outras características a paralisia cerebral. Sua matrícula impulsionou a escola a buscar novas possibilidades de disponibilizar conhecimento. Os dados foram coletados a partir de entrevistas com as pessoas que fazem parte do seu cotidiano escolar. Para análise utilizou-se a categorização apresentada por Booth e Ainscow (2011) e os resultados foram apresentados articuladamente com a explanação teórica. Ao debruçar sobre os discursos dos profissionais acerca das ações cotidianas realizadas por eles mesmos foi possível perceber de que forma o entrelaçamento entre políticas públicas e a teoria utilizada ganha concretude e ressignifica as relações estabelecidas entre todos os atores / From the 1970s there has been an increase in enrollment of students with disabilities in regular schools. This massive inflow defines the beginning of what is named inclusive education. Gradually the term acquires new meanings, significations and understandings, until it articulates with the concept of education for all. This study presents the facts and legal frameworks that allow the mapping of inclusive education emergence, taking as background the history of political and social movement of persons with disabilities to emphasize consensus and indicate dissent in different moments and contexts. In this work, the legal documents are not considered as neutral texts, since they carry the marks of the tensions and disputes that occurred prior to its consolidation. In addition to the international (conventions and declarations) and national (laws, edicts, etc.) documents are also presented some normative and data from the city of São Bernardo do Campo, notably regarding Education. In this citys municipal educational system is enrolled the student who is the protagonist of the case study developed as field research in this dissertation. A six year old girl, smiling, who lives in a peripheral region, enrolled in a public schools kindergarten class, Natally or just Nat, among other characteristics has cerebral palsy. Her enrollment boosted the school in looking for new possibilities of providing knowledge. Data were collected from interviews with people who are part of her daily school life. For analysis was used the categorization presented by Booth and Ainscow (2011) and the results were presented articulately with the theoretical explanation. Observing in depth the discourses of professionals about the everyday actions performed by them was possible to see how the ties between public policy and the theory used becomes more concrete and gives a new meaning to the relations between all actor involved

Com a utilização dos atuais protocolos de tratamento, 70-80% dos casos de leucemia linfóide aguda (LLA) na infância têm obtido sobrevida livre de eventos em cinco anos. Entretanto, os 20% restantes, que se mostram resistentes ao tratamento, apresentam recidivas e as causas desse insucesso no tratamento ainda permanecem desconhecidas. Dessa forma, com o intuito de melhor compreender os mecanismos moleculares que participam desse processo, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o perfil de expressão de um painel de genes que foram previamente associados à resistência e/ou sensibilidade aos quimioterápicos: prednisona (F8A, CDK2AP1, BLVRB, CD69), vincristina (RPLP2, CD44, TCFL5, KCNN1, TRIM24), daunorrubicina (MAP3K12, SHOC2, PDCH9, EGR1, KCNN4) e asparaginase (GPR56, MAN1A1, CLEC11A, IGFBP7, GATA3). Para a realização do estudo, foram utilizadas inicialmente amostras de medula óssea de pacientes portadores de LLA pertencentes a quatro grandes centros de oncologia pediátrica do Estado de São Paulo e que foram submetidos ao protocolo de tratamento do GBTLI-99. A análise da expressão gênica foi realizada pela técnica de PCR quantitativa em tempo real, utilizando-se o reagente SYBR Green, o gene GUS? como controle endógeno e amostras de medula óssea normais como referência. A análise dos dados de expressão gênica em relação aos diversos parâmetros clínicos e laboratoriais avaliados na LLA, demonstrou associações importantes entre os diversos genes estudados e variáveis clínicas importantes como contagem de glóbulos brancos ao diagnóstico, presença do antígeno CD10 (CALLA), translocação TEL/AML1, presença de doença residual mínima entre outras. Dentre os genes avaliados destacaram -se como possíveis marcadores de bom prognóstico os genes SHOC2 e GPR56. Posteriormente, reavaliou-se o perfil de expressão desses genes em pacientes submetidos ao protocolo de tratamento europeu do grupo BFM com o intuito de verificar o padrão de expressão em pacientes com um background genético distinto e submetidos a um protocolo terapêutico distinto. Os resultados confirmaram os dados encontrados anteriormente e demonstraram a hiperexpressão do gene SHOC2 (que foi previamente associado à sensibilidade à daunorrubicina) associada ao grupo de pacientes bons respondedores, sugerindo a correlação desse gene com critérios favoráveis de prognóstico. Para verificar o nível de interação desse gene avaliou-se ainda a expressão protéica do mesmo, que confirmou os padrões de expressão gênica obtidos por RQ-PCR. A função do gene SHOC2, que embora não esteja completamente elucidada, já foi anteriormente descrita pela literatura, que demonstra a participação do gene no processo de ativação da proteína Erk pela via Ras. Finalmente para melhor compreender os possíveis mecanismos que envolvem o gene SHOC2 no processo de melhor resposta à quimioterapia, utilizou-se a técnica de RNAi para silenciá- lo na linhagem celular leucêmica Jurkat. Os resultados demosntraram a associação da expressão do gene SHOC2 com proliferação celular e também com a indução de apoptose. Esses dados sugerem que a hiperexpressão desse gene pode ser importante para o processo de sensibilidade das células leucêmicas ao tratamento. Como conclusão, este trabalho demonstrou a associação de diversos genes com importantes parâmetros clínicos da LLA e destaca principalmente o papel do gene SHOC2 como possível alvo terapêutico para o tratamento da leucemia linfóide aguda. / Major improvements have been made in the ALL treatment, which achieved successful rates of approximately 80% of long-terms survival. Despite the significant percentage of success, the remaining 20 % still presents treatment failure and the molecular mechanisms involved in the resistance process remains unclear. The present study was undertaken to analyze and validate the gene expression pattern of the previously described genes related to prednisolone (F8A, CDK2AP1, BLVRB, CD69), vincristine (RPLP2, CD44, TCFL5, KCNN1, TRIM24), daunorubicin (MAP3K12, SHOC2, PDCH9, EGR1, KCNN4) and Lasparaginase (GPR56, MAN1A1, CLEC11A, IGFBP7, GATA3) in order to better inderstand these mechanisms. Bone marrow samples of ALL patients, obtained at diagnosis, in four oncology centers and treated according to the Brazilian protocol (GBTLI-99). The relative mRNA expression levels were quantified using real-time PCR analysis. Amplification of the specific sequences was performed with SYBR® Green reagent; GUSB was used as the reference gene and normal bone marrow samples used as calibrator. The expression profile analisis showed important associations among the studied genes and clinical features as WBC count at diagnosis, CALLA, TEL/AML1 translocation and minimal residual disease. Among the analyzed genes, possible therapy targets were found at SHOC2 and GPR56. Further we addressed the expression profile of these genes in ALL patients, treated according to the BFM protocol, which chacarterize a group of distinct genetic\'s background. The results confirmed the data previously obtained. The overexpression of the gene SHOC2, that was primaraly associated to sensibility to dauborubicin, was related to patients who presented good prednisone response, suggesting the correlation of SHOC2 with good prognostic factors. In order to acess the interaction level of this gene, the protein expression was analyzed and confirmed the mRNA expression data. Despite its lack of information, the data on SHOC2 shows its role as na important element in the Erk activation by Ras induced pathway. Finally, to better understand the possible mechanisms which involve SHOC2 gene to the chemotherapy response process, Jurkat cells was transfect with siRNA to silence the gene SHOC2. Further, functional assays were done to characterize the mechanisms involved. The results showed the association of SHOC2 gene expression with processes of cell proliferation and apoptosis induction, thus suggesting that the overexpression of SHOC2 could play an important role in leukemic cell\'s sensibility to chemotherapy agents, and consequently in patients\' treatment outcome. In conclusion, this work demonstrated the association of the expression profile of many genes with important clinical and laboratorial features. Furthermore, this data present the gene SHOC2 as a possible therapy target to acute lymphoblastic leukemia \'s treatment.

Discussion of the equal use and access to public e-services for people with disability does not present a coherent picture of Information Technology (IT) policies, public e-services and disability. Current studies usually take care of one or two of these subjects together, for example use and accessibility issues of public e-services from the viewpoints of users with disability, or IT policies and guidelines regarding use and access to public e-services for all people, or limitations of technology in supporting people with disability to equally use and access public e-services. In this study, in order to explore the equality of use and access to public e-services for people with disability, I will apply a framework proposed by Orlikowski (1992). On this account, I will explore the equal use and access to public e-services from three aspects of experiences and expectations of people with disability, public e-services and disability features available on them, and IT policies in combination.

In this dissertation, we investigate whether consciousness is graded or dichotomous. Based on previous work and a level of processing framework, we hypothesize that consciousness in general, and visual experience specifically, can be conceived of as both graded and dichotomous. We present a series of experimental studies that provide support for this reasoning. We outline a set of future projects which can follow up on this research, and discuss the limitations of the current approach. / Doctorat en Sciences Psychologiques et de l'éducation / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent) / Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate, in-vitro, the shear bond strength (SBS) and the resultant failure pattern after debonding of metal orthodontic brackets bonded with TransbondTM XT adhesive resin cement and RelyXTM Unicem 2 self-adhesive resin cement to pre-treated (35% ortho-phosphoric acid and silane coupling agent application) IPS eMax and porcelain veneered zirconia crowns. Material and methodology: A Typhodont maxillary lateral incisor was used and prepared in a conventional manner to receive a full ceramic crown. A CAD (computer aided design)/ CAM (computer aided manufacturing) machine was used to scan the prepared tooth and manufacture 40 IPS eMax crowns and 40 porcelain veneered zirconia crowns. Half the number of IPS eMax crown specimens (ie. 20) and half the number of porcelain veneered zirconia crown specimens (ie. 20) were thermocycled (ie. to mimic thermal changes which occur in the mouth), from 5 to 55o for 500 cycles as recommended by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO 6872, 2008). The remaining 20 IPS eMax crown specimens and 20 porcelain veneered zirconia crown specimens remained new and unexposed to thermal changes. The facial surfaces of all the thermocycled and non-thermocycled crown specimens were then etched. Etching of all the ceramic bonding surfaces was performed by the application of 35 per cent ortho-phosphoric acid liquid for 2 minutes, followed by a thin layer of a ceramic primer. A lateral incisor metal bracket with a bracket base area of 9mm2 (as confirmed by the manufacturer) was bonded to each of the etched and silane treated ceramic crown specimens and separated in the following manner: Group 1: (10 thermocycled, etched and silane treated IPS eMax and 10 thermocycled, etched and silane treated porcelain veneered zirconia crown specimens) RelyX™ Unicem 2 self-adhesive resin cement was used to bond the bracket to the ceramic crown specimens, Group 2: (10 thermocycled, etched and silane treated IPS eMax and 10 thermocycled, etched and silane treated porcelain veneered zirconia crown specimens) Transbond™ XT light cure adhesive primer was first applied onto the bonding surface of the crowns and then Transbond™ XT adhesive resin was used to bond the bracket to the ceramic crown specimens, Group 3: (10 non-thermocycled, etched and silane treated IPS eMax and 10 non-thermocycled, etched and silane treated porcelain veneered zirconia crown specimens) RelyX™ Unicem 2 self-adhesive resin cement was used to bond the bracket to the ceramic crown specimens, Group 4: (10 non-thermocycled, etched and silane treated IPS eMax and 10 non-thermocycled, etched and silane treated porcelain veneered zirconia crown specimens) Transbond™ XT light cure adhesive primer was first applied onto the bonding surface of the crowns and then Transbond™ XT adhesive resin cement was used to bond the bracket to the ceramic crown specimens. After bonding all samples were stored in distilled water for 24 hours before being submitted to the shear bond strength test. Debonding forces in Newtons (N) was determined by using a shear testing machine and converted into Mega Pascals (MPa). Results: The results after debonding were compared. The mean shear bond strength for RelyXTM Unicem 2 self-adhesive resin cement bonded to the all ceramic non-thermocycled crowns (Group 3) ranged from a low of 5.1 MPa (45.5 Newtons) when brackets were bonded to the IPS eMax crowns to a high of 5.8 MPa (51.9 Newtons) when brackets were bonded to the porcelain veneered zirconia crowns. The mean shear bond strength for Transbond XT adhesive resin cement bonded to the all ceramic non-thermocycled crowns (Group 4) ranged from a low of 6.4 MPa (57.3 Newtons) when brackets were bonded to the porcelain veneered zirconia crowns to a high of 8.1 MPa (72.7 Newtons) when brackets were bonded to the IPS eMax crowns. The side by side Box-and-Whisker plots of the shear bond strengths show wide and overlapping dispersions of the crown/adhesive resin combinations which consequently lessen the probability of significant differences between the crown/adhesive resin combinations in all 4 groups. According to the Kruskal-Wallis test (p < 0.05), and the Bonferroni Test the non-thermocycled crown/adhesive resin combinations do not differ significantly. Study of the mean ARI (Adhesive Remnant Index) values for the non-thermocycled crown/adhesive combinations shows that brackets bonded with Rely-XTM Unicem 2 to non-thermocycled porcelain veneered zirconia crowns failed entirely at the ceramic/adhesive interface and for all the other non-thermocycled ceramic/adhesive combinations most of the failures of the bond (70%) occurred at the bracket/adhesive interface, ie. cohesive fractures within the composite resin. No cohesive fractures of the porcelain crowns were noted. The results of the thermocycled groups (Group 1 and Group 2) show the TransbondTM XT/non-thermocycled IPS eMax crown combination yielded the highest overall mean shear bond strength of 8.1 MPa (72.7 Newtons) but dropped to a mean shear bond strength of 5.1 MPa (46.1 Newtons) (36.4% drop in shear bond strength) when the crowns were thermocycled prior to bonding. The TransbondTM XT/non-thermocycled porcelain veneerd zirconia crown combination yielded the second highest overall mean shear bond strength of 6.4 MPa (57.3 Newtons) and dropped to a mean shear bond strength of 5.1 MPa (45.8 Newtons) (19.3% drop in shear bond strength) when the crowns were thermocycled prior to bonding. The RelyXTM Unicem 2/non-thermocycled porcelain veneered zirconia crown combination yielded the third highest overall mean shear bond strength of 5.8 MPa (51.9 Newtons) but dropped significantly to a mean shear bond strength of 3.2 MPa (29.1 Newtons) (a significant 43.8% drop in shear bond strength) when the crowns were thermocycled prior to bonding. Lastly, the RelyXTM Unicem 2/non-thermocycled IPS eMax crown combination yielded the fourth highest mean shear bond strength of 5.1MPa (45.5 Newtons) but dropped to a mean shear bond strength of 4.9 MPa (44.5 Newtons) (a drop in shear bond strength of only 3%) when the crowns were thermocyled prior to bonding. Relaxing the significance level (p-value) somewhat demonstrates the negative influence of thermocycling on the shear bond strength of the crown/adhesive combinations. The non-thermocycled all ceramic crown/adhesive combinations showed mean ARI values of between 1.3 and 2.1 indicating cohesive fractures within the composite resin and efficient bonding of the adhesive material to the porcelain surface. However, all the thermocycled all ceramic crown/adhesive treatment combinations showed mean ARI values of between 0 and 0.8 indicating a bond failure between adhesive and porcelain and highlighting the negative influence of thermocycling on bond strength of both adhesive resin cements. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that: 1.There was no significant difference in the shear bond strengths of metal orthodontic brackets bonded with RelyXTM Unicem 2 self-adhesive resin cement and metal orthodontic brackets bonded with TransbondTM XT adhesive resin cement to IPS eMax and porcelain-veneered zirconia crowns which were conditioned with 35 % phosphoric acid and a silane coupling agent. 2. Conditioning the porcelain surface with 35% phosphoric acid and a silane coupling agent (which is safer to use than Hydrofluoric acid) is sufficient for bonding metal orthodontic brackets to all ceramic crowns, and should make it simpler for clinicians to remove the remaining adhesive from the porcelain surface after debonding. 3. The negative influence of thermocycling prior to bonding can be seen on shear bond strength values. 4. Most of the failures of the bond occurred at the ceramic/adhesive interface and cohesive fractures within the composite resin. No cohesive fractures of the porcelain crowns were noted.

Magister Scientiae (Physiotherapy) - MSc(Physio) / The number of children with disabilities under the age of 18 years around the world varies from 120 to 150 million. In many countries, throughout the world, the majority of children with disabilities either do not receive any form of education or, if they receive any, it is often inappropriate. UNESCO estimates that more than 90% of children with disabilities in developing countries do not attend schools. Rwanda has recently started inclusive education in a number of schools around the country for ensuring that children with disabilities have access to education. Despite this, in Rwanda, many children with disabilities do not attend school and this number is not known. This study aimed to identify the barriers to school attendance by children with disabilities in Rwanda. / South Africa

Community expressions-specifically, annual events manifested by groups other than official organizations-can be sites for transmission of crucial understandings of the past that have not achieved representation in formal archives. In this dissertation, to locate the minor narratives of history I analyze a community expression with my focus honed on the ephemeral matter used within it, to imitate and question the reliance in archives on evidence, and explore ephemera as important focus points for the transmission of collective memory. The ephemerally embodied event I studied as an "archive" was the All Souls Procession, a grassroots annual celebration and parade in honor of the dead in Tucson, Arizona. To convey and interpret perspectives from the community enacting and participating in this event through engagement with ephemera, I have used three questions as my guide: How are ephemera used in All Souls Procession events as commemorative community expressions? How has the history of the All Souls Procession been shaped around the commemorative use of ephemera in relationship with recorded documents? And, What are the implications for archives of this case of commemoration through ephemeral community expression? Through qualitative methods of data collection including participant observation, document analysis, and unstructured interviews with thirteen current and former All Souls Procession organizers, I have found two overarching themes in the discourse around ephemeral commemoration in this event: processing the past and softening community boundaries. I found that through these themes of use, ephemera in the All Souls Procession anchor collective memory while constituting community boundaries, meeting a growing need to define and connect "members" of a rapidly expanding "community." With community membership defined as volunteerism in ASP events, ephemera function as iconic draws toward this event, attracting people to a unified theme and then engaging them in constructing it anew, as its ephemeral building blocks must be regularly recreated. Ephemera in this study were also found to help claim ownership and authority for the All Souls community, through occupation of space and memory. Concluding this work are three propositions: First, that in such community expressions, competing "archives" may face off against one another in the online arena, which is both ephemeral and enduring; Second, the use of ephemera as commemorative matter may give a community leverage in controlling records about the past, yet in increasingly transparent ways. Third, as they adapt to the model of participatory archives seen increasingly in the digital archival landscape, users can deploy strategies-forging alliances and "communities" that result in effacements and master narratives, the latter of which are then celebrated as community histories through new cycles of ephemeral commemoration. I ultimately retheorize the archive as collective action to construct, efface, and build community around history, supporting the notion that the more collective, or massive, or spectacular the telling of a story, the better it competes to become a history.

Les objectifs principaux de cette thèse sont expliquer l’émergence de nouvelles dynamiques concurrentielles caractérisées par une symbiose entre concurrence et pouvoir de marché et élucider comment elles peuvent être appréhendées sous l’angle de la théorie de la concurrence. Le chapitre I investigue l’évolution des formes de la concurrence aux États-Unis de 1840 jusqu’à nos jours. On montre qu’alors que dans certains cas le pouvoir de marché s’est traduit par l’entrave à la concurrence (et vice-versa), dans d’autres les deux établissent une relation symbiotique. Le chapitre II fait une revue des théories de la concurrence et conclut qu’elles ne rendent pas compte de la coexistence de deux faits stylisés majeurs propres à la forme de concurrence hégémonique actuelle : des différentiels de taux de profit de long terme et une forte concurrence par les prix.Le chapitre III développe une contribution à la théorie de la concurrence entre et au sein des chaînes globales de valeur (CGV). On montre que l’interdépendance inégale est la source du pouvoir de marché intra-CGV, ce qui explique les différentiels de taux de profit entre firmes appartenant à une même CGV. On montre par la suite comment ils peuvent être compatibles avec une forte concurrence par les prix. Le chapitre IV étudie le capitalisme de plateforme en se focalisant sur les « firmes de coordination algorithmique basées sur la confiance » (FCABC). En s’appuyant sur le cas de la firme de VTC Uber, on argumente que la FCABC conjugue du pouvoir de marché avec une forte concurrence par les prix dans une dynamique concurrentielle dans laquelle il y a une tendance à la monopolisation. / The main objectives of this thesis are to explain the emergence of competitive dynamics characterized by a symbiosis between competition and market power and to elucidate how they can be apprehended through the lenses of competition theory. Chapter I investigates the evolution of forms of competition in the United States from 1840 to today. We show that while in some cases market power has translated into hindering competition (and vice versa), in others the two establish a symbiotic relation. Chapter II reviews competition theories and concludes that they do not account for the coexistence of two major stylized facts characteristic of the current hegemonic form of competition: long-run profit rate differentials and strong price competition. Chapter III develops a contribution to competition theory within and between global value chains (GVC). We show that uneven interdependence is the source of intra-GVC market power, which explains long-run profit rate differentials between firms belonging to the same GVC. Then we show how they can be compatible with strong price competition. Chapter IV studies platform capitalism with a focus on “trust-based algorithmic coordination” (TBAC) firms. Building on the case of the ride-hailing firm Uber, we argue that the TBAC firm conjugates vertical market power with strong price competition in a competitive dynamics in which there is a tendency towards monopolization.