This thesis is a historiographical study of the eugenics and euthanasia programs of Nazi Germany. It traces there development from the end of World War One to the fall of Hitler's Third Reich. There are three stages in this study. First, I examine eugenics after World War One and the effect the era had on society. Then I study the Nazi transition from eugenics measures to "euthanasia", and last I analyze the transferring of the killing methods from the "euthanasia" centers to the concentration camps. The questions of how did the idea for eugenics develop in Germany society, what role did World War One play in its development, why did the Nazis move from eugenics to "euthanasia", was the children's euthanasia program and Aktion T-4 the same or different programs, did doctors willingly participate in the programs, was there a resistance to "euthanasia", and what role did the T-4 program play in the "Final Solution" are examined. This study uses a wide range of secondary sources. It examines the authors of those sources arguments and if their work plays a role in out better understanding of the event. Many of these authors are the leading scholars in their field. This study concludes that these sources have lead to our better understand the Holocaust, and the argument as to wither or not the mass murder of European Jewry was a well planned event or a trial and error process that lead to mass murder.

This project concerns the ideation surrounding apossible facility that would offer euthanasia, and how a facility of that kind would look like. Euthanasia, in this case is defined as an intervention that is given after an explicit request from the patient where theintention is to aid in the cause of the patient’s death. The aim of the project is to envision a facility that is based on aiding the dying patient in their last experience of life. Making the architectural surrounding a contributor to a self-chosen, dignified, and merciful end of life.

Bakgrund: Sjuksköterskan har en central roll i omvårdnaden av patienter i livets slutskede och således även i vården rörande dödshjälp. Omvårdnaden i relation till dödshjälp ser olika ut bland annat på grund av vilka lagar sjuksköterskorna behöver förhålla sig till. Åsikter och värderingar förknippat med dödshjälp skiljer sig åt från person till person. Begreppet dödshjälp används i denna studie som en övergripande beteckning för insatser i syfte att avsluta en mycket sjuk persons liv, utifrån patientens önskan.  Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av dödshjälp.  Metod: En allmän litteraturstudie vilken baseras på tio vetenskapliga artiklar av kvalitativ ansats. Studien är utformad i enlighet med Polit och Becks niostegsmodell och har använt en tematisk analysmodell av Braun and Clarke för analys av data.    Resultat: Resultatet presenteras utifrån två huvudteman: Känslomässiga upplevelser och Betydelsefulla aspekter för en god omvårdnad med tillhörande fem subteman.  Slutsats: Arbetet relaterad till dödshjälp påverkar sjuksköterskor på olika sätt. De känslor som uppstår är beroende av bland annat egna värderingar, arbetsplatsens förutsättningar, vårdrelationen samt kollegiet. Då det hör till vanligheterna att vårdpersonal får frågor om döden i mötet med patienter behöver ämnet belysas ytterligare. / Background: The concept of euthanasia is used in this study as a general term for interventions aimed at ending the life of a very sick person, based on the patient's wish. Nurses play a central role in the care of patients at the end of life. The care can be complex, partly due to the laws nurses need to adhere to. Patients describe uncertainty in the disease process making them unsure about choosing to end their own life. Depending on the law, various dilemmas regarding suffering and dignity are experienced by both nurses and patients.  Purpose: The aim of this general literature review was to describe nurses' experiences of euthanasia.   Method: A general literature review based on ten scientific articles of qualitative approach. The study is designed in accordance with Polit and Beck's nine-step model and has used a thematic analysis model by Braun and Clarke for data analysis.   Results: The results are presented based on two main themes: Emotional experiences and Meaningful aspects for good nursing care, with five associated subthemes.   Conclusion: Work related to euthanasia affects all nurses in different ways. The emotions that arise depend on, among other things, personal values, workplace conditions, the care relationship and the collegial environment. As it is common for healthcare professionals to receive questions about death in interactions with patients the subject needs further illumination.

This research investigated the role religion plays in how individuals view euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide. One hundred participants from each of the three major monotheistic world religions were given a seven-question survey. The seven questions consisted of statements regarding the knowledge of their own religion, how the participants feel about terminally ill patients and those who have lost vital functions, and also whether or not they believe euthanasia is morally just. It was predicted that the participants who belong to Judaism and Islam viewed euthanasia as morally just and participants who belong to the Christianity viewed euthanasia as morally incorrect.

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Medical Assistance in Dying (MAiD) became legally accessible to Canadians in 2016, bringing with it significant changes to the Canadian health care landscape. With legalization of MAiD, physicians, nurses and allied health care workers had to consider their own systems of values, beliefs and their professional identity and decide whether or not they would be able to contribute to this practice or participate actively in this new medical procedure. I argue that health care professionals who participate in this practice create a professional identity that is intrinsically bound to the ethics and practice of MAiD, thus making it permissible for them to support and participate in the procedure actively. Moreover, I argue that this system of morals and beliefs has been accrued by these health care professionals across experiences and time that contribute to their capacity to participate in MAiD. Hamilton Health Sciences (HHS) was the locus for this research. HHS encompasses a network of five hospitals in the Hamilton, Ontario area. Each hospital region in Ontario has a unique staff and values, and HHS is no exception. HHS houses the Assisted Dying Resource and Assessment Service (ADRAS) group, a team of uniquely skilled MAiD providers, assessors and health professionals who service the HHS patient community. It is this group that is at the center of this research. Through interviews with members of ADRAS, I determined that values of altruism, belief in self-determination and deep respect for patients and families are central to the individual and collective identities of this group. In light of this ethical stance, members of ADRAS have crafted complex professional identities both individually and as a collective that enable them to participate in MAiD in a complete and meaningful way. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

Bakgrund: Eutanasi är ett ämne som är väl omdebatterat i världen och betyder egentligen hjälp till en smärtfri död, men används idag som synonym till dödshjälp. Aktiv dödshjälp innebär att läkaren förskriver ett läkemedel med syfte att avsluta en patients liv. Läkarassisterat självmord innebär att patienten själv tar läkemedlet medan aktiv dödshjälp innebär att sjukvården hjälper till att avsluta patientens liv. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva sjuksköterskors inställning till eutanasi och de faktorer som beskrivs ligga bakom dessa inställningar, samt att beskriva undersökningsgrupperna i de valda artiklarna. Metod: Författarna gjorde en deskriptiv litteraturstudie. Artiklar har sökts fram i sökmotorn PubMed med en femårsbegränsning. Totalt 11 artiklar bearbetades och sammanställdes i kategorier för att besvara frågeställningarna. Resultat: Resultatet visade att sjuksköterskors inställning till eutanasi är en komplex fråga som kan vara beroende av olika faktorer som vilket land de arbetar i och vilka patientgrupper de arbetar med. Majoriteten av deltagarna i studierna var kvinnor i olika åldrar med olika lång arbetslivserfarenhet som sjuksköterska. Resultatet i föreliggande litteraturstudie presenteras utifrån tre huvudrubriker med utgångspunkt i frågeställningarna; Sjuksköterskors inställning till eutanasi, Bidragande faktorer till sjuksköterskornas inställning till eutanasi, samt den metodologiska aspekten undersökningsgrupper. Slutsats: Föreliggande litteraturstudie visar att sjuksköterskors inställning till eutanasi kan vara högst individuell och beroende av många faktorer. Att man som sjuksköterska kan komma i kontakt med dessa frågor är ett faktum, oavsett var och med vilka patienter man arbetar. Med mer erfarenhet och kunskap om ämnet kan sjuksköterskan känna sig tryggare i bemötandet med den döende patienten och dennes anhöriga. / Background: Euthanasia is a well-discussed subject all around the world and means help to a painless death. Active euthanasia means that a doctor prescribes a drug intended to end a patients’ life. Physician-assisted suicide means that the patient takes the drug themselves, while active euthanasia involves medical help to end the patient’s life. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe nurses’ attitudes towards euthanasia and the factors described underlie these attitudes, as well as to describe the study groups in the included articles. Method: The authors conducted a descriptive literature review. The articles were found in the search engine PubMed with a five-year limit. A total of 11 articles were processed and summarized into categories to answer the research questions. Findings: The results showed that nurses' attitudes towards euthanasia is a complex issue which may be dependent on several factors such as which country they work in and which patient groups they work with. Most participants in the studies were women of different age and different experience as a nurse. The result of the present literature review form three main headings, based on the issues; nurses' attitudes towards euthanasia, contributing factors to the nurses' attitudes towards euthanasia, as well as the methodological aspect - study groups. Conclusion: The present literature review shows that nurses' attitudes towards euthanasia can be very individual and depend on many factors. It is a fact that nurses may come in contact with these issues, no matter where and with what kind of patients they work. With more experience and knowledge of the subject, the nurse may feel safer in facing the dying patients and their relatives.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2001. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 588-604). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center.