Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

This dissertation combines a sustained reflection on the European and North American Post-Holocaust theological landscape with the themes of otherness, exclusion, and identity. The study aims to offer a constructive contribution toward ecclesiology in a post-Holocaust world riven with a rejection of otherness. The consensus among Holocaust scholars is that the moral failure of the churches to engage on behalf of the vast majority of victims of the Third Reich evinces a profound sickness at the heart of the Christian faith. Both Holocaust theologians and ecclesial statements have made notable strides towards diagnosing and curing this illness through proposals to radically reshape Christian theology in the shadow of Holocaust atrocities. However, rarely have these proposals outlined revisions in the realm of practical theology, specifically relating to ecclesiology and how the Christian community might live as church in the post-Holocaust era. This study conducts an interdisciplinary analysis of dominant trends within post-Holocaust theology through the hermeneutical lens of the propensity to abandon, dominate, or eliminate the Other. It argues that the leitmotif of post-Holocaust proposals for revision, i.e. the refutation of antisemitism and a renewed emphasis on Christian/Jewish solidarity, is potentially an exacerbation of the problem of otherness rather than a corrective. Chapter one cultivates a conceptual lens of a rejection of otherness, highlighting its pervasiveness and its deleterious implications for Christian churches. Chapter two surveys a wide range of post-Holocaust ecclesial statements as well as reflections by Holocaust theologians in order to portray the churches’ own perception of their role during the Holocaust and how they have begun to reformulate Christian theology and practice in this light. Chapter three analyzes three dominant trends that come to light when the post-Holocaust landscape is assessed through the lens of otherness. Chapter four explores dynamics of Christian and ecclesial identity as a framework for the cultivation of multi-dimensional identities which make space for the Other. Finally, chapter five will briefly envision some ecclesial characteristics and practices that might better equip churches with the moral resources to resist a rejection of otherness and build an ethical responsibility for the Other into the core of ecclesial identity.

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ABSTRACT Key words: Dropout, repetition, scholar exclusion, school quality, General Secondary School, Mozambique. This study is a school-based research into the reasons for dropout and repetition in Mozambique. The research methodology is of a qualitative nature, which enabled the exploration of relevant themes, processes and patterns that have characterized the educational process in Mozambique, especially reasons that led to repetition and dropout, during the period between 1999 and 2005. The main reasons could be found in the whole process of teaching and learning; outdated classroom pedagogy; insufficient student participation and shortage of textbooks or teachers materials; and low teachers salaries. In addition, poverty causes many students to drop out. The main conclusion is that higher levels of repetition and dropout have cost implications, inflating enrolments and adding to total costs without necessarily leading to an improvement in learners’ outcomes. Recommendations include a redefinition of the model of secondary education in accordance with the new demands of the labour market.

Contribuir para decifração de problemáticas concernentes à noção de exclusão social no campo da saúde mental, a partir do estudo de moradias para egressos de hospitais psiquiátricos. Os dados são provenientes de diário de campo e depoimentos gravados durante pesquisa em três cidades paulistas. A noção de exclusão social é problematizada em razão de sua nomeação freqüente em discursos e propostas políticas. Segregação espacial e exclusão urbanística são temas abordados, considerando-se como eixo central de discussão os \'sentidos do morar\'. No cotidiano de práticas em Saúde Mental, exclusão associa-se a banimento do convívio social e se amplia para questões sociais discutidas nos âmbitos definidores de políticas. Porém esta ampliação não traz diferença significativa às formulações políticas para além dos sentidos usuais da questão da diferença. Os sentidos do morar, expressos em grupos populacionais diversos e, singularmente, pelos sujeitos, encaminharam a discussão para problematização de políticas e práticas. Estas, quando desconsideram a diversidade de experiências, tendem à reprodução da lógica manicomial que propõem superar, mesmo a partir de propostas nomeadas como \'inclusivas\'. O trânsito entre egressos do manicômio e moradores da cidade, entre áreas do conhecimento e diversidade das práticas, apresenta-se como uma das possibilidades de ruptura com o circulo vicioso que rearticula práticas e discursos tradicionais da psiquiatria. A indagação sobre \'modos de viver\' possibilita recuperar parte da história dos costumes que se perderam com o processo de urbanização; leva-nos a situar questões emergentes no campo da saúde mental junto ao contexto dos problemas das cidades no mundo contemporâneo / The aim of the present work is to contribute to the understanding of problems related to the notion of social exclusion in the mental health field, based on the study of the living places for people egressed from psychiatric hospitals. Data were collected from recorded conversations and registered in field diary during the research in three cities in the state of São Paulo. The notion of social exclusion is approached as it is frequently mentioned in political discourses and proposals. Spatial segregation and urban exclusion are focused, considering the \'meanings of living\' as the central aspect. In everyday practices in Mental Health exclusion is associated to being banned from the social life and it is amplified to social problems in the spheres which define policies but they bring no important difference for policies formulation beyond the usual meanings of the question. The meanings of living, expressed in different populational groups and singularly by each person, guided the discussion to the question of policies and practices. Such practices, when the diversity of experiences is not taken into account, tend to reproduce the manicomial reasoning that they are supposed to overcome, even if they are based on the so called inclusive proposals. The transit among people egressed from the psychiatric hospitals and people living in the city, among knowledge areas and diversity of practices is presented as a possibility of interrupting the vicious circle whichrearticulates the traditional practices and discourse in psychiatry. The understanding of \'ways of living\' allows us to recover part of the story of habits which were lost in the urbanization process and instigates us to consider emergent questions in the field of mental health in the context of problems of the cities in the contemporary world

Bactérias da microbiota entérica de avestruzes foram isoladas e fermentadas (produto experimental denominado de ECOS). Em seguida, foram utilizadas na exclusão competitiva de Salmonella Typhimurium em pintinhos (\"Gallus gallus\") e em avestruzes recém nascidas (\"Struthio camelus\"). Os pintinhos e as avestruzes foram desafiados por via oral com a concentração de 1x104 UFC/ ave e 1x105 UFC/ ave, respectivamente. O ECOS reduziu significativamente a excreção de Salmonella Typhimurium em pintinhos e avestruzes recém nascidos infectados experimentalmente. O ECOS também reduziu significativamente os casos de enterites associadas à mortalidade em avestruzes, em testes de campo. Outros aspectos observados em avestruzes tratados a campo foram a redução do tempo de absorção do saco vitelínico e o aumento do ganho de peso. O ECOS mostrou ser uma importante ferramenta na melhoraria dos índices zootécnicos em estrutiocultura. / Bacterias of ostrich enteric microbiota were isolated and fermented (product called ECOS). Afterwards, they were used into a competitive exclusion of Salmonella Typhimurium in chicks (\"Gallus gallus\") and in ostriches chicks (\"Struthio camelus\"). The chicks and the ostriches were challenged by oral administration by 1x104 UFC/ chick e 1x105 UFC/ chick, respectively. ECOS reduced the excretion of Salmonella Typhimurium in chicks and ostriches chicks experimentaly infected. ECOS reduced, as well, cases of enteric diseases associated to ostrich mortality, in field tests. Another aspect observed in field treated ostrich, was the reduction of yolk sac absorption time and the increase of weight gain. ECOS showed to be an important tool to increase the zootecnical standards in ostrich farming.

This diploma thesis focuses on poverty and social exclusion in Czech society with a special focus on teenagers. The theoretical part addresses poverty and social exclusion in both traditional and modern society. It includes methods of identyfying poverty and social exclusion socio-political measures for prevention and resolving of poverty. The theoretical part concludes with discussing the impact of poverty in childhood and adolescence for developing people and endeavors to actively avoid exclusion from schools. The aim of the field research is the collection of qualitative data to explore the extent of poverty in society and exclusion in selected schools, as well as how poverty impacts the educational plans and development possibilities of teenagers. Keywords: Poverty, social disadvantage, social exclusion, childhood, adolescence, pupils with social disadvantage, education, inclusion.

Os debates no universo conceitual sobre exclusão parecem deixar em segundo plano o foco que ilumina as análises baseadas na injustiça social que propõe pensar a exclusão como processo complexo e multifacetado, do qual a inclusão é parte constitutiva. Diante da ineficiência das propostas no atendimento a adolescentes em conflito com a lei que não tem levado em conta tal complexidade; da visão estigmatizada da sociedade sobre eles; e do número elevado de internações por ano na FEBEM-RP, propôs-se este estudo, com o objetivo de caracterizar a vida cotidiana desses jovens, identificar as percepções, concepções e crenças sobre as experiências vividas e, investigar as propostas de mudanças que possam facilitar o processo de inclusão social de jovens que praticaram delito. Participaram deste estudo onze adolescentes, do sexo masculino, com idades entre 15 e 18 anos, internos na FEBEM-RP, e seis funcionários da instituição. A entrevista individual com roteiro semi-estruturado foi o principal instrumento de coleta de dados, sendo complementada por notas em diários de campo e transcrições de trabalhos grupais. As falas dos funcionários também foram utilizadas como dados complementares para conferir ênfase ao tema que estava sendo abordado. A análise qualitativa dos dados, com enfoque interpretativista, privilegiou os pontos de vista dos entrevistados, iluminando os momentos-chave de sua existência. As análises dos dados mostraram que as várias facetas que compõem o processo de exclusão na vida desses jovens parecem ser apontadas por eles como as dificuldades encontradas para viverem o dia-a-dia longe das infrações. A vida concreta dos adolescentes entrevistados é percebida por eles pela precariedade, não só econômica, mas também de vínculos, que são calcados na violência, na provisoriedade e na instabilidade, perpassados por aspectos psicossociais como estigmatização e culpabilização. A vivência dessa realidade parece gerar sofrimento, freqüentemente, expresso pela revolta como forma de demonstrar a inconformidade diante das condições de existência e dos tratamentos recebidos. A coexistência desses motivos, dentre outros, acrescidos da humilhação, tanto na família como na escola, e da discriminação e truculência com que referem ser tratados pela polícia parecem favorecer a inclusão no mundo do crime. Outra faceta que faz com que estejam inseridos no mundo de forma injusta e pouco digna, diz respeito à vulnerabilidade frente ao desenvolvimento e exercício da vida sexual e reprodutiva, além de se perceberem mais vulneráveis em decorrência das rígidas regras de convivência estabelecidas entre seus pares, que tornam iminente o risco de morte. Referem ser coagidos pela polícia para assumirem delitos que não praticaram, o que parece colaborar para que sejam internos repetidas vezes, perpetuando a idéia de um caminho sem volta. Referem que a FEBEM-RP é um local marcado pela diferença de tratamento que privilegia uns e banaliza o sofrimento de outros. Na vida dos jovens entrevistados, a dialética da exclusão/inclusão também se manifesta pela confirmação, negação ou construção da identidade, que no caso deles, parecem forjadas de maneira a manter as estratégias de regulação de poder, sendo reconhecidos, predominantemente, por seus delitos. Expressam o desejo de parar de infracionar e realizam propostas que incluem a profissionalização, a retomada dos estudos, a aplicação da medida de semiliberdade, dentre outros. Para isso, referem a necessidade de apoio profissional e familiar, dentro e fora da FEBEM-RP, sem os quais a inclusão poderá recair na armadilha de uma inclusão ilusória que discrimina, humilha e gera sofrimento. Para eles, a concretização das propostas pode significar o rompimento de um fatalismo cruel e contribuir para uma inclusão mais digna e justa. / The debates in the conceptual area about exclusion seem to omit the focus that elucidates the social injustice-based analysis that has in view the concept of exclusion as being a complex and multi-faceted process, of which inclusion is an essential part. Facing the inefficiency of the proposals in attending adolescents that come into conflict with the law for not taking into consideration such complexity; also facing the social stigmatized view of these same adolescents; and the increased number of new boarders that FEBEM, in Ribeirão Preto, receives each year, this study has been presented, aiming to point out these youngsters´ daily life, identify the insights, conceptions and beliefs of the lived experiences, and investigate the changeover proposals that might favour the social inclusion of these youngsters that have committed some kind of trespass. Eleven male adolescents took part in this study, ranging from 15 to 18 years old, boarders at FEBEM, in Ribeirão Preto, and six employees that work for the institution. The individual interview with a semi-framed script was the major tool to gather data, being completed with fieldwork notes and transcription of group activities. The voices of the employees were also used as supplementary data in order to give emphasis to the topic being approached. The qualitative analysis of data, with an interpretative approach, favoured the point of view of the people interviewed, enlightening the key points of their existence. The analysis of data showed that the multiple facets that form the exclusion process in these youngsters lives seem to be mentioned by them as being the difficulties they come across to live their daily lives away from infractions. The interviewed adolescents´ real life is noticed by them for its precariousness, not only the financial one, but also the precariousness of bonds that are consolidated in violence, transitory feature and inconstancy, due to psychosocial aspects like stigmatization and culpability. Living this reality seems to cause suffering, often expressed by revolt as a way of demonstrating non-conformism before existence conditions and treatment toward them. The co-existence of these reasons, among other ones, added by humiliation, both at home and at school, and discrimination and cruelty they affirm to receive from the police seem to favour their inclusion in the criminal world. Another facet that causes them to live in the world in such an unfair and unworthy way concerns the vulnerability toward the development and practice of sexual and reproductive life, besides viewing themselves as being more vulnerable due to the rigid co-existence rules fixed among their partners, creating an imminent death risk. They affirm to be constrained by the police to take the blame for trespasses they didn´t commit, which seems to contribute for the act of putting them at the institution several times, perpetuating the concept of a situation with no way back. They affirm that FEBEM-RP is a place that is noticed by the difference in treatment that benefits some people while vulgarizes the suffering of others. In the interviewed youngsters` lives, the logic of exclusion/inclusion is also revealed by the confirmation, denial or construction of their identity, that in their case, seem to be engendered in order to support the strategies of authority regulation, being distinguished, predominantly, for their trespasses. They show an urge to quit trespassing and execute proposals that include professionalizing programs, going back to school, the application of a method of semi-freedom, among others. For this reason, they affirm to need professional and familiar support, inside and outside FEBEM-RP, without which their inclusion may fall back in the trap of an illusory inclusion that discriminates, humiliates and causes suffering. For these youngsters, the materialization of these proposals may mean the disruption of a cruel fate and contribute to a more worthy and fair inclusion.

Este trabalho analisa as questões relacionadas às mulheres e aos afrodescendentes em Cabo Verde, no Brasil e em Trinidad e Tobago, tomando como base as obras Preces e Súplicas ou Os Cânticos da Desesperança (2005), da escritora cabo-verdiana Vera Duarte, Poemas da Recordação e Outros Movimentos (2008), da autora brasileira Conceição Evaristo e, por fim, She Tries Her Tongue, Her Silence Softly Breaks (1989), da escritora afro-caribenho-canadense Marlene NourbeSe Philip, verificando como suas poéticas são refrações dos contextos sociais, políticos, econômicos, educacionais e culturais de seus países. Para a realização deste estudo, utilizamos a teoria de Jacques Rancière (2013; 2005; 2003; 1996), a qual afirma que a política está na base da estética e na distribuição desigual de parcelas; e a visão do teórico Homi K. Bhabha (2005), a respeito da subjetivação e estereotipia, com o objetivo dominação. Além disso, instaurouse um questionamento sobre a violência baseada no gênero, o racismo e a violência linguística, temas abordados pelas autoras com o intuito de apresentar ao mundo a situação, notadamente, das mulheres negras em seus contextos. Nesse sentido, o objetivo desta pesquisa tece realidades conflitantes, aproximando-se da busca por uma voz feminina que dá espaço àqueles que não são ouvidos e estão inseridos em sociedades excludentes / This thesis examines the issues related to women and African descendants in Cape Verde , Brazil and Trinidad and Tobago , taking as a basis the works Preces e Súplicas ou Os Cânticos da Desesperança (2005) by the Cape Verdean writer Vera Duarte , Poemas da Recordação e Outros Movimentos (2008 ) by the Brazilian author Conceição Evaristo, and finally , She Tries her Tongue , her Silence Softly Breaks (1989 ) by the African -Caribbean - Canadian writer Marlene Nourbese Philip. In this work we examine how their poetics are refractions of social, political, economic, educational and cultural contexts in their countries. To achieve that we use the theory of Jacques Rancière (2013; 2005; 2003;1996) , which affirms that politics is in the very foundation of aesthetics and the unequal distribution, and also the works of the theorist Homi K. Bhabha (2005 ) about subjectivity and stereotyping with the aim of domination. Moreover, we bring up the question of gender-based violence, racism and linguistic violence. These issues are addressed by the authors in order to present to the world the situation of women, mainly black women, in their contexts. In this regard, the objective of this research weaves conflicting realities, approaching the search for a female voice that gives space to those who are not heard and are inserted into societies of exclusion

This thesis provides an ethnographic account of post-industrial life in East Manchester, a locality which has undergone repeated waves of regeneration. The neighbourhoods of Beswick and Openshaw were once located at the heart of manufacturing during the Industrial Revolution but have since undergone deep social and economic change in the twentieth century which has resulted in widespread unemployment and perceived ‘social deprivation’. In 2000, New Labour introduced a regeneration plan to create ‘New East Manchester’ with the hope that material transformation would bring about economic growth and social change by creating a cohesive community and a productive and profitable space in the post-industrial city. This research, however, demonstrates that for long-standing residents, the relationship between redevelopment and change is more complex than this simple formula may suggest. Despite millions of pounds of investment and radical physical transformation, long-standing residents argue that East Manchester is dislocated and characterised by an overwhelming sense of uncertainty about the future. The thesis draws on twelve months of residential, ethnographic fieldwork carried out in 2010. It focuses on a group of older, female, long-standing residents and explores the issues which are important to them which include neighbourhood risk, memories of the past, gift exchange, housing and political alienation. For these residents, change is understood in terms of unpredictability and inequality. Images of a stable past are drawn upon in order to articulate anger and frustration against mainstream politics and feelings of social exclusion. On the surface, it appears that social life has declined and community has fractured due to the pressures of economic and social change but, on further examination, it is clear that intense social relations and attachments to East Manchester continue to exist. In order to understand the apparent contradiction between narratives of community decline and observations of social relations which are evident in East Manchester, this thesis argues that it is necessary to re-examine concepts of community, belonging and class which are presented in the anthropology of Britain literature.