<div>In 2019, cyber security is considered one of the most significant threats to the global economy and national security. Top U.S. agencies have acknowledged this fact, and provided direction regarding strategic priorities and future initiatives within the domain. However, there is still a lack of basic understanding of factors that impact complexity, scope, and effectiveness of cyber defense efforts. Computer security incident response is the short-term process of detecting, identifying, mitigating, and resolving a potential security threat to a network. These activities are typically conducted in computer security incident response teams (CSIRTs) comprised of human analysts that are organized into hierarchical tiers and work closely with many different computational tools and programs. Despite the fact that CSIRTs often provide the first line of defense to a network, there is currently a substantial global skills shortage of analysts to fill open positions. Research and development efforts from educational and technological perspectives have been independently ineffective at addressing this shortage due to time lags in meeting demand and associated costs. This dissertation explored how to combine the two approaches by considering how human-centered research can inform development of computational solutions toward augmenting human analyst capabilities. The larger goal of combining these approaches is to effectively complement human expertise with technological capability to alleviate pressures from the skills shortage.</div><div><br></div><div>Insights and design recommendations for hybrid systems to advance the current state of security automation were developed through three studies. The first study was an ethnographic field study which focused on collecting and analyzing contextual data from three diverse CSIRTs from different sectors; the scope extended beyond individual incident response tasks to include aspects of organization and information sharing within teams. Analysis revealed larger design implications regarding collaboration and coordination in different team environments, as well as considerations about usefulness and adoption of automation. The second study was a cognitive task analysis with CSIR experts with diverse backgrounds; the interviews focused on expertise requirements for information sharing tasks in CSIRTs. Outputs utilized a dimensional expertise construct to identify and prioritize potential expertise areas for augmentation with automated tools and features. Study 3 included a market analysis of current automation platforms based on the expertise areas identified in Study 2, and used Systems Engineering methodologies to develop concepts and functional architectures for future system (and feature) development.</div><div><br></div><div>Findings of all three studies support future directions for hybrid automation development in CSIR by identifying social and organizational factors beyond traditional tool design in security that supports human-systems integration. Additionally, this dissertation delivered functional considerations for automated technology that can augment human capabilities in incident response; these functions support better information sharing between humans and between humans and technological systems. By pursuing human-systems integration in CSIR, research can help alleviate the skills shortage by identifying where automation can dynamically assist with information sharing and expertise development. Future research can expand upon the expertise framework developed for CSIR and extend the application of proposed augmenting functions in other domains.</div>

Pre-writing strategies are conscious thoughts, actions, or behaviors used by writers when they plan before writing. Research in second language writing suggests that specific writing strategies related to writing purposes, audience, brainstorming, and organizing ideas are teachable and have a potential to improve the quantity and quality of writing produced by English as second language (ESL) learners. This study investigated the effects of computer-based pre-writing strategy training guided by procedural facilitation (Bereiter & Scardamalia, 1987) on intermediate ESL students' writing strategy use, writing quantity, and writing quality. A sequential mixed methods design was utilized with an initial quasi-experimental phase followed by semi-structured interviews. Forty-one participants from four intact intermediate-writing classes in an intensive English program participated in the quasi-experimental phase of the study. The classes were randomly assigned into two control and two experimental groups. The instructional modules for the control groups included writing instruction related to paragraph writing, essay writing, and opinion essays whereas the training modules for the experimental groups consisted of pre-writing strategies related to writing purposes, audience, and idea generation and organization. In addition, the experimental groups were trained to generate and organize ideas using Inspiration 6, an idea graphic organizer software program. The participants' writing performances and uses of pre-writing strategies prior to and after the training were analyzed. In addition, six semi-structured interviews conducted shortly after the post-test helped to illuminate the quantitative results. Results demonstrate a significant training impact on ESL students' pre-writing strategy use but fail to detect significant effects on the students' writing quantity and writing quality; however, a trend of improvement regarding the writing quality variables was detected among the strategy-trained students. Furthermore, the qualitative analysis revealed some similarities and differences of less experienced and experienced writers' writing processes and strategies. Overall, the findings suggest the complex interplay among the factors influencing student writing development including writing strategy use, writing processes, writing tasks, task conditions, their past writing experience, and their language proficiency.

Natural resource managers are facing increasing challenges as environmental degradation accelerates and the need to integrate a broad spectrum of community experiences into management decisions is increasingly recognised. To help meet these novel challenges, this study explores how professional researchers and communities can combine their skills and learn to work in partnerships to achieve shared management goals. Community-based research involves people as citizen scientists, whereby citizens actively participate in research on local issues. The inclusive nature of community-based research has the ability to produce auxiliary benefits uncommon in conventional research. These include the development of social capital and social learning as the practice of citizen science empowers communities with new skills, knowledge and social networks, thus building capacity within communities to take an effective role in natural resource management. Community-based research also has the potential to enrich the range of management options available by increasing the breadth of accessible knowledge. However, despite much rhetoric about democratising science, little is known about the practice, value and problems of involving citizens as collaborators in natural resource management research projects. This thesis presents the findings from a comparative survey of the attitudes to community-based research held by 'citizen' scientists, on the one hand, and 'expert' scientists and natural resource managers, on the other. It also draws upon a multi-site case study, set in a diverse urban-rural catchment, where an integrated research program was established for different natural resource management agencies to work with each other and community groups to develop research protocols so that community groups could participate in assessing the health of catchment areas. This involved scientists, natural resource managers and community education/extension officers working with established community groups to develop and trial modified scientific methods for the environmental monitoring of catchment and estuarine areas. This inter-agency/community project was continued as a case study site into the second and third years of research and was augmented in the second and third years by focusing on two of the initial community groups as second and third case study sites in their own right. Synthesis of both survey and case study analysis reveals that, despite resource and attitudinal barriers, community-based research can ensure access to local knowledge and increased relevance of research. In addition, many participants most valued the increased feeling of connection towards their local environment and community. I argue that citizen/expert collaboration is key to successful community-based research and best achieved in an atmosphere of mutual respect where all participants are seen as co-researchers. However, participatory intentions are unlikely to be acted upon without sufficient opportunity. Thus, the process of research must be re-defined from that associated with positivist science to include a greater range of participants and activities in an adaptive manner. This more inclusive and reflective approach seems most likely to ensure the quality and utility of research data, the knowledge sharing and social learning, and the enjoyable atmosphere that underpin successful citizen/expert interactions. Certainly, the ability to draw upon and create social capital is vital. The integration of these findings enabled the development of guidelines for effective collaboration between citizens and experts when addressing catchment management issues and undertaking participatory research.

Etude en IRMf sur la réactivité visuo-manuelle intentionnelle et l'expertise sensorimotrice : la correction de trajectoire manuelle en cours de mouvement conduit à sur activer le réseau cérébral impliqué dans pointage direct (aires visuelles occipitales, associatives pariétales, frontales motrices, prémotrices et oculo-motrices, thalamus, ganglions de la base et cervelet). Les aires sensorielles et motrices primaires sont plus fortement sollicités chez les sujets contrôles, alors que les Escrimeurs activent plus fortement les aires d'intégration sensorimotrice de haut niveau (aires pariétales, prémotrices, sous-corticales et cérébelleuses). Le contrôle visuo-manuel semble donc reposer sur des boucles neuronales imbriquées, sous-tendant des modules opérationnels plus ou moins recrutés selon les contraintes d'exécution du mouvement. Il apparaît que l'expertise sensorimotrice liée à la pratique sportive peut conduire à des modifications des cartes fonctionnelles cérébrales.

Cette thèse étudie les possibilités offertes par l'intelligence artificielle pour l'identification et la circonscription des risques incendie de bâtiments.La sécurité incendie est une composante de la fonction technique du bâtiment. Elle peut donc être considérée dès la conception. Actuellement elle est traitée principalement par l'application de textes réglementaires. Nous proposons une approche différente ayant deux caractéristiques principales : premièrement elle privilégie la recherche des facteurs de risque et des meilleurs moyens de les éliminer ; deuxièmement elle est globale parce qu'elle réalise une intégration des connaissances (expertes ou autres) relatives aux autres fonctions du bâtiment (Architecture et Economie) ainsi qu'aux autres composantes de la fonction technique.La recherche a donc porté principalement sur : – La définition d'une méthode d'étude globale de la sécurité incendie du bâtiment, car les connaissances sont peu formalisées dans ce domaine. – La définition d'une méthodologie de réalisation d'un système multi-expert opérationnel et à caractère pédagogique.Les résultats des travaux présentés sont de deux types : – Un ensemble d'outils tels que TRIAGE, ARBRE, NASS, ICONOGRAPH. TRIAGE est le système destiné aux études pluridisciplinaires de la sécurité incendie de bâtiments. Deux modes de fonctionnement sont disponibles : l'expertise focalisée où l'utilisateur requiert un service à un spécialiste de manière isolée ; l'expertise générale où l'utilisateur est pris en main par un planificateur de tâches en fonction des buts fixés. ARBRE est un outil destiné aux experts pour la mise au point d'arbres des causes à probabilités subjectives (appelées crédits d'hypothèses). NASS est un environnement de développement de systèmes experts basés sur l'exploitation de multiples sources de connaissances exprimées en langage quasi naturel. Il contient, entre autres, le mécanisme de raisonnement de TRIAGE. ICONOGRAPH est un outil graphique pour la gestion des relations entre les objets d'un univers de discours structuré. Il met en oeuvre un modèle auto-organisationnel (dit à règles de mutation structurelle) fonction de l'univers considéré. – L'ensemble des éléments méthodologiques qui ont été mis en oeuvre pour arriver aux outils cités. Notamment, nous proposons une technique que nous appelons sémographie. Son rôle est d'orienter le concepteur de système expert sur la nature des connaissances à introduire dans un système expert et sur la façon de les acquérir. Basée sur la systémique et l'ergonomie cognitive, la sémographie apporte des modèles de structuration de l'univers du discours des experts et des techniques pour provoquer et analyser le discours lui-même.

A la demande réelle d'une maintenance des ouvrages d'art en béton affectés par la réaction d'alcali-silice, les travaux effectués dans ce rapport concernent effectivement une modélisation mécanique du gonflement du matériau induit par la formation du produit chimique ainsi qu'une méthode d'expertise des structures réellement touchées. La modélisation du comportement du matériau nécessite la précision de deux aspects radicaux : la cinétique de l'expansion du produit et la réponse mécanique à cette expansion interne. Issus de la thermodynamique du béton affecté en tant qu'un système chimico-mécanique, l'avancement chimique de réaction et la réponse mécanique se trouvent dans la même description. Au sens chimique, l'expansion du gel est d'abord représentée par l'avancement de la formation d'un gel simple, et puis approfondie par deux sous-processus : la formation de gel et le vieillissement de gel vis à vis de la condition hydrique. Quant à la réponse mécanique du matériau, le béton est premièrement supposé élastique et puis élastoplastique. Ayant traité ainsi ces deux aspects radicaux, on procède d'abord à l'expertise numérique des structures affectées dans un contexte complet du traitement des ouvrages d'art touchés, c'est ainsi que les données disponibles pour l'expertise sont capturées. En analysant ces données au niveau d'une structure ainsi qu'au niveau d'une éprouvette extraite, le calibrage des modèles chimico-mécaniques est formulé sous la forme d'un problème inverse, qui en outre est précisé en deux sous-problèmes vis à vis des données analysées. Le calibrage est achevé par la proposition d'un algorithme ayant un critère de convergence proposé. Une méthode numérique d'expertise est ainsi complétée, représentant une partie essentielle de la méthodologie globale de traitement des structures. Cette méthode est appliquée aux cas réels des ouvrages affectés : un pylone en béton armé d'un pont suspendu en France et une pile en béton armé d'un pont métallique en Afrique équatoriale.

Le contexte du transport de marchandises en transit à travers les Alpes est d'abord marqué par plusieurs décennies de croissance importante des flux. Cette croissance est cependant inégale dans le temps et selon les passages considérés. Un second élément de contexte tient à la fragilité particulière des territoires alpins vis-à-vis des impacts de la circulation : plus qu'ailleurs, on y constate une montée des préoccupations environnementales. Cette thèse vise à comprendre l'élaboration des politiques publiques de transport concernant le trafic transalpin. Elle s'attache d'abord à évaluer la mesure dans laquelle ce processus d'élaboration participe de l'émergence d'un espace géopolitique alpin. Elle cherche ensuite à préciser le rôle des outils technico-économique au sein de ce processus. La question sera abordée à deux échelles différentes, à travers deux études de cas : - une histoire de l'évolution des objectifs assignés au projet Lyon-Turin depuis sa naissance ; - une analyse des dispositifs de la concertation autour des questions de transport menée à l'échelle de l'arc alpin dans son ensemble. Un premier résultat apparait sous la forme d'une « alpinisation » progressive de la question du transit alpin. Elle se traduit en premier lieu par une représentation de l'arc alpin comme un système de passages interconnectés et, en second lieu, par la mise en place de structures de concertation rassemblant les acteurs concernés à l'échelle du massif. Un second ensemble de résultats montre d'abord comment les outils technico-économiques utilisés et leurs usages sont complètement insérés dans ce processus d' « alpinisation ». Il fait apparaitre ensuite le glissement d'un usage déterministe de ces outils, où les résultats ont davantage vocation à justifier des décisions antérieures à un usage procédural, où les outils sont utilisés de façon de plus en plus partagée par les différents acteurs, pour simuler les différentes options politiques et participer à l'élaboration de mesures précises.

Between the Promise of Specificity and the Demand for Evidence – A study of knowledge and the approach to knowledge in socially oriented non-profit, private and public sector organizations In the social work field it is possible to identify two parallel processes in time. On the one hand a qualitative developmental process―even towards a form of standardization―where central concepts are academisation, professionalization, scientifically produced knowledge, expertise and evidence based methods. Simultaneously, there is a drive to create the conditions for increased diversity, where hopes are especially being pinned on the non-profit sector. In spite of representations and expectations concerning the non-profit sector and its so-called specificity, however, much of existing research lacks a comparative perspective, i.e., studies where non-profit organizations are related to comparable activities in the private and public sector. The aim of the study―with special focus on issues concerning evidence based knowledge in social work―is to compare and analyse whether and in that case how employee conceptions differ between the sectors, and whether and in what way non-profit employees and their activities can be said to fulfil the expectations of contributing to increased diversity. Data is from a questionnaire directed to about 1300 social work employees. The results show a greater interest in research and more marked efforts at professionalization in the public sector, while above all in the non-profit sector there was skepticism about science paired with reservations about work carried out in a professional way. In the non-profit, but also in the private sector, issues of ethics, views of humanity and values were paid greater attention. Also stressed here was the importance of creating relationships, the unique human encounter, genuine commitment, and human kindness.  However, there was significant uniformity across all sectors in the use of methods, where three dominated: solution focused measures, network support/therapy, and psychosocial work.

An ongoing objective in healthcare is the development of tools to improve patient decision-making and surgical outcomes for patients with breast cancer that have undergone or plan to undergo breast reconstruction. In keeping with the bioethical concept of autonomy, these decision models are patient-oriented and expansive, covering a range of different patient decision-makers. In pursuit of these goals, this dissertation contributes to the development of a prototype shared decision support system that will guide patients with breast cancer and their physicians in making decisions about breast reconstruction. This dissertation applies principles in decision analysis to breast reconstruction decision-making. In this dissertation, we examine three important areas of decision-making: (1) the options available to decision-makers, (2) the validity of probabilistic information assessed from reconstructive surgeons, and (3) the feasibility of applying multiattribute utility theory. In addition, it discusses the influences of breast aesthetics and proposes a measure for quantifying such influences. The dissertation concludes with a fictional case study that demonstrates the integration of the findings and application of decision analysis in patient-oriented shared breast reconstruction decision-making. Through the implementation of decision analysis principles, cognitive biases and emotion may be attenuated, clearing the decision-maker’s judgment, and ostensibly leading to good decisions. While good decisions cannot guarantee good outcomes at the individual level, they can be expected to improve outcomes for patients with breast cancer as a whole. And regardless of the outcome, good decisions yield clarity of action and grant the decision-maker a measure of peace in an otherwise uncertain world. / text

This dissertation brings together aspects of writing-in-the-disciplines research, reader-response theory, and empirical reading research in an investigation of literary scholars reading poems and constructing arguments. I begin with a review of literary criticism published over the past 70 years on Donne's "The Flea," Milton's "Song: On May Morning," Hopkins' "God's Grandeur," and Eliot's "Conversation Galante." This review suggests that certain New Critical interpretive conventions persist in scholarship. In particular, literary scholars continue to read lyrics as dramatic utterances and as organic wholes. I then present findings from a think-aloud study in which English professors read the aforementioned poems and planned a hypothetical conference talk about them for the MLA conference. Reader-response theorists have argued that readers activate certain text-making conventions in order to read literature as literature. In my study, participants' disciplinary reading conventions were so deeply ingrained that their initial processing of the four poems mirrored the interpretive patterns in published criticism of those poems. Next I analyze the think-aloud data and follow-up interviews from the perspective of writing-in-the-disciplines research. Previous researchers found that scholarly literary argument relies on a limited set of special topoi and is not always directed toward the accumulation of new knowledge. The scholars in my study relied more heavily on some topoi during initial interpretation of the poems, while other topoi were used more often during argument planning. The picture of literary argument that emerges is a hybrid of ceremonial rhetoric and communal knowledge building. Finally, I analyze the think-aloud data from the vantage-point of expert/novice research in cognitive psychology. Previous researchers have used the term "generic expertise" to describe expert knowledge that all members of an academic discipline possess. Despite the belief of some within literary studies that their discipline lacks a core, participants in my study demonstrated generic expertise both in their interpretations of poems and in their argument planning. I conclude by arguing that previous descriptions of scholarly literary argument need to be revised. Literary scholars relate to their objects of study in a unique way that ensures the distinctness of literary argument. / text