Previous studies have established that when a subject’s attention is directed to a specific body part, the subject is able to move that body part faster than a body part their attention was not drawn to. This is known as the body compatibility effect, and it has been shown that this effect only occurs when viewing upright images of the human body. In this study, we presented control subjects and expert acrobats with inverted and upright stimuli. We hypothesized that the amount of time the acrobats spent inverted would result in the acrobats exhibiting body compatibility effects for both upright and inverted stimuli. Compatibility effects were observed in the upright condition for both groups, but neither group exhibited any compatibility effects in the inverted position. Unexpectedly the acrobats responded significantly faster to incongruent trials compared to the control subjects, leading to the conclusion that there must be some form of priming occurring concurrently with the body compatibility task allowing the acrobats to respond faster than the control participants.

This thesis critically examines a national programme in mental health which has been driven by the implementation of National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidance. Assumptions which underpin research method, drawn from the natural sciences, are critiqued in terms of their adequacy in accounting for human relating and expert therapeutic practice. The work of Dreyfus and Dreyfus (1986) is problematized in how they account for proficiency and expertise as intuition and the leap that they make from calculative to deliberative rationality. An alternative source of understanding, based on non-linear causality and complex responsive processes, is developed, building on the work of Stacey (2001, 2005, 2007). The ineffability of expert practice (or clinical judgement) is contrasted with competence based, rule governed practice, which necessarily underpins the early stages of learning. It is argued that because research practices undertaken in randomised controlled trials (RCTs) must be describable, measurable and focussed on predictable outcomes, then these cannot account for expert practice, therefore the assertion that the Improving Access to Psychological Therapies programme (IAPT) is wholly based on research based, evidence based therapies, cannot be substantiated. The work explores professionalism and specifically considers the role of psychiatrists, psychologists and psychological therapists in mental health and in increasing access to psychological therapies. The role of managers and managerialism are explored, specifically how the NHS has sought to manage 3 professional staff and multi-disciplinary teams in adopting corporate and new ways of working (NWW). This includes the importance of and difficulty in countering professional identity using competence based approaches. The performance management processes in the NHS are recognised as an equally relevant source of evidence (to that of NICE), despite there being a poor (traditional) evidence base for it (Stacey, 2010; Seddon, 2008). Power relating in human relationships is identified as immanent, using the context of a management group, and it is argued that Foucault’s concept of disciplinary power (1994) can account for what is considered to be knowledge and truth, drawing on specialist expertise based on science and research, with a forceful potential for rendering others silent as well as pervasively self-silencing, in processes of inclusion and exclusion (Elias, 1978). It is argued that these on-going processes of relating influence policy decisions at national and local levels and how these policies are implemented in practice. The inevitability of unpredictable outcomes is highlighted, despite strong centralised programme management along with the provision of an explicit blueprint for implementation.

一般人總以為電視新聞攝影記者的主要任務，只是拍攝影像。倘若換個角度觀察，記者既要擷取新聞畫面、又要編輯影像，以配合文字語音敘事。因此電視新聞攝影工作，既是建構新聞內涵，也是發現與解決實務問題的過程。攝影記者最困擾的問題之一，在於當畫面影像不足以搭配文字和語音時，如何適時彌補「破口」(Gap)。因此，攝影記者工作重點之一在彌補素材不足。 本研究所關注的問題是：攝影記者工作的主要情境為何？他們如何運用策略和情境互動，以解決素材不足的困境？本研究從資訊尋求、配置智能，以及活動理論等觀點切入，並透過深度訪談和參與觀察，以蒐集資料，以解答本研究關注的問題。 記者尋找畫面資料素材，是知識、策略和情境互動的歷程；一方面，攝影記者累積工作知識，定義資訊缺口、並選擇資料來源；另一方面，記者也因應情境變化、隨時取捨資料、並調整先前資料蒐集策略。 攝影記者能力並不應該只是呈現在操控機具、或卡位、搶拍畫面的能力；更重要的或許是臨機應變、運用資源彌補畫面與文字落差的資訊蒐集能力。研究成果可以讓我們重新思考未來電視新聞攝影教育和訓練的課程內涵。 / The Cameramen gathers visual formation for TV news. They gather not only “fresh” clips on the spot, but also “classic” ones from archives and other sources. Both requires cameramen to find resources surround and make decisions. Clip seeking can be identified as one of the major characteristics of cameramen’s work. The purpose of this study is to find how cameramen fill up insufficient resources for their daily reporting activities: mainly, what contexts are they situated and how they develop the strategies to respond the contexts? This researcher collected data, in two critical cases, by employing depth interviews as well as participant observation. Controlling cameras and capturing visuals may only count for a small part of cameramen’s required talents. Finding discontinuity and meeting the gap requires cameramen solve problems by identifying and organizing resources in order to in changing environment. Cameramen are more reflexive practitioners than device operator. This result may lead us to revisit design of TV journalism curriculum.

董事會組成、結構與運作的特性影響董事會功能的發揮，而董事會功能的強弱則決定企業經營的良窳。董事會的策略功能若能發揮，應可增進公司績效；董事會若能盡到監督的職責，應可降低企業的風險。因此，本研究探討董事會特性對企業績效與風險之影響。有別於其他公司治理的相關文獻多以董事會的獨立性衡量董事會之效能，本研究額外針對董事會成員發展其專業性及參與程度等衡量董事會特性之變數，探討這些變數與公司績效及風險間之關聯性，並進一步納入市場競爭程度與研發強度，分析公司經營特性對董事會特性與公司績效、風險關聯性之影響。 本研究以資產報酬率(ROA)、股東權益報酬率(ROE)、Tobin’s Q (Q)、Jensen Productivity (Jensen)來衡量企業績效，以信用評等(TCRI、RankRisk)、資產報酬率的標準差(sdROA)、股東權益報酬率的標準差(sdROE)來衡量企業風險，從董事會之獨立性、專業性以及參與度探討其對企業績效與風險之影響。研究結果發現，董事會之獨立性可以提升企業績效(ROA、ROE)、降低企業風險(TCRI、RankRisk、sdROA、sdROE)。董監具備會計或法律專業可以提升投資績效(Jensen)，董監之聲譽可以提升企業績效(ROA、Q、Jensen)，但董監若兼職過於忙碌，反而會提高財務風險(sdROA、sdROE)，而董事會之參與度則可以提升企業績效(ROA、ROE)且降低信用風險(TCRI、RankRisk)。此外，市場競爭程度與研發強度影響董事會之獨立性、專業性以及參與度與企業績效、風險之關聯性。相對於低市場競爭程度，在高度市場競爭的環境下，董監具備會計或法律專業可以降低信用風險(RankRisk)，董監過於忙碌會增加企業風險(TCRI、RankRisk、sdROA、sdROE)，而董事會之參與度可以提升企業績效(Q)。相對於低研發強度，在高研發強度的環境下，公司需要內部董監的專屬知識，董事會之獨立性會降低投資績效(Jensen)，但董監具備會計或法律專業可以提升企業績效(ROA、ROE、Q、Jensen)且降低信用風險(TCRI)，董監之聲譽可降低信用風險(TCRI、RankRisk)，而董事會之參與度則可提升企業績效(ROA)。 / The board composition, structure and process influence the effectiveness of the corporate board. The strategy function of the board helps to improve firm performance, while the monitoring function of the board assists to reduce firm risk. This research investigates the impact of board characteristics on firm performance and risk. Different from prior studies that focused mainly on board independence, this research expands board characteristics to include the expertise and attendance aspects of corporate boards. Furthermore, this research incorporates market competition and R&D intensity to analyze their moderating effects on the association between board characteristics and firm performance and risk. This research uses ROA, ROE, Tobin’s Q and Jensen Productivity (Jensen) to measure firm performance, and uses TCRI, RankRisk, sdROA and sdROE to measure firm risk. The research results indicate that boards with higher independence have higher ROA and ROE and lower TCRI, RankRisk, sdROA and sdROE. The boards with accounting or legal expertise directors have higher Jensen, while the boards with more reputable directors have higher ROA, Q and Jensen. However, boards with busy directors have higher sdROA and sdROE. The more attentive boards are found to be associated with higher ROA and ROE and lower TCRI and RankRisk. In addition, the levels of market competition and R&D intensity affect the association between board independence, expertise and attendance and firm performance and risk. For firms operating in the high market competition environment, boards with accounting or legal expertise directors have lower RankRisk, boards with busy directors have higher TCRI, RankRisk, sdROA and sdROE, and more attentive boards have higher Q. For firms with high R&D intensity, boards with greater independence are associated with lower Jensen since these firms require insider directors who have firm-specific knowledge. Moreover, boards with accounting or legal expertise directors tend to have higher ROA, ROE, Q, and Jensen and lower TCRI and more reputable boards have lower TCRI and RankRisk, while more attentive boards have higher ROA.

La perception est de plus en plus reconnue comme fondamentale à la compréhension du phénotype autistique. La première description de l’autisme, par Kanner en 1947, fait état d’un profil cognitif hétérogène caractérisé par des habiletés exceptionnelles à l’intérieur de domaines spécifiques de la perception (ex., la musique). L’accumulation des observations cliniques sur la présence de particularités perceptives a mené à l’élaboration d’études empiriques permettant d’objectiver des surfonctionnements dans le traitement élémentaire de l’information perceptive dans l’autisme. Parallèlement, des études cognitives suggèrent la présence d’une « intelligence différente » chez les personnes autistes. Celle-ci serait caractérisée par une dissociation entre des performances à différents tests d’intelligence fortement corrélés ensemble chez les personnes typiques. Le potentiel intellectuel des personnes autistes serait sous-estimé lorsque mesuré par l’échelle de Wechsler, plutôt que des mesures d’intelligence fluide comme les Matrices Progressives de Raven. Avec l’appui d’études en imagerie cérébrale, ces résultats suggèrent une relation unique entre la perception et l’intelligence chez cette population clinique. Étant donné l’accumulation de preuves sur 1) la présence d’atypies perceptuelles, 2) le rôle différent de la perception dans l’intelligence et 3) l’importance des comportements répétitifs et intérêts restreints dans le phénotype autistique (DSM-5), le premier volet de cette thèse s’est intéressé à la relation entre les performances perceptives des personnes autistes et celle des personnes ayant un développement typique, au-delà de ce qui est expliqué par l’intelligence. À l’aide de modèles de régression linéaire, les résultats démontrent un profil de covariation spécifique à l’autisme pour les habiletés plurimodales. Contrairement aux personnes ayant un développement typique, ces associations persistent au-delà de ce qui est expliqué par l’intelligence générale ou par l’efficacité générale des systèmes perceptifs. Ce profil de covariation résiduelle propre aux personnes autistes suggère la présence d’un facteur plurimodal spécifique à ce groupe clinique : le facteur « p ». Le deuxième volet de cette thèse s’est intéressé à la prévalence des habiletés exceptionnelles au niveau individuel, la relation les forces perceptives et les talents, ainsi qu’aux facteurs de prédisposition en lien avec le développement d’habiletés exceptionnelles. Les forces perceptives des personnes autistes furent évaluées à l’aide de tâches expérimentales sensibles à la détection de surfonctionnements perceptifs, soit une tâche de discrimination de hauteurs sonores et une version modifiée du sous-test « Blocs » de l’échelle d’intelligence de Wechsler. Les talents furent évalués de manière clinique à l’aide de l’ADI-R (« Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised »). Les données indiquent que 88.4 % des personnes autistes avec une intelligence dans la normale présentent au moins une habileté exceptionnelle (force perceptive ou talent). Les talents sont rapportés chez 62.5 % des cas et les forces perceptives se retrouvent chez 58 % des cas. La cooccurrence des forces perceptives entre les modalités perceptives est relativement peu fréquente (24 % à 27 %) et la présence d’un talent dans une modalité n’augmente pas les chances de présenter une force perceptive dans une même modalité. Une plus grande intelligence augmente les chances de présenter au moins un talent. En revanche, une intelligence plus faible, mais se situant tout de même dans les limites de la normale, est associée à un profil cognitif plus hétérogène avec des forces perceptives plus fréquentes. En somme, l’intelligence autistique serait caractérisée par un rôle plus important de la perception, indépendamment des surfonctionnements perceptifs. Cette particularité cognitive se manifesterait par la présence d’un facteur plurimodal, « p », spécifique à l’autisme. Théoriquement, le facteur « p » reflèterait des modifications innées (ou « hardwired ») dans l’organisation corticale des microcircuits responsables de l'encodage des dimensions perceptives élémentaires. En revanche, une faible association intermodale entre les forces perceptives suggère que des modifications corticales sont essentielles, mais non suffisantes pour le développement d’habiletés exceptionnelles. Par des processus de plasticité, des modifications corticales auraient des répercussions sur le phénotype autistique en offrant une base plus « fertile » pour le développement d’habiletés exceptionnelles, voire savantes, lorsque la personne autiste serait exposée à des expériences de vie avantageuses. Par ailleurs, les résultats de cette thèse, combinés à la littérature existante sur l’intelligence et l’apprentissage des personnes autistes, nous amènent à réfléchir sur les approches d’évaluation et d’intervention les mieux adaptées au fonctionnement spécifique de cette population clinique. / Perception is increasingly recognized as a fundamental aspect of the autism phenotype. Kanner’s (1947) seminal description of autism highlights a heterogeneous cognitive profile characterized by exceptional skills within specific areas of perception (e.g., music). The accumulation of clinical observation on the presence of perceptual atypicalities led to the elaboration of empirical studies designed to objectify enhanced perceptual functioning in autism. Meanwhile, cognitive studies suggest the presence of a "different intelligence" in autism. Autistic intelligence would be characterized by a dissociation of performance between intelligence tests that are strongly correlated together in typical individuals. Research suggests that using tools posing higher demands on verbal skills, such as Wechsler Intelligence scale rather than measures of fluid intelligence, such as Raven Progressive Matrices, would results in an underestimation of autistics’ intellectual potential. With the support of imaging studies, these results suggest a unique relationship between perception and intelligence in this clinical population. Given the accumulating evidence on 1) the presence of perceptual atypicalities, 2) the different role of perception cognition, and 3) the importance of "repetitive behaviours and restricted interests" in the autistic phenotype (DSM-5), the first part of this thesis is interested in the differential relationship between perceptual performance in autism and controls with typical development, beyond what is explained by intelligence. Using linear regression models, results show a profile of plurimodal covariation specific to autism. Unlike control subjects, this association persists beyond what is explained by general intelligence or the overall effectiveness of perceptual systems. This finding is interpreted as an indication of a specific plurimodal factor in autism: the "p" factor. The second part of this dissertation is interested in the prevalence of exceptional skills, the relationship between perceptual strengths and talents, and the predisposing factors related to the development of exceptional skills. Perceptual strengths were evaluated using experimental tasks sensitive for the detection of enhanced perceptual functioning: a pitch discrimination task and a modified version of Wechsler’s block design test. Talents were evaluated clinically using the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R). Results show that 88.4% of people with autism and normal intelligence had at least one exceptional skill (perceptual strengths or talent). Talents were reported in 62.5% of cases and perceptual strengths were found in 58% of cases. The co-occurrence of perceptual strengths across modalities was relatively infrequent (24% to 27%) and the presence of a talent in one modality did not increase the chances of presenting another perceptual strength in the same modality. Greater intelligence increased the chances of presenting at least one talent. In contrast, lower intelligence, still within the normal range, was associated with a more heterogeneous cognitive profile and more frequent perceptual strengths. In sum, autistic intelligence is characterized by a greater role of perception, regardless of enhanced perceptual functioning. This cognitive characteristic is manifested by a specific autism plurimodal factor "p". Theoretically, the factor "p" reflects hardwired alterations in cortical microcircuits organization responsible for the encoding of basic perceptual dimensions. In contrast, weak association between perceptual strengths across modalities suggests that cortical changes would be essential, but not sufficient for the development of exceptional skills. By processes of plasticity, cortical changes would affect the autistic phenotype, offering more "fertile" grounds for the development of exceptional skills. Exceptional skills would develop in autistics exposed to life experiences adapted to their cognitive style. The findings of this dissertation combined with current literature on intelligence and learning lead us to reflect on assessment and intervention approaches most adapted to autistics’ specific cognitive style.

La qualité de contrôle des dirigeants est susceptible d'avoir un impact sur la réduction des scandales financiers. Une analyse fondée sur les théories contractuelles enrichie des travaux portant sur les théories des organisations et des parties prenantes permet de cerner trois sources d'efficacité de contrôle : la compétence, l'indépendance et le processus de nomination. La démarche analytique suivie a conduit à une étude de cas approfondie et une enquête auprès des entreprises. Il ressort des analyses effectuées que les mécanismes de contrôle sont défaillants ; et le comportement organisationnel des entreprises observées n'influence pas leur performance. Cette thèse a identifié les causes de défaillance et proposé des recommandations pratiques nécessaires à renouveler les fondements théoriques en matière de gouvernement d'entreprise. / The quality of manager's control is likely to reduce financial controversies. An analysis based on both contract theories, organization theories, and theories of stakeholders allows us to identify three channels through which the efficiency of the control can be highlighted that is, expertise, independence and appointment process. The analytical approach is based on a case study and a survey of Cameroon firms. The results show that there are failures in control mechanism and that the organizational behavior of firms has no influence on their performances. This thesis has identified the causes of these failures and suggests some practical recommendations necessary to renew the theoretical foundations for corporate governance.

This thesis is a descriptive theoretical study dealing with the work of the Interpreting Studies scholar, teacher and interpreter Barbara Moser-Mercer. This thesis analyses individual stages of her research and follows the development of her opinions and research interests. It looks into Moser-Mercer's dominant research areas - i.e. interpreting expertise, quality and interpreters' working conditions - and also introduces her model of interpreting and outlines its use in teaching. Furthermore, this thesis explores Moser-Mercer's teaching and interpreting projects and, last but not least, addresses her contribution to interdisciplinary cooperation. Key words: Barbara Moser-Mercer, interdisciplinarity, quality in interpreting, working conditions, adaptive expertise, information processing model

Le phénomène de concentration du pouvoir entre les mains d'un groupe restreint de dirigeants, la rupture du lien entre le pouvoir décisionnel et le risque capitalistique, ont poussé le législateur à intervenir pour renforcer le contrôle des sociétés anonymes et ce, de manière à permettre un équilibre des forces et donc de faire contre poids au pouvoir de direction. L'exercice du contrôle par les actionnaires est assuré en premier lieu au sein de l'assemblée générale, en délibérant et en votant, dans ladite assemblée. Mais ce contrôle doit poser des règles impératives, dépassant les intérêts catégoriels, et visant la protection de l'intérêt social. Ainsi, le contrôle du bon fonctionnement de la société suppose que les actionnaires possèdent les moyens de contrôler la gestion de la société. Sur ce point, l'information va jouer un rôle très important car elle permet à tous les actionnaires de pouvoir bien exercer ce contrôle. Elle est donc un instrument privilégié de contrôle des dirigeants. Par ailleurs, le conseil d'administration exerce aussi un véritable rôle de contrôle de la direction pour éviter la concentration des pouvoirs; l'émergence du conseil d'administration comme organe de surveillance visant une meilleure séparation des pouvoirs entre la direction et son contrôle. Le législateur a cherché à renforcer le pouvoir de contrôle par un contrôleur légal, le Commissaire aux comptes. Ce contrôle consiste à contrôler la situation comptable et financière de la société. Le commissaire a un devoir de révélation des faits délictueux. Ce contrôle a pour but le bon fonctionnement de la société, et surtout de prévenir les différentes crises qui peuvent toucher la société. / The power concentration phenomenon which is between the hands of a restricted group of leaders, the breach of link between the decisional power and the capitalist risk, have prompted the legislature to intervene to strengthen the control of the public limited companies and to allow a balance of forces and thus to prevent the excessive power practiced by management. The exercise of control by shareholders is first made possible in the chore of the shareholder's general assembly, by deliberation and voting. Yet, this exercise must subject to mandatory rules, beyond the vested interests in order to protect the social interest. Thus, controlling the smooth functioning of company requires that shareholders have the means to control the management of the company. On this point, information will play a very important role because it will allow all shareholders to exercise such control. So, it is a privileged instrument of control of managers. In addition, the board of directors also has a real role in management control to avoid the concentration of power; the emergence of the board of directors as a surveillance organ for better separation of powers between management and control. The legislature has sought to strengthen the power of control by an auditor; the Legal Auditor. This control is to control the accounting and financial situation of the company. The Legal Auditor has a duty of disclosure of offenses. This control is for the advantage of the good functioning of the company, and especially to anticipate crises that can affect that company.

Plato’s Socrates is famous for claiming that “I know one thing: That I know nothing” (see e.g. Ap. 21d and Meno 81d). There is one subject that Socrates repeatedly claims to have expertise in, however: ta erôtika (see e.g. Symp. 198d1). Socrates also refers to this expertise as his erôtikê technê (Phdr. 257a7–8), which may be translated as “erotic expertise”. In this dissertation, I investigate Socrates’ erotic expertise: what kind of expertise is it, what is it constituted by, where is it put into practice, and how is it practiced? I argue that the purposes this expertise serve are, to a significant extent, educational in nature. After first having clarified the dissertation’s topic and aim, as well as my methodological approach, I present an initial account of erôs and Socrates’ erotic expertise. While discussing what constitutes Socrates’ erotic expertise, I account for two erotic educational methods: midwifery and matchmaking. I further argue that these methods tend to be accompanied by two psychological techniques, namely charming and shaming. I argue that these methods and techniques are systematically applied by Socrates when he puts his erotic expertise into practice. In the dissertation, three dialogues where Socrates practices his erotic expertise are scrutinized: Lysis, Charmides, and Alcibiades I. I focus on Socrates’ encounters with the eponymous youths of the dialogues, and each dialogue is devoted a chapter of its own. I show how these dialogues are erotically charged, and also how Socrates in these dialogues demonstrates his erotic expertise. I argue that Socrates’ expertise on erôs plays an essential role in his attempts to engage the three youths in the processes of self-cultivation, learning, and the very practice of philosophy. In the final chapter of the dissertation I turn to some questions that arise in light of my readings, and summarize the results of my investigation.

Title: ”Respect the client and believe what is said” – A study of social worker’s treatment of clients who have been exposed to domestic violence. Authors: Rebecka Broman Pettersson & Emelie Hammarström. The purpose of this study has been to evaluate how social workers, both with and without expertise regarding clients who have been exposed to domestic violence, work in an aspect of client-treatment towards these clients. We have investigated the social workers knowledge about domestic violence and their investigation methods regarding these clients. The study has been implemented through four semi-structured interviews with social workers operating in different municipalities. The collected data has been processed through a hermeneutical approach and analyzed based on empowerment theory and theoretical concepts of violence and encounters. A result show that the client-treatment vary depending on the situation and that there are no clear guidelines or action plans regarding how the social workers should act. Also that the investigation methods very depending on where the social worker work and on the clients situation. The study also highlights the importance of expertise in the work regarding the client group and social workers awareness of violence and exposure to violence. There is a great need for expertise in social work in order to meet and work with clients who are victims of domestic violence. There is a lack of knowledge about this phenomenon that can lead to that the client is not receiving the necessary assistance, because the social worker did not know how to respond to the client.