INTRODUÇÃO: O tratamento de escolha do carcinoma de mama localmente avançado é a quimioterapia neoadjuvante, porém, em virtude da heterogeneidade tumoral, sabe-se que nem todos os tumores responderão a esse tratamento. Neste contexto, avaliamos a proteína EZH2 (Enhancer of Zest Homolog 2), uma histona-metiltransferase catalisadora da trimetilação da lisina 27 da histona H3, com objetivos de avaliar sua expressão na predição da resposta do carcinoma de mama localmente avançado à quimioterapia neoadjuvante e de correlacionar sua expressão com a análise imunoistoquímica dos marcadores prognósticos usuais (proteínas HER2, Ki- 67, receptores hormonais de estrogênio e progesterona) e do p53. MÉTODOS: Foram obtidos fragmentos de tumor de 37 pacientes com carcinoma invasivo de mama nos estádios IIb e IIIa, submetidas à quimioterapia neoadjuvante com agentes antracíclicos. As pacientes pertenciam a 2 grupos. O Grupo 1 era composto de 19 pacientes que apresentaram resposta objetiva ao tratamento quimioterápico. No Grupo 2, as 18 pacientes não apresentaram essa resposta. Através da construção de arranjo em matriz de amostras teciduais, realizamos análise imunoistoquímica das expressões das proteínas HER2, Ki-67, p53, dos receptores de estrogênio e progesterona e da EZH2. RESULTADOS: O grupo de pacientes que não responde à quimioterapia tem, em média, idade significativamente superior (56,5 anos) ao das pacientes com resposta à quimioterapia (46,5 anos), porém os grupos não diferiram em relação ao número de ciclos de quimioterapia e em relação aos valores dos receptores hormonais e de HER2, Ki-67 e EZH2. A comparação entre a faixa etária, o número de ciclos de quimioterapia e os marcadores biológicos tumorais não demonstrou diferença significativa entre os grupos. A relação linear dos valores da proteína EZH2 com a idade, o número de ciclos de quimioterapia e os valores dos receptores hormonais foi negativa; e com as proteínas HER2 e Ki-67 a relação foi positiva. Para o grupo de pacientes que respondem ou não à quimioterapia neoadjuvante, não houve associação com as taxas de proteína EZH2. CONCLUSÕES: A proteína EZH2 correlaciona-se negativamente com os receptores hormonais de estrogênio e de progesterona e, positivamente com as proteínas HER2 e Ki-67. A expressão dessa proteína não se correlacionou com a resposta clínica do carcinoma de mama localmente avançado à quimioterapia neoadjuvante à base de antracíclicos. / INTRODUCTION: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is the treatment of choice for patients with locally advanced breast cancer, however, because of tumor heterogeneity, not all tumors will respond to this treatment. In this context, we evaluated the EZH2 protein (Enhancer of Zest Homolog 2), a histone methyltransferase. EZH2 catalyses the trimethylation of lysine 27 of histone H3. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the expression of EZH2 for predicting tumor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced breast cancer and its relation to usual prognostic markers (HER2, Ki-67, hormonal receptors of estrogen and progesterone - ER and PR) and p53. METHODS: Thirty-seven paraffin-embedded tumor blocks from different patients with stages IIb and IIIa invasive breast cancer. All of them have received neoadjuvant anthracycline-containing chemotherapy. The patients belonged to two different groups. Group 1 comprised 19 patients with objective response to chemotherapy, and Group 2, comprised 18 patients with no response to treatment. A TMA-based (tissue microarray) immunohistochemical analysis of HER2, Ki-67, p53, estrogen and progesterone receptors and EZH2 was performed. RESULTS: The group of patients who did not achieve a response had higher age (56.5 years) than the patients with response to chemotherapy (46.5 years), but the groups did not differ from the number of cycles of chemotherapy, and from the values of hormone receptors and HER2, Ki-67 and EZH2. The analysis of age, number of cycles of chemotherapy and biological tumor markers did not show a significant difference between the two groups. There was a negative linear relationship between EZH2 values and age, number of cycles of chemotherapy and hormone receptors. There was a positive linear relationship between EZH2 and HER2 and Ki-67. There was no association between EZH2 expression and response to chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: EZH2 protein is negatively correlated with hormonal receptors (ER and PR), and positively correlated with HER2 and Ki-67. There was no correlation between EZH2 expression and response to neoadjuvant anthracyclinecontaining chemotherapy.

A esquistossomose é um grave problema de saúde pública, com alta mortalidade e morbidade em países endêmicos, causada pelo verme trematódeo do gênero Schistosoma. O praziquantel é a única droga disponível para tratamento da doença, é usada em larga escala para tratamento de populações de áreas endêmicas, porém não previne a reinfecção e tem efeito somente em vermes adultos. Drogas estudadas em câncer como inibidores de histona deacetilases (iHDACs) modificam o padrão epigenético da célula desencadeando a morte celular, e em Schistosoma mansoni já foi mostrado que a inibição de HDACs além de aumentar a acetilação de histonas alterou o fenótipo de miracídios e provocou morte em esquistossômulos e vermes adultos. O presente estudo investigou o efeito do iHDAC Trichostatin A (TSA) na regulação da transcrição gênica em esquistossômulos, detectando por meio de ensaios de microarray centenas de genes diferencialmente expressos, relacionados a replicação de DNA, metabolismo e complexos modificadores de histonas. A inibição de HDAC em vermes adultos levou a um aumento da acetilação nas marcas de histonas H3K9ac, H3K14ac e H4K5ac relacionadas à indução de transcrição. Com imunoprecipitação de cromatina seguida de PCR (ChIP-qPCR) detectou-se o aumento de deposição de H3K9ac e H3K14ac na região promotora de genes com expressão aumentada ou diminuída, porém a marca de repressão H3K27me3 não sofreu alteração na região promotora de nenhum gene analisado. Análises adicionais indicaram um conjunto de genes diferencialmente expressos que codificam proteínas histone readers, que fazem parte de complexos modificadores de histonas, como EED capaz de identificar a marca de repressão H3K27me3 e regular a atividade de EZH2, apontando um novo alvo terapêutico. O efeito sinérgico entre iHDAC e um iEZH2 foi testado e detectou-se o aumento da mortalidade de esquistossômulos. A estrutura de SmEZH2 foi modelada por homologia e usada para análises computacionais que sugeriram uma alta afinidade de ligação de SmEZH2 com o iEZH2, abrindo uma perspectiva de desenvolvimento de novas drogas específicas para tratamento da esquistossomose. / Schistosomiasis is a serious public health problem, with high mortality and morbidity in endemic countries, caused by trematode worms of the genus Schistosoma. Praziquantel is the only available drug for treatment of the disease; it is used extensively to treat populations in endemic areas, but does not prevent reinfection and is effective only in adult worms. Drugs studied in cancer as histone deacetylase inhibitors (iHDACs) modify the epigenetic status of the cell, triggering cell death, and it has been shown in Schistosoma mansoni that inhibition of HDACs increase histone acetylation, alter the phenotype of miracidia and cause death in schistosomules and adult worms. The present study investigated the effect of iHDAC Trichostatin A (TSA) on the regulation of gene transcription in schistosomules, detecting by means of microarray assays hundreds of differentially expressed genes related to DNA replication, metabolism and histone remodeling complexes. Inhibition of HDAC in adult worms led to an increase in histone acetylation marks H3K9ac, and H3K14ac H4K5ac related to transcriptional induction. With chromatin immunoprecipitation followed PCR (ChIP-qPCR) we detected an increased deposition of H3K9ac and H3K14ac at the promoter region of genes with increased or decreased expression, but the repressive mark H3K27me3 was not changed at all analyzed gene promoter regions. Additional analysis indicated a set of differentially expressed genes that encode histone reader proteins that are part of histone modifier complexes such as EED, which is able to identify the repression mark H3K27me3 and to regulate EZH2 activity, pointing to a new therapeutic target. The synergistic effect between iHDAC and one iEZH2 has been tested and found to cause an increase in schistosomules mortality. The SmEZH2 structure was modeled by homology and used for computational analyses, which suggested a high affinity binding of SmEZH2 with iEZH2, opening the opportunity for development of new specific drugs for treatment of schistosomiasis.

INTRODUÇÃO: O tratamento de escolha do carcinoma de mama localmente avançado é a quimioterapia neoadjuvante, porém, em virtude da heterogeneidade tumoral, sabe-se que nem todos os tumores responderão a esse tratamento. Neste contexto, avaliamos a proteína EZH2 (Enhancer of Zest Homolog 2), uma histona-metiltransferase catalisadora da trimetilação da lisina 27 da histona H3, com objetivos de avaliar sua expressão na predição da resposta do carcinoma de mama localmente avançado à quimioterapia neoadjuvante e de correlacionar sua expressão com a análise imunoistoquímica dos marcadores prognósticos usuais (proteínas HER2, Ki- 67, receptores hormonais de estrogênio e progesterona) e do p53. MÉTODOS: Foram obtidos fragmentos de tumor de 37 pacientes com carcinoma invasivo de mama nos estádios IIb e IIIa, submetidas à quimioterapia neoadjuvante com agentes antracíclicos. As pacientes pertenciam a 2 grupos. O Grupo 1 era composto de 19 pacientes que apresentaram resposta objetiva ao tratamento quimioterápico. No Grupo 2, as 18 pacientes não apresentaram essa resposta. Através da construção de arranjo em matriz de amostras teciduais, realizamos análise imunoistoquímica das expressões das proteínas HER2, Ki-67, p53, dos receptores de estrogênio e progesterona e da EZH2. RESULTADOS: O grupo de pacientes que não responde à quimioterapia tem, em média, idade significativamente superior (56,5 anos) ao das pacientes com resposta à quimioterapia (46,5 anos), porém os grupos não diferiram em relação ao número de ciclos de quimioterapia e em relação aos valores dos receptores hormonais e de HER2, Ki-67 e EZH2. A comparação entre a faixa etária, o número de ciclos de quimioterapia e os marcadores biológicos tumorais não demonstrou diferença significativa entre os grupos. A relação linear dos valores da proteína EZH2 com a idade, o número de ciclos de quimioterapia e os valores dos receptores hormonais foi negativa; e com as proteínas HER2 e Ki-67 a relação foi positiva. Para o grupo de pacientes que respondem ou não à quimioterapia neoadjuvante, não houve associação com as taxas de proteína EZH2. CONCLUSÕES: A proteína EZH2 correlaciona-se negativamente com os receptores hormonais de estrogênio e de progesterona e, positivamente com as proteínas HER2 e Ki-67. A expressão dessa proteína não se correlacionou com a resposta clínica do carcinoma de mama localmente avançado à quimioterapia neoadjuvante à base de antracíclicos. / INTRODUCTION: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is the treatment of choice for patients with locally advanced breast cancer, however, because of tumor heterogeneity, not all tumors will respond to this treatment. In this context, we evaluated the EZH2 protein (Enhancer of Zest Homolog 2), a histone methyltransferase. EZH2 catalyses the trimethylation of lysine 27 of histone H3. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the expression of EZH2 for predicting tumor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced breast cancer and its relation to usual prognostic markers (HER2, Ki-67, hormonal receptors of estrogen and progesterone - ER and PR) and p53. METHODS: Thirty-seven paraffin-embedded tumor blocks from different patients with stages IIb and IIIa invasive breast cancer. All of them have received neoadjuvant anthracycline-containing chemotherapy. The patients belonged to two different groups. Group 1 comprised 19 patients with objective response to chemotherapy, and Group 2, comprised 18 patients with no response to treatment. A TMA-based (tissue microarray) immunohistochemical analysis of HER2, Ki-67, p53, estrogen and progesterone receptors and EZH2 was performed. RESULTS: The group of patients who did not achieve a response had higher age (56.5 years) than the patients with response to chemotherapy (46.5 years), but the groups did not differ from the number of cycles of chemotherapy, and from the values of hormone receptors and HER2, Ki-67 and EZH2. The analysis of age, number of cycles of chemotherapy and biological tumor markers did not show a significant difference between the two groups. There was a negative linear relationship between EZH2 values and age, number of cycles of chemotherapy and hormone receptors. There was a positive linear relationship between EZH2 and HER2 and Ki-67. There was no association between EZH2 expression and response to chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: EZH2 protein is negatively correlated with hormonal receptors (ER and PR), and positively correlated with HER2 and Ki-67. There was no correlation between EZH2 expression and response to neoadjuvant anthracyclinecontaining chemotherapy.

En France comme dans la majorité des pays développés, le cancer de la prostate est le plus fréquent chez l’homme. Il est clairement établi que les altérations génétiques et épigénétiques sont des événements communs dans les cancers de la prostate, se traduisant par l’expression aberrante de gènes critiques. La méthylation des histones participe à la régulation de l’expression des gènes dans la cellule. La marque épigénétique H3K27me3 est associée à la répression génique et se trouve dérégulée dans les cancers de la prostate. Ses niveaux sont déterminés par l’équilibre entre les activités de la méthyltransférase d’histone EZH2 et de la déméthylase d’histone JMJD3. Afin de comprendre le mécanisme de dépôt de H3K27me3 dans la tumorigenèse prostatique, le travail de cette thèse s’est orienté sur l’évaluation simultanée de l’impact de JMJD3 et de EZH2. Dans un premier temps, les niveaux d’expression de JMJD3 et de EZH2 ont été montrés augmentés simultanément dans le cancer de la prostate. Cette augmentation est corrélée à un enrichissement de ces deux protéines sur le promoteur des gènes RARβ2, ERα, RGMA, AR et PGR. Dans un deuxième temps, une analyse transcriptomique a permis d’identifier une signature génique corrélée avec le niveau d’agressivité de la tumeur. L’utilisation des « épidrogues » GSK-J4 et DZNeP ciblant JMJD3 et EZH2 permettent de moduler l’expression de ces gènes. L’ensemble de ces résultats caractérise JMJD3 et EZH2 comme des facteurs clés dans le processus de tumorigenèse prostatique. Le panel de gènes identifié devrait permettre de développer de potentiels marqueurs de diagnostic mais également de pronostic dans le cancer de la prostate et sa modulation par les « épidrogues » permettra de développer de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques. / In France like in majority of developed countries, prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men. It has been clearly established that genetic and epigenetic alterations are common events in prostate cancer resulting in aberrant gene expression. Histone methylation are involved in gene expression of cells. The H3K27me3 epigenetic mark is a repressive mark and it is deregulated in prostate cancer. H3K27me3 levels are determined by the balance between histone methyltransferase EZH2 and histone demethylase JMJD3 activities. In order to understand the mechanism of H3K27me3 deposition in prostatic tumorigenesis, this thesis focused on the simultaneous assessment of the impact of JMJD3 and EZH2.Firstly, expression levels of JMJD3 and EZH2 were shown to be simultaneously increased in prostate cancer. The increase is correlated to both protein enrichments on RARβ2, ERα, RGMA, AR and PGR gene promotors. Secondly, transcriptomic analysis identified gene signature correlated with tumor aggressiveness. The utilization of GSK-J4 and DZNeP epidrugs targeting JMJD3 and EZH2 allowed us to modulate gene expressionOur results characterized JMJD3 and EZH2 as key factors in prostatic tumorigenesis process. The identified gene panel would be able to develop potential diagnostic and prognostic markers in prostate cancer and their modulation by epidrugs would make new therapeutic strategies.

Au cours de ces dernières décennies, l’augmentation de la consommation de glucides, d’acides gras et de cholestérol liée aux changements des habitudes alimentaires dans la plupart des pays industrialisés est à l’origine de nombreuses pathologies telles que l’obésité, les troubles cardiovasculaires, le développement du diabète de type II et la survenue de cancers. Plusieurs arguments bibliographiques suggèrent notamment que le cholestérol puisse être un élément à risque dans la survenue du cancer de la prostate. D’une part, l’hypercholestérolémie est associée à une augmentation des cas de cancer de la prostate et, d’autre part, les cellules cancéreuses présentent des dérèglements du métabolisme des lipides associés à l’accumulation de cholestérol dans les tumeurs solides. Les objectifs de ces travaux ont été d’analyser le rôle du cholestérol dans le développement du cancer de la prostate et d’étudier le rôle des récepteurs nucléaires LXRs (liver X receptors), régulateurs fondamentaux de l’homéostasie du cholestérol, dans les mécanismes associés à l’initiation et à la progression tumorale. Nos résultats montrent qu’une accumulation de cholestérol, induite par un régime chez les souris déficientes en LXRs, peut initier les premières étapes du développement tumoral par des mécanismes épigénétiques mettant en jeu l’action répressive de l’histone méthyltransférase EZH2 sur des gènes suppresseurs de tumeur. En parallèle, l’activation pharmacologique des LXRs dans des cellules cancéreuses humaines réduit la croissance tumorale en augmentant la mort des cellules par des mécanismes faisant intervenir les rafts lipidiques. Au total, nos travaux révèlent l’existence d’une relation entre la consommation excessive de cholestérol et la modification d’empreintes épigénétiques, mécanisme de plus en plus associé aux processus carcinogéniques. Nos données indiquent également que les LXRs, en s’opposant à l’accumulation de cholestérol intracellulaire, ralentissent l’initiation et la progression du cancer de la prostate. Ainsi, toute stratégie thérapeutique visant à diminuer le cholestérol intra-tumoral, telle que l’activation pharmacologique des LXRs, peut être considérée comme une piste thérapeutique dans le cadre du cancer de la prostate. / In the recent decades, increased consumption of carbohydrates, fatty acids and cholesterol, linked to changes in dietary habits in most industrialized countries, is the cause of various diseases such as obesity, cardio-vascular troubles, development of type II diabetes and the onset of cancer. Literature reveals several arguments suggesting that cholesterol may be a risk factor in the occurrence of prostate cancer. First, hypercholesterolemia has been associated with an increased incidence of prostate cancer and, second, cancer cells exhibit deregulations of lipid metabolism associated with cholesterol accumulation in solid tumors. The objectives of this work were to analyze the role of cholesterol in the development of prostate cancer and to study the role of nuclear receptors LXRs (liver X receptors), fundamental regulators of cholesterol homeostasis, in the mechanisms associated with tumor initiation and progression. Our results show that cholesterol overload induced by a diet in lxr knockout mice may initiate the early stages of tumor development by epigenetic mechanisms involving the repressive action of histone methyltransferase EZH2 on tumor suppressor genes. In parallel, the pharmacological activation of LXRs in human cancer cells reduced tumor growth by increasing cell death through mechanisms involving lipid rafts.Taken together, our data reveal the existence of a relationship between environmental factors such as diet consumption of cholesterol and changes of epigenetic imprinting, a mechanism increasingly associated with carcinogenic process. Our data also indicate that LXRs protect from the initiation and progression of prostate cancer by blocking the accumulation of intracellular cholesterol. Thus, all therapeutic strategies leading to intra-tumoral cholesterol lowering, such as pharmacological activation of LXRs, may be relevant treatments of prostate cancer.

Le lymphome folliculaire (LF) représente le 2ème lymphome par ordre de fréquence et reste considéré à l’heure actuelle comme incurable. De nombreuses questions sur le processus de lymphomagénèse sont encore non résolues et il n’existe aucun marqueur génomique ou moléculaire unanimement reconnu permettant de prédire l’évolution des patients. Nos travaux de recherche s’inscrivent dans l’objectif de mieux comprendre l’impact des altérations moléculaires identifiées dans ces tumeurs, grâce à une approche intégrative visant à combiner des données génomiques, transcriptomiques et mutationnelles. Ce travail a permis de construire un score, basé sur l’expression d’un panel de gènes, prédictif du risque de progression de la maladie. Ce score a été confirmé sur une seconde cohorte de patients, validant son utilité potentielle en pratique clinique. Par ailleurs, nos résultats suggèrent que les cellules tumorales peuvent acquérir des propriétés évocatrices d’un profil de cellules souches et associées à un pronostic particulièrement défavorable. Une 2ème partie de notre travail a porté sur les altérations touchant le gène EZH2, muté chez 25% des patients. Nous avons démontré qu’un gain génomique au niveau du locus EZH2 pouvait également avoir des conséquences sur le profil transcriptomique et un impact pronostique, soulignant l’importance de prendre en compte l’ensemble des anomalies touchant ce gène. Enfin, nous rapportons qu’un polymorphisme constitutionnel situé dans ce gène est associé au risque de progression des patients traités par un anticorps anti-CD20. L’ensemble de ces résultats apporte un éclairage nouveau sur la biologie du LF et peut contribuer à améliorer la prise en charge des patients / Follicular Lymphoma (FL) is the 2nd most frequent lymphoma subtype and is usually considered incurable with current strategies. Several questions regarding the lymphomagenesis process are still pending, and no molecular or genomic marker has been unanimously recognized yet to predict outcome. We performed an integrative analysis combining genomic, transcriptomic and mutational data in the view to bringing new highlights in the molecular alterations acting in FL. Based on gene-expression profiling data we developed a model able to predict progression-free survival in FL patients. We confirmed its predictive value in another cohort of patients, thereby allowing its potential use in clinical practice. Furthermore, our results highlight that some tumors show a stem-cell-like gene-expression profile that was associated with highly unfavorable outcome. In the second part of our work, we focused on alterations of the gene EZH2. Although mutations have been reported in 25% of FL patients, we questioned whether genomic gains at EZH2 locus could also contribute to lymphomagenesis. We showed that such gain may impact the transcriptional profile and have a prognostic significance, thus highlighting the crucial interest of determining both kinds of alterations. Finally, we report that a germ-line polyporphism in the EZH2 gene was significantly associated with progression-free survival in patients treated by anti-CD20 therapy. Taken together, these results bring new highlights on FL biology and may help to improve the clinical management of FL patients

Les protéines de la famille TET catalysent l'oxydation des 5-méthylcytosines (5mC) en 5-hydroxyméthylcytosines (5hmC) et jouent ainsi un rôle dans la régulation épigénétique de la transcription et dans le processus de déméthylation de l'ADN. Les interactions entre la méthylation de l'ADN et les autres marques épigénétiques sont encore mal connues.Des mutations inactivatrices du gène TET2 ont été décrites dans les hémopathies myéloïdes et lymphoïdes et l'inactivation conditionnelle (cKO) de ce gène évaluée chez la souris a permis d'identifier de multiples anomalies de l'hématopoïèse, ainsi que le développement tardif d'hémopathies myéloïdes. Cette latence importante suggère la nécessité d'évènements oncogéniques coopératifs pour la transformation hématopoïétique. Chez l'Homme, les mutations de TET2 sont observées en association avec de nombreuses autres mutations, et en particulier avec des mutations du gène DNMT3A impliqué dans la méthylation de novo des cytosines de l'ADN, et avec des mutations du gène EZH2 responsable de methylation de la lysine 27 de l'histone H3. Nous avons testé fonctionnellement ces associations en utilisant des modèles murins.L'utilisation d'un modèle de transplantation de moelle osseuse nous a permis d'identifier une coopération de l'inactivation de Tet2 et du mutant DNMT3AR882H dans la transformation des lignées myéloïdes et lymphoïde T, correspondant aux hémopathies humaines porteuses de ces mutations. Dans la transformation lymphoïde, nos données indiquent que la dérégulation de la méthylation entraine une surexpression du gène NOTCH1 et de l'activité de la voie de signalisation correspondante.L'analyse de souris invalidées de manière conditionnelle pour Tet2 et Ezh2 a montré que les souris correspondantes meurent d'aplasie médullaire, dont l'origine est imputée à la disparition de cellules souches hématopoïétiques capables de reconstituer l'hématopoïèse à long terme (LT-HSC). Ezh2 et Tet2 ont donc des rôles primordiaux dans le maintien de l'autorenouvellement des cellules souches hématopoïétiques, dont les mécanismes moléculaires, génétiques et épigénétiques restent à définir. / TET family proteins catalyzing the conversion of 5-methylcytosines (5mC) into 5-hydroxymethylcytosines (5hmC) are crucial for epigenetic regulation of transcription and for DNA demethylation. Interactions between DNA methylation and other epigenetic marks are not fully understood.TET2 inactivating mutations have been identified in both myeloid and lymphoid malignancies. The conditional inactivation (cKO) of this gene in mice highlights pleiotropic hematopoietic abnormalities as well as myeloid transformation at late stages. This latency suggest cooperativity between Tet2 and other oncogenic events during transformation. Human TET2 mutations are frequently found associated with other mutations, and more particularly with mutations in DNMT3A, involved in de novo methylation of cytosines and with mutations in EZH2, responsible for lysine 27 of histone H3 methylation. We decided to functionally assess these mutation associations in mice.Bone marrow transplantation of Tet2 inactivated and DNMT3AR882H mutated cells allowed us to identify myeloid and T-cell transformations, corresponding to human hematological disorders harboring these mutations. Our results on T-cell transformations clearly demonstrate that the deregulation of methylation leads to NOTCH1 overexpression and activation of the corresponding signaling pathway.Analyses of Tet2 and Ezh2 inactivated mice show that these Ezh2 Tet2 mice succumb to bone marrow exhaustion, attributed to long term hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSC) disappearance. Ezh2 and Tet2 show major roles in LT-HSC maintenance whose molecular, genetic and epigenetic mechanism remains to be investigated.

Ca2+/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II (CaMK-II) is a Serine/Threonine protein kinase that is activated by Ca2+ and Calmodulin to phosphorylate substrates involved in myriad developmental processes. This project implicates CaMK-II in specification of HSCs, and zebrafish provide an ideal embryonic model to study hematopoiesis. Zebrafish genetic manipulation was achieved through: incubation in chemical inhibitors; injection of notochord-targed WT and DN CaMK-II constructs with Transposase; and injection of camk2g1 translation-blocking morpholino antisense oligonucleotide (MO). Whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH) and immunolocalization on zebrafish embryos allowed visualization of key HSC markers and pathway components that implicated CaMK-II in the specification of HSCs. CaMK-II is a negative regulator of shh expression during HSC specification, but CaMK-II does not influence Shh during its well-documented role in vasculogenesis. CaMK-II appears to affect the spatial distribution of Shh protein, which accumulates near the notochord source and differentially affects expression of Shh target genes based on their distance from the notochord. This project also identifies the specific timing requirement for CaMK-II during HSC specification, as inhibition of CaMK-II consistently reduces HSC specification, but only if administered before 18hpf. CaMK-II also downregulates ezh2 in the DA during the time of HSC specification, and the Ezh2 inhibition rescues the loss of HSCs, suggesting that CaMK-II regulates the secretion of Shh from the notochord to epigenetically regulate expression of key HSC specification genes in the DA through EZH2 methyltransferase.

Angiogenesis is the process of new blood vessel growth from preexisting vessels. This process relies on the activity of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) and occurs in both normal and pathological tissues. Angiogenesis is often dysregulated in diseases such as cancer and many efforts have been made to treat such diseases by targeting the VEGFR-2 pathway. VEGFR-2 is activated upon ligand binding and subsequent autophosphorylation of tyrosine residues in the kinase domain, which leads to endothelial cell survival, proliferation, and growth – all of which are required for angiogenesis to occur. It was previously demonstrated that methylation of VEGFR-2 at Lys1041 enhanced its tyrosine autophosphorylation and is required for VEGFR-2 mediated angiogenesis in zebrafish and tumor growth in mouse. However, the Lysine Methyltransferase (KMT) involved in the methylation of VEGFR-2 remains unknown. This study aimed to identify the KMT involved in the methylation of VEGFR-2. We have identified Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) as the KMT likely responsible for catalyzing methylation of K1041 on VEGFR-2. Over-expression of EZH2 was found to increase phosphorylation of Tyr1054, one of the required phosphorylation sites for VEGFR-2 activation, in whole cell lysates and VEGFR-2 purified by immunoprecipitation. The effect of over-expression of EZH2 in the phosphorylation of VEGFR-2 at Tyr1054 was dose-dependent - increasing concentrations of EZH2 resulted in increasing phosphorylation of VEGFR-2 at Tyr1054. Moreover, we determined that EZH2 physically interacts with VEGFR-2 as demonstrated by co-immunoprecipitation in vitro GST-pulldown assays. The C-terminus of EZH2 (amino acids 371-746), physically interacted with VEGFR-2. Taken together, we have identified EZH2 as a candidate KMT involved in the methylation of Lys1041, which increases phosphorylation of VEGFR-2 at Tyr1054. / 2020-07-03T00:00:00Z

Deregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) is implicated in tumor progression. We attempt to indentify the tumor suppressive miRNA not only down-regulated in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) but also potent to inhibit the oncogene EZH2, and then investigate the biological function and pathophysiologic role of the candidate miRNA in GBM. In this study, we show that miRNA-138 is reduced in both GBM clinical specimens and cell lines, and is effective to inhibit EZH2 expression. Moreover, high levels of miR-138 are associated with long overall and progression-free survival of GBM patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset (TCGA) data portal. Ectopic expression of miRNA-138 effectively inhibits GBM cell proliferation in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo through inducing cell cycles G1/S arrest. Mechanism investigation reveals that miRNA-138 acquires tumor inhibition through directly targeting EZH2, CDK6, E2F2 and E2F3. Moreover, an EZH2-mediated signal loop, EZH2-CDK4/6-pRb-E2F1, is probably involved in GBM tumorigenicity, and this loop can be blocked by miRNA-138. Additionally, miRNA-138 negatively correlates to mRNA levels of EZH2 and CDK6 among GBM clinical samples from both TCGA and our small amount datasets. In conclusion, our data demonstrate a tumor suppressive role of miRNA-138 in GBM tumorigenicity, suggesting a potential application in GBM therapy.