Deconditioning occurs in critically ill patients as early as 4 days after entering the intensive care unit (ICU) resulting in a loss of up to 25% peripheral muscle tone and 18% body weight by the time the patient is discharged. Early mobility (EM) has been shown to reduce complications such as neuromuscular weakness, muscle wasting, pneumonia, and the effects of prolonged periods of time on the ventilator. No formal education on EM had been provided to nurses at the clinical site. The purpose of this project was to develop an educational program on EM to promote early ambulation of critically ill ICU patients. The theory of knowledge to action was used to guide the development of the educational program. The practice-focused question addressed whether an educational program would improve nurses' perceptions of their knowledge of EM and if they would promote the use of EM among ICU patients. After a literature review to identify evidence-based practices and a protocol on EM, an educational program was developed that included a 25-item Likert-style pretest and posttest to measure percent agreement with perceptions of knowledge gained and likelihood of behavior change related to the practice of EM. Participants included 60 ICU nurses. Results demonstrated improvement in perceptions of knowledge of EM (from 74% before education to 88% after) and in likelihood of behavior change related to EM (from 69% before education to 91% after). Findings may be used to integrate EM into the ICU setting to reduce complications such as neuromuscular weakness, muscle wasting, and pneumonia. Results may also include improved patient outcomes, reduced length of stay, and increased quality of life for patients and their families, and thereby promote positive social change.

Bakgrund: Intensivvård är den högsta vårdnivån inom svensk sjukvård och omhändertar kritiskt sjuka patienter. Intensivvård innebär stora påfrestningar på patienten och förutom sin primärdiagnos finns det stor risk att drabbas av sekundära komplikationer relaterat till intensivvården. En av flera negativa konsekvenser på grund av passiviteten är intensivvårdsförvärvad svaghet (ICU-AW). Interventionen tidig mobilisering är en av flera åtgärder för att förebygga intensivvårdsförvärvad svaghet. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva evidensen för och effekter av tidig mobilisering av respiratorbehandlade vuxna patienter på intensivvårdsavdelning. Metod: Studien utformades som en systematisk litteraturöversikt och metaanalyser. Sökningar gjordes i databaserna PubMed och CINAHL. Sökningarna bestod av sökblocken Intensivvård, Respiratorbehandling och Tidig mobilisering. Metaanalyser utfördes i Review Manager. Resultat: Denna studie innehåller totalt sju RCT-studier med fokus på tidig mobilisering av respiratorbehandlade vuxna patienter, totalt 976 patienter. Tre parametrar analyserades; Dagar i respirator, Dagar på IVA och Dödlighet på IVA. Dagar i respirator och Dödlighet på IVA visade ingen statistisk signifikans. Endast parametern Dagar på IVA hade statistisk signifikans (P=0,01). Slutsats: Denna systematiska översiktsstudie och metaanalys resulterade i evidens för förkortad vårdtid på intensivvårdsavdelning vid tidig mobilisering av respiratorbehandlade vuxna patienter jämfört med standardmobilisering. Kortare vårdtid på intensivvårdsavdelning minskar risken för intensivvårdsförvärvad svaghet. / Background: Intensive care is the highest level of care in Swedish healthcare and takes care of critically ill patients. Intensive care involves great strain on the patients and in addition to their primary diagnosis, there is a great risk of suffering from secondary complications related to intensive care. One of several negative consequences due to inactivity is intensive care acquired weakness (ICU-AW). The early mobilization intervention is one of several interventions to prevent intensive care-acquired muscle weakness. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe the evidence for and effects of early mobilization of mechanically ventilated adult patients in the intensive care unit. Method: The study was designed as a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Searches were performed in the PubMed and CINAHL databases. The searches consisted of the search blocks Intensive Care, Respirator Treatment and Early Mobilization. Meta-analysis were performed in the Review Manager. Results: This study contains a total of seven RCT studies focusing on early mobilization of ventilator-treated adult patients, a total of 976 patients. Three parameters were analyzed; Days in ventilator (Dagar i respirator), Days in ICU (Dagar på IVA) and Mortality in ICU (and Dödlighet på IVA). Days in ventilator and Mortality in the ICU showed no statistical significance. Only the parameter Days in ICU had statistical significance (P = 0.01). Conclusion: This systematic review study and meta-analysis resulted in evidence of shortened care time in the intensive care unit due to early mobilization of ventilator-treated adult patients compared to standard mobilization. Shorter care time in the intensive care unit reduces the risk of intensive care acquired weakness.

Problématique : Les milieux cliniques ont généralement recours à des critères afin d’assurer l’éligibilité et la sécurité de la mobilisation précoce chez les patients mécaniquement ventilés à l’unité des soins intensifs (USI). Considérant que les protocoles de mobilisation et les critères neurologiques qui y sont associés sont peu définis malgré le fait que les altérations neurologiques soient courantes chez le patient ventilé, ce mémoire avait pour but d’investiguer les protocoles et les critères neurologiques qui peuvent être utilisés pour guider la mobilisation précoce à l’USI. Méthode : Les bases de données CINAHL, MEDLINE (OVID), PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO et Web of Science ont été explorées en septembre 2022 et 32 articles ont été retenus. La méthodologie d’une revue de la portée décrite par Arksey et O’Malley (2005) a été suivie en tenant pour compte des recommandations supplémentaires formulées par Levac et collaborateurs (2010). Le cadre de référence Knowledge to Action, pertinent à la génération et au transfert d’évidences en sciences infirmières, a permis de structurer la formulation des recommandations pour la pratique. Critères de sélection : adultes (> 18ans) sous ventilation mécanique, intervention de mobilisation précoce initiée dans les deux à cinq jours suivant l’admission à l’USI, énoncer clairement les critères neurologiques. Résultats : Concernant la mobilisation précoce, 24 écrits (75%) ont décrit un protocole progressif d’exercices pouvant s’adapter aux fluctuations de l’état neurologique du patient à l’USI, alors que huit autres (25%) se sont intéressés par une intervention unique pour assurer la mobilité de leurs patients. En regard des critères neurologiques recensés, ils ont été rassemblés sous deux catégories : 1) l’état de sédation-agitation et 2) l’état de conscience. La majorité des écrits (n=20, 63%) ont eu recours à une échelle validée afin de structurer l’évaluation de ces critères, notamment par le biais du Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS) (n=16, 50%), de l’Échelle de coma de Glasgow (n=2, 6%) et du Ramsey Sedation Scale (RSS) (n=1, 3%). En revanche, 12 écrits (38%) n’ont pas eu recours à une échelle pour l’évaluation de ces critères. Conclusion : L’utilisation de protocoles pouvant s’adapter à l’état neurologique des patients ventilés mécaniquement en combinaison à des critères neurologiques pouvant être mesurés à l’aide d’échelle validée est recommandée pour encadrer la pratique de mobilisation précoce ainsi que pour promouvoir cette intervention à l’USI. Des études supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour comprendre l’impact de la mobilisation sur la récupération neurologique à l’USI. / Background. Clinical settings typically use criteria to ensure the eligibility and safety of early mobilization in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). Considering that mobilization protocols and associated neurological criteria are poorly defined despite the prevalence of neurological impairments in ventilated patients, this study aimed to investigate the protocols and neurological criteria that can be used to guide early mobilization in the ICU. Methods. In September 2022, CINAHL, MEDLINE (OVID), PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO and Web of Science databases were explored, and the selection processes resulted in a final number of 32 articles. The methodology of a scoping review described by Arskey and O’Malley (2005) was followed, and the recommendations by Levac and al., (2010) were also taken into account. The Knowledge to Action framework, relevant to the transfer of evidence in nursing sciences, was used to formulate recommendations for the practice. Selection criteria. adults (>18 years old) under mechanical ventilation, early mobilization intervention initiated within 2-5 days following admission to the ICU, neurological criteria stated by authors Results. Regarding early mobilization, 24 authors (75%) suggested a progressive exercises protocol, while eight (25%) focused on the use of a device or single type of exercises. The neurological criteria are represented under two categories, the level of sedation-agitation and the level of consciousness. Among the reviewed articles, evaluation was structured with a validated scale for the majority (n=20, 63%), as the Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale (RASS) (n=16, 50%), the Glasgow Coma Scale (n=2, 6%) and the Ramsey Sedation Scale (RSS) (n=1, 3%) were used. Conclusion. The use of protocols adapted to the neurological status of mechanically ventilated patients, with the combinaison of neurological criteria defined by validated scale is recommended to guide practice and promote this intervention. Additional studies could be conducted to better understand the impact of mobilization in the neurological recovery in the ICU.

Bakgrund   Muskuloskeletala systemet, även benämnt som rörelseapparaten, kräver alltid postoperativ omvårdnad efter operation i de nedre extremiteterna. En viktig aspekt av vårdprocessen är personcentrerad omvårdnad, som betonar vikten av preoperativ information, postoperativ rehabilitering och aktiv patientmedverkan. Tidig mobilisering efter operation är avgörande för att minska risken för komplikationer och förkorta sjukhusvistelsen, samtidigt som det finns en strävan att förbättra patientens livskvalitet och återställa funktion. Denna studie fokuserar på att analysera den postoperativa vården efter ortopedisk kirurgi. Syfte  Syftet var att belysa postoperativ vård efter ortopedisk kirurgi. Metod  En icke-systematisk litteraturöversikt baserad på 15 vetenskapliga originalartiklar med kvalitativa, kvantitativa eller mixad design. Artiklarna valdes ut från databaserna PubMed och CINAHL. Samtliga artiklar har kvalitetsgranskats utifrån Sophiahemmet Högskolas bedömningsunderlag för vetenskaplig klassificering och kvalitet. Integrerad dataanalys användes för att sammanställa resultatet. Resultat Resultatet sammanställdes med hjälp av två huvudkategorier: Tidig mobilisering och Vårdandets perspektiv. Resultatet visade att tidig mobilisering är fördelaktigt i det tidiga stadiet av postoperativ omvårdnad då det påskyndar rehabiliteringen, förbättrar behandlingsprocessen och sänker vårdkostnaderna. Dessutom framhölls vikten av väl anpassad patientinformation för att stärka den personcentrerade vården. Det är avgörande att vårdgivarna anpassar informationen för att optimera varje patients behandlingsupplevelse och resultat. Slutsats Denna litteraturöversikt understryker vikten av tidig mobilisering efter ortopedisk kirurgi för att påskynda patientens återhämtning, förkorta sjukhusvistelser samt minska smärta, vilket förbättrar både fysiska och psykiska utfall. Genom att implementera ett personcentrerat förhållningssätt som anpassade smärtbehandlingsprotokoll och grundlig preoperativ utbildning kan vårdgivare övervinna hinder som åldersfaktorer och rörelserädsla. Tidig mobilisering, som en del av ERAS-program, visar även ekonomiska fördelar genom minskade vårdkostnader och effektivare resursanvändning, vilket gör det till en kritisk komponent i postoperativ vård. / Background The musculoskeletal system always requires postoperative care after surgery in the lower extremities. An important aspect of the care process is person-centered nursing, which emphasizes the importance of preoperative information, postoperative rehabilitation, and active patient participation. Early mobilization after surgery is essential to reduce risk of complications and shorten the hospital stay, while striving to improve the patient's quality of life and restore function. This study focuses on analyzing the postoperative care after orthopedic surgery. Aim The aim was to shed light on postoperative care after orthopedic surgery. Method A non-systematic literature review based on 15 original scientific articles with a qualitative, quantitative or mixed design. The articles were selected from the databases PubMed and CINAHL. The articles have been quality checked based on Sophiahemmet University's assessment document for scientific classification and quality. Integrated data analysis was used to compile the results. Results The results were compiled with the help of two main categories: Early Mobilization and the Nursing perspective. The result showed that early mobilization is beneficial in the early stage of postoperative care that accelerates rehabilitation, improves the treatment process and lowers costs. Additionally, the importance of well-adapted patient information to strengthen person-centered care was highlighted. It's critical that caregivers adapt the information to optimize each patient's treatment experience and outcomes. Conclusions This literature review highlights the importance of early mobilization after orthopedic surgery to accelerate recovery, shorten hospital stays, and reduce pain, improving both physical and psychological outcomes. Implementing person-centered approaches such as customized pain management protocols and thorough preoperative education, caregivers can overcome barriers like age factors and movement fear. Early mobilization, as part of ERAS, also demonstrates economic benefits through reduced healthcare costs and more efficient resource usage, making it a critical component of postoperative care.

Objetivo: Realizar a tradução, validação cultural para a língua portuguesa do Brasil e análise de concordância e confiabilidade entre avaliadores das escalas de mobilidade em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) Perme Intensive Care Unit Mobility Score - Perme Score e a Intensive Care Unit Mobility Scale - IMS. Métodos: O processo de tradução e adaptação seguiu as seguintes etapas: Preparação, tradução, reconciliação e síntese, tradução reversa, revisão, aprovação e pré-teste. Após estes processos, a versão em português das duas escalas foi utilizada por dois pesquisadores na avaliação de 103 pacientes críticos internados em UTI. O índice de Kappa e a análise de Bland-Altman foram utilizados para verificar a concordância entre as escalas. O coeficiente ? de Cronbach foi utilizado para verificar a confiabilidade entre os avaliadores no uso das escalas. A correlação entre as escalas foi verificada pelo teste de Spearman. Resultados: Ambas as escalas, Perme Escore e Escala de Mobilidade na UTI - EMU, foram devidamente traduzidas para o Português falado no Brasil. As características dos pacientes críticos avaliados neste estudo demonstrou uma predominância masculina 56 (54%) com idade média de 52±18 anos, apresentando SAPS 3 = 66 (24%). O principal motivo de internação nas UTIS foi descompensação clínica de origem respiratória (44%). Ambas as escalas apresentaram excelente concordância (k > 0,90) e confiabilidade (alfa > 0,90) para todos os domínios. Na análise de Bland-Altman, constatou-se um baixo viés entre os avaliadores tanto para o EMU (-0,048 ± 0,35) quanto para o Escore de Perme (-0,06 ± 0,73). Os limites superiores e inferiores de 95% de concordância foram de 0,64 a -0,73 para o EMU e de 1,36 a -1,5 para o Perme Escore. Além disso, verificou-se forte correlação positiva entre as duas escalas utilizadas para avaliar os pacientes ( =0,941). Conclusão: A versão em português do Escore Perme de mobilidade em UTI (Perme Escore) e da escala de mobilidade em unidade de terapia intensiva (EMU) apresentaram alta concordância e confiabilidade entre os avaliadores / Objectives: Translate, cross cultural validate to Brazilian Portuguese language and analyze the inter-rater reliability with both instruments Perme Score and IMS. Methods: The translation process and the cross cultural validation followed the following steps: preparation, translation, synthesis, back translation, review, approval and pre-test. After this process the Brazilian Portuguese version of the both scales were used by two researchers to evaluated 103 critical care patients. The weighted kappa and Bland Altman analysis were used to verify inter rater agreement. Cronbach-? test was used to evaluate inter rate reliability. The correlation between the scales was verified by the Spearman correlation test. Results: Both scales, Perme escore e EMU, were translated to the Brazilian Portuguese. Most of the patients were male 56 (54%), mean age 52±18, SAPS 3 = 66 (24%). Respiratory failure was the most prevalent reason for admission (44%). Both scales showed an excellent inter rater agreement (k > 0,90) and reliability (alpha > 0,90) for all domains. Bland-Altman analysis showed a low bias between raters either for EMU (-0,048 ± 0,35) and Perme Escore (-0,06 ± 0,73). Upper and lower 95% limits of agreement were 0.64 to -0.73 for the EMU and 1.36 - 1.5 for the Perme Escore. Moreover, it also presented a strong positive correlation between the two instruments ( = 0,941). Conclusion: The Brazilian Portuguese version of the Perme Escore and EMU showed a high agreement and reliability between the raters

Objetivo: Realizar a tradução, validação cultural para a língua portuguesa do Brasil e análise de concordância e confiabilidade entre avaliadores das escalas de mobilidade em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) Perme Intensive Care Unit Mobility Score - Perme Score e a Intensive Care Unit Mobility Scale - IMS. Métodos: O processo de tradução e adaptação seguiu as seguintes etapas: Preparação, tradução, reconciliação e síntese, tradução reversa, revisão, aprovação e pré-teste. Após estes processos, a versão em português das duas escalas foi utilizada por dois pesquisadores na avaliação de 103 pacientes críticos internados em UTI. O índice de Kappa e a análise de Bland-Altman foram utilizados para verificar a concordância entre as escalas. O coeficiente ? de Cronbach foi utilizado para verificar a confiabilidade entre os avaliadores no uso das escalas. A correlação entre as escalas foi verificada pelo teste de Spearman. Resultados: Ambas as escalas, Perme Escore e Escala de Mobilidade na UTI - EMU, foram devidamente traduzidas para o Português falado no Brasil. As características dos pacientes críticos avaliados neste estudo demonstrou uma predominância masculina 56 (54%) com idade média de 52±18 anos, apresentando SAPS 3 = 66 (24%). O principal motivo de internação nas UTIS foi descompensação clínica de origem respiratória (44%). Ambas as escalas apresentaram excelente concordância (k > 0,90) e confiabilidade (alfa > 0,90) para todos os domínios. Na análise de Bland-Altman, constatou-se um baixo viés entre os avaliadores tanto para o EMU (-0,048 ± 0,35) quanto para o Escore de Perme (-0,06 ± 0,73). Os limites superiores e inferiores de 95% de concordância foram de 0,64 a -0,73 para o EMU e de 1,36 a -1,5 para o Perme Escore. Além disso, verificou-se forte correlação positiva entre as duas escalas utilizadas para avaliar os pacientes ( =0,941). Conclusão: A versão em português do Escore Perme de mobilidade em UTI (Perme Escore) e da escala de mobilidade em unidade de terapia intensiva (EMU) apresentaram alta concordância e confiabilidade entre os avaliadores / Objectives: Translate, cross cultural validate to Brazilian Portuguese language and analyze the inter-rater reliability with both instruments Perme Score and IMS. Methods: The translation process and the cross cultural validation followed the following steps: preparation, translation, synthesis, back translation, review, approval and pre-test. After this process the Brazilian Portuguese version of the both scales were used by two researchers to evaluated 103 critical care patients. The weighted kappa and Bland Altman analysis were used to verify inter rater agreement. Cronbach-? test was used to evaluate inter rate reliability. The correlation between the scales was verified by the Spearman correlation test. Results: Both scales, Perme escore e EMU, were translated to the Brazilian Portuguese. Most of the patients were male 56 (54%), mean age 52±18, SAPS 3 = 66 (24%). Respiratory failure was the most prevalent reason for admission (44%). Both scales showed an excellent inter rater agreement (k > 0,90) and reliability (alpha > 0,90) for all domains. Bland-Altman analysis showed a low bias between raters either for EMU (-0,048 ± 0,35) and Perme Escore (-0,06 ± 0,73). Upper and lower 95% limits of agreement were 0.64 to -0.73 for the EMU and 1.36 - 1.5 for the Perme Escore. Moreover, it also presented a strong positive correlation between the two instruments ( = 0,941). Conclusion: The Brazilian Portuguese version of the Perme Escore and EMU showed a high agreement and reliability between the raters