Abstract Eco-tourism gives consideration to both ecological conservation and recreation, aiming to protect resources by means of making tourists recognizing the importance of ecosystem."Houbihu Marine Conservation Area "in the National Kenting Park is established for the conservation of biological diversity from protecting sea urchins in 2003 to all marine organisms two years later. Recovery of marine resources encouraged the idea to develop eco-tourism in the area; not only to propagate the benefits from resources conservation by allowing tourists for near contacts to marine ecosystem and sharing the achievements of protection, but also to promote transformation of local fishers and to improve their economic conditions. This study explores the feasibility of this idea, by literature reviews, questionnaire survey and in-depth interview with the six groups of people: tourists, managers, enforcement officials, experts (including scholars), industries and non-government organization. Discussions on the results and recommendations were provided in the study. ¡ikeyword ¡jEco-tourism¡BBiologicaldiversity¡BHoubihuMarine¡Bliterature reviews¡Bquestionnaire survey¡Bin-depth interview

Due to scarce natural resources and problems of governing the commons, alternative management of the commons has again emerged. The earlier known governing methods used by international and state conservation are state or private ownership. Governing the commons with local institutions was brought to attention in 2009 by Elinor Ostrom. In this case-study of governing the commons, a national park is the objective. There are many stakeholders, with a focus on the community institution. The co-management of governing the national park between the local institution, the state and the NGO is analysed to find out if sustainable governance can be achieved in Rio Limpio National Park, and if so how? The rules are set on the conditions of the state about the regulations of the national park, although its protection is legitimized by the activities of the local institution. The regulation that prohibits the use of the natural resources within the park is enforced in a situation -where poor people are directly dependant on the natural resources and have few employment alternatives. This creates conflicts between the state, the NGO and the community of the environmental policies. The study has shown that increased benefits of the community, as with social protection and local participation in decision making, will lead to more successful nature resource management as well as sustainable development.

Advancement of eco tourism with the building of a wellness centre. Consideration to indicators in strategies to build the new brand in order to maximise ROI / The purpose of this paper is to discuss how the health spas embark on marketing strategies and how they will deal with the increased consumer demand. On the one hand, a case study of two recognised health spas will illustrate how the spas integrate marketing strategies to build credible relationships with their customers and will demonstrate successes and failures of each health spa. On the other hand, an exploration of the market dynamics will present a consciousness of the customers’ expectations and suggest whether the level of service quality in the health spa is adequate to meet these needs. The practical implication of the study will assist in the design of a proposed model with best marketing practices for the sustainability of this competitive industry.

Pixaim assentou o seu lugar no mundo sobre dunas móveis da margem alagoana da foz do rio São Francisco. Não há registros históricos sobre a origem do povoado, mas a partir de levantamento de memória oral podemos estimar um século de assentamento no território. No passado as pessoas de Pixaim viviam da cultura do arroz em fazendas na várzea do São Francisco. Com a subtração desta atividade, a população do povoado diminuiu e a sobrevivência material e cultural ficou comprometida. Em 1983 foi criada a Área de Proteção Ambiental-APA de Piaçabuçu que abarcou Pixaim e outros povoados como o Pontal da Barra, na foz do São Francisco e, com os qual as pessoas de Pixaim desenvolveram uma prática de apropriação conjugada e valorativa do lugar de habitação. Com a APA os povoados passaram a ser merecedores de proteção ambiental especial e o uso dos recursos disponíveis no meio ambiente ficou vinculado a prescrições definidas em lei. Com o desfecho de um conflito explícito os moradores do Pontal da Barra foram expulsas da foz pela gestão da APA, e a área “recuperou” feições cênicas adequadas ao turismo ecológico. Neste contexto, a paisagem de Pixaim se transformou em objeto de desejo e consumo do turismo ecológico. Neste estudo buscou-se compreender as mediações na construção do imaginário turístico sobre Pixaim, através das representações disponíveis em fontes informacionais. Procurou-se analisar as narrativas nas fotografias veiculadas sobre o povoado em sites de turismo de Piaçabuçu, município do qual Pixaim e a foz do rio São Francisco são integrantes. Valendo-se da fotografia, os próprios moradores de Pixaim registraram o cotidiano do lugar para um “álbum” que, neste trabalho, revela os olhares “de dentro” (moradores de Pixaim) e “de fora” ( agentes envolvidos na promoção do turismo ecológico). O estudo foi estruturado em uma abordagem qualitativa, com pesquisa e análise das informações em suportes midiáticos, mais a metodologia da etnografia, história oral, observação participante e entrevista. / Pixaim settled its place on the world of moving sand dunes of the Alagoas margin at the mouth of the São Francisco River. There are no historical records of the origin of that village, but the oral memory survey allows us to estimate a century of settlement in the territory. In the past, people of Pixaim used to make their living by rice farming on farms in the lowland of the São Francisco River. Along with the subtraction of this activity, the population of the village decreased as well as the survival of its material and cultural life were jeopardized. In 1983, it was established the Area of Environmental Protection (APA) of Piaçabuçu that comprises Pixaim and other settlements at the mouth of the São Francisco River, such as Pontal da Barra, with which the people of Pixaim has developed a practice of conjugal and evaluative appropriation of the dwelling place. The establishment of the APA has led the settlements to a special environmental protection, as the use of its available environmental resources are attached to what has been prescript in law. An outcome of an explicit conflict, the people of Pontal da Barra were banished from the mouth of the river by the APA’s management and the area “recovered” scenic features appropriate to the eco-tourism. In this context, the landscape of Pixaim has become an object of desire and consumption of ecological tourism. In this study, we sought to understand mediations in the construction of the tourist imaginary about Pixaim through the representations available in multimedia information. An attempt to analyze the narratives presented on photographs on tourist sites of Piaçabuçu, municipality of which Pixaim and the mouth of the São Francisco River are members. The photographs taken by the residents of Pixaim recorded the daily life of the village for an “album” that, for this work, illustrates the confrontation between the “inside” gaze (the residents of Pixaim) and “the outside” one (the agents involved in the promotion of eco-tourism). This study was structured in a qualitative approach, with information research and analysis in media added to the methodology of the ethnography, oral history, participant observation and interviews.

Since the 1990s, the population on the Honduran island of Roatán has grown from around 20,000 (mostly English-speaking Islanders) to roughly 100,000 residents (at least half of which are native Spanish-speaking Ladinos from the Honduran mainland) (Bay Islands Voice 2014b). This population growth has occurred alongside increasing forms of economic and environmental precarity that have fueled widespread instability on the island. While ethnic tensions between Ladinos and Islanders have existed since colonial times, conflict between the groups reached a crescendo in 2014 after the murder of a cruise ship employee in Roatán by a Ladino migrant. This sparked a security crisis for the island’s idyllic tourism industry. In an effort to address growing security concerns, municipal authorities proposed a plan that included the installation of surveillance cameras in key population centers, use of 24-hour police patrols, and implementation of an identification program to track migration to the island. Authorities argued Ladino migrants were not only an ecological burden on the island, but also a major source of criminal activity, leading to the tourism industry’s instability. Yet, while stakeholders of island tourism were quick to cite Ladino migration as a major source of precarity, my research shows its causes are much broader and more complex. I argue simply blaming population growth – without a nuanced analysis of emerging human-environment relationships – does little to explain the multifaceted causes of instability in Roatán’s tourism industry. Drawing on twelve months of ethnographic research, I find the instability in Roatán’s tourism industry is more fully explained through four overlapping crises playing out across Honduras for the majority poor, including: a lack of physical and political representation, struggles over land rights, social and economic immobilities, and disappearing childhood. I examine this precarity as part of wider trends in global capitalism (e.g. increased expulsions of people from their lands), but also as something inextricably local in nature (e.g. filtered through a Ladino threat narrative). My analysis contributes to broader conversations occurring in the field of anthropology about how to discern and make sense of the growing forms of precarity humans face. For example, Sassen (2014) argues pinpointing the causes of precarity, such as those shaping life in Roatán, has grown more challenging as complex constellations of power obscure direct causal relationships. Parsing out the complicated relationships between formations of power on the Honduran mainland and growing sources of precarity on Roatán is one way I add to this body of literature. My research also contributes to this issue through examinations of the everyday cultural productions of value, meaning, and hope that emerge through engagements with the tourism industry—and how they anchor people amidst the backdrop of escalating uncertainty.

Tourism as an industry in the 20th and 21st Century has primarily been an international money-making industry which has attracted many governments of less developed countries as a fast mechanism for development. This has often involved a trade-off between the pursuit of economic wealth and support for the social, cultural and natural environments. The negative impacts of mass tourism in these economies are countless and well documented, especially as many of these countries are still trying to deal with impacts caused during colonial occupancy. Consequently, alternative tourism has been presented as a way to manage tourism development which is economically, social and ecologically sustainable. One manifestation of this trend is community-based tourism, which aims to be inclusive of the host communities as they plan for tourism and considers the socio cultural and natural resources and desires of tourists in a more equitable manner. The aim of this thesis is to determine how ecotrekking as a form of community-based tourism can provide a foundation for development for remote rural communities in developing countries. It was conceptually determined that if the needs of the community matched those of the tourists, then a sustainable ecotrekking industry can evolve. To explore this issue contextually, a case study of the Kokoda Track (KT) in Papua New Guinea is presented based around three research questions: 1. What role can market segmentation play in sustainable tourism development in remote rural communities? 2. What outcomes do the Kokoda Track communities envisage for the future of tourism on the Kokoda Track? 3. Do Kokoda tourists meet the outcomes envisaged by the community? A review of the literature found that market segmentation is a tool used in destination planning to assess visitor characteristics and match these to resource capabilities. It was employed in this study to determine the characteristics and needs of Kokoda tourists through a questionnaire survey distributed to trekkers via the tour operators. It was found that the Kokoda tourist is a university educated, middle-aged man who visits the KT for adventure and historical reasons. They have higher-order needs of personal development and knowledge and value the authenticity of the experience. The second research question was approached using secondary data analysis. Notes from Participatory Rural Appraisal workshops with community leaders in 2004 and 2005 were reinterpreted. The key themes to emerge were that the communities have a great need for basic facilities (education, transportation, telecommunications, medical infrastructure and water supplies) and they see tourism as an economic means to develop those facilities. They would like to build more guesthouses and provide food for tourists to increase revenue however, they are unsure of the extent to which this will be supported by trekkers. A comparative analysis of the findings from research questions 1 and 2 was employed to address the third research question. The quantitative needs of the tourist market segment were matched to the qualitative expectations of the communities. It was found that the current Kokoda tourist is in favour of many of the outcomes that the Kokoda communities envisage. These include the provision of locally made food and guesthouses. Further to this, the empirical results from the questionnaire found that ecotourists and cultural tourists are the tourist types that need to be targeted by operators. They indicated a strong match with the desires and needs of the Kokoda communities. For example, they indicated that the KT can cater for a much smaller number of trekkers than the other three pre-determined tourist types (adventure, organised and historic tourists). Additionally, the natural and cultural environments are more important to these tourist types inferring that the protection of these resources is of primary importance. Consequently, it was established that ecotrekking can play an important role in development in less developed countries, if the right market segment is targeted to meet the needs of the community. Generally this can then ensure a slower rate of development, which allows the communities to adjust to the changes that occur at both a socio-cultural level and also in the infrastructure within their communities. In the longer term it also allows them to see how tourism can provide long term benefits not offered in extractive industries such as forestry and mining.

Tourism as an industry in the 20th and 21st Century has primarily been an international money-making industry which has attracted many governments of less developed countries as a fast mechanism for development. This has often involved a trade-off between the pursuit of economic wealth and support for the social, cultural and natural environments. The negative impacts of mass tourism in these economies are countless and well documented, especially as many of these countries are still trying to deal with impacts caused during colonial occupancy. Consequently, alternative tourism has been presented as a way to manage tourism development which is economically, social and ecologically sustainable. One manifestation of this trend is community-based tourism, which aims to be inclusive of the host communities as they plan for tourism and considers the socio cultural and natural resources and desires of tourists in a more equitable manner. The aim of this thesis is to determine how ecotrekking as a form of community-based tourism can provide a foundation for development for remote rural communities in developing countries. It was conceptually determined that if the needs of the community matched those of the tourists, then a sustainable ecotrekking industry can evolve. To explore this issue contextually, a case study of the Kokoda Track (KT) in Papua New Guinea is presented based around three research questions: 1. What role can market segmentation play in sustainable tourism development in remote rural communities? 2. What outcomes do the Kokoda Track communities envisage for the future of tourism on the Kokoda Track? 3. Do Kokoda tourists meet the outcomes envisaged by the community? A review of the literature found that market segmentation is a tool used in destination planning to assess visitor characteristics and match these to resource capabilities. It was employed in this study to determine the characteristics and needs of Kokoda tourists through a questionnaire survey distributed to trekkers via the tour operators. It was found that the Kokoda tourist is a university educated, middle-aged man who visits the KT for adventure and historical reasons. They have higher-order needs of personal development and knowledge and value the authenticity of the experience. The second research question was approached using secondary data analysis. Notes from Participatory Rural Appraisal workshops with community leaders in 2004 and 2005 were reinterpreted. The key themes to emerge were that the communities have a great need for basic facilities (education, transportation, telecommunications, medical infrastructure and water supplies) and they see tourism as an economic means to develop those facilities. They would like to build more guesthouses and provide food for tourists to increase revenue however, they are unsure of the extent to which this will be supported by trekkers. A comparative analysis of the findings from research questions 1 and 2 was employed to address the third research question. The quantitative needs of the tourist market segment were matched to the qualitative expectations of the communities. It was found that the current Kokoda tourist is in favour of many of the outcomes that the Kokoda communities envisage. These include the provision of locally made food and guesthouses. Further to this, the empirical results from the questionnaire found that ecotourists and cultural tourists are the tourist types that need to be targeted by operators. They indicated a strong match with the desires and needs of the Kokoda communities. For example, they indicated that the KT can cater for a much smaller number of trekkers than the other three pre-determined tourist types (adventure, organised and historic tourists). Additionally, the natural and cultural environments are more important to these tourist types inferring that the protection of these resources is of primary importance. Consequently, it was established that ecotrekking can play an important role in development in less developed countries, if the right market segment is targeted to meet the needs of the community. Generally this can then ensure a slower rate of development, which allows the communities to adjust to the changes that occur at both a socio-cultural level and also in the infrastructure within their communities. In the longer term it also allows them to see how tourism can provide long term benefits not offered in extractive industries such as forestry and mining.

<p>The overall aim of this qualitative study is to investigate the area of new sustainable tourism in theory and practice. The theoretical part, which consisted of a literature study, was made to help find the essence of new sustainable tourism. To bring out tourisms impact on society and environment in practice, a case study was made during an excursion with Södertörn University College to Babati in Tanzania. Semi structured interviews were held with people in Babati. The excursion is being evaluated according to WTO’s sustainable tourism development guidelines and management practices, and finally, these guidelines are analysed. The result of the literature study showed that there is no absolute true core in new sustainable tourism. It is a highly subjective judgment if a tourism venture is sustainable or not, depending on personal values, ideology and personal interests. There is features commonly associated and used in new sustainable tourism, like the sustainability of the three pillars of sustainable development, and the focus on the local, educational and conservational effects, but the essence is subjective. The evaluation of the excursion showed that it is by two third a sustainable tourism venture. It is the economic part that fails, since the guidelines put much focus on stable employments and frequency; ingredients that the excursion lacks. The analysis of the WTO guidelines resulted in confusion. They could be both very useful, but also very poor, according to how they were interpreted and used. The results highly depend on the user. Positive is that the guidelines address all pillars of sustainable development equal, and that the interaction between host and guest gets highlighted. Shortages are that the guidelines lack a gender perspective, a historical and political sensibility, a place specific flexibility and a perspective of inter- and intra-generational equity.</p>

The assemblage of competing development programs I call an "NGOscape", effective in Bangladesh's forest spaces, is a window into understanding both local and extra-local imaginings of the future of these spaces. By tracing the close interaction of three of the most prominent forces in operation in Bangladesh's forest NGOscapes: indigeneity, environmentalism, and entrepreneurialism, I discuss how the government and NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations) work to increase management and securitization of these forces. Through ethnography and close analysis of the minority Mandi community, and NGOs in the capital city of Dhaka and in rural Modhupur, Tangail, I interpret Modhupur as a vital and telling site for examining the close interdependence of these three themes. Adivasi ("aboriginal") folklorization and representation is deployed by Mandi leaders and NGOs, and provides a space for Mandi internal debates about authenticity, representation, modernity, and the way forward. Neoliberal imaginings centered on transforming Mandi livelihoods into something more appropriately modern are realized on the ground, evidenced by Alternative Income Generation (AIG) programs that push for market integration, and attempt to utilize claims about adivasi indigeneity to advance a security-management paradigm, national stability, and civic responsibility. Young activists and environmentalists based in Dhaka are crucial forces in promoting the broader development and NGO agenda, utilizing the themes of environmental responsibility and progressive conservation programs. Additionally, development agendas are complicated by other factors, such as eco-tourism trends that seek to indoctrinate the Mandi and other rural actors into acceptable and responsible ways of managing environment, while also relying on national pride. These competing forces rely on national pride and social shaming to transform rural Bangladeshis from being somehow "backward" into more desirable, modern subjects. Yet severe distrust within a larger "climate of suspicion," between adivasi leaders, activists, and the state ultimately disrupt the fluidity of development practices at the local level. The result places various actors in precarious positions, left to interpret and be interpreted into development, NGO, and state-based objectives. / text

Darbo tikslas-įvertinti aplinkosaugos problemas Lietuvos kaimo turizmo versle ir pateikti jų sprendimo būdus. Problema – kaimo turizmo plėtros neigiamos įtakos gamtai mažinimas Objektas – Kaimo turizmas Lietuvoje Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Atlikti mokslinės literatūros apžvalgą, kurioje aptariama kaimo turizmo sąvokos, ekologinės problemos, kurias sukelia ši verslo šaka ir jų sprendimo būdai. 2. Įvertinti kaimo turizmo gamtosaugos problemas 3. Apibrėžti ekologinių problemų kaimo turizmo versle sprendimo būdus 4. Išskirti Lietuvos kaimo turizmo silpnybes, stiprybes, galimybes ir grėsmes 5. Įvertinti Hassan darniosios kaimo turizmo plėtros veiksnius ir jų pagrindu sukurti ekologinio turizmo plėtros modelį Darbo metodai: 1. Mokslinės literatūros analizė ir palyginamoji analizė. 2. Statistinių duomenų analizė. 3. Anketinė apklausa. Darbas susideda iš 3-jų dalių. Iš literatūros apžvalgos, metodologijos ir tyrimo Turizmo sfera yra viena iš sparčiausiai augančių pastaruosius dešimt metų ir ne tik Lietuvoje, bet visoje Europoje. Šis faktas teigiamai veikia bet kurios šalies ekonomiką, urbanizavimo procesus, gyventojų užimtumą ir daugelį kitų faktorių, bet, deja dažniausiai neigiamai veikia aplinką ir ekologiją. Turizmas yra neatsiejamai susijęs su gamta, ypač tai liečia kaimo turizmą. Aplinkosaugos problema bet kurioje valstybėje egzisuoja jau šimtus metų ir per tą laiką buvo atrasta daugelis būdų, kaip ją spręsti. Kas liečia turizmo sferą, tai viena iš priemonių kovai su... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim is to establish eco-and rural tourism development trends in Lithuania and Europe, and assess environmental problems and their solutions for rural tourism. Job problem - the development of rural tourism, reducing the negative impact on the environment Subject - Rural Tourism in Lithuania Job tasks: 1. Analyze the environmental problems in rural tourism business 2. Make an analysis of sustainable rural tourism development and forecasts for Lithuania, the European Union on the basis of experience 3. Provide the potential for rural tourism, environmental issues and ways to solve environmental problems in the development of a model 4. To show Lithuanian rural tourism failings, strengths, possibilities and threats. 5. To create ecological rural tourism model. Working methods: 1. Analytical Review of Literature 2. A comparative analysis of statistical data 3. Questionnaire. The work consists 3-parts: literature review, methodology and research Tourism business is one of the fastest growing and not only in Lithuania but also throughout all Europe. This fact has positive effects on any country's economy, the processes of urban development, employment and many other factors, but unfortunately mostly negative impact on the environment and ecology. Tourism is inextricably linked with nature, especially in rural tourism. Tourism is associated with ecological factors such as litter, water consumption, energy consumption, which negatively affects the country's economic... [to full text]