Mesmo sendo uma condição indispensável para que ocorra o desenvolvimento humano, o crescimento econômico nem sempre é convertido eficientemente em qualidade de vida pelos Estados-nação. Deste modo, o presente trabalho teve o objetivo de mensurar a eficiência social dos países, que expressa à capacidade de um Estado-nação converter sua riqueza produzida em qualidade de vida, e de determinar fatores que possam explicá-la. Como hipóteses de pesquisa para esses fatores, foram considerados: (i) a atuação do Estado, do Mercado e da Sociedade Civil; (ii) o estoque de capital físico, natural, humano, cultural, social e institucional; (iii) a presença de liberdades política, econômica e de expressão; (iv) o efeito do próprio desenvolvimento humano; e (v) outras características socioeconômicas dos países. Para que esse objetivo fosse alcançado, foram utilizadas as técnicas: (a) Análise Envoltória de Dados (DEA), em sua forma padrão, cruzada, invertida e tripla; (b) regressão linear simples; (c) clusterização por eficiência; (d) método k-means; e (e) testes estatísticos de diferença entre médias. Os principais resultados obtidos indicaram que as ex-repúblicas soviéticas e os países de passado socialista foram os que mais se destacaram na eficiência social; já os países desenvolvidos, apesar de apresentarem elevados indicadores sociais, sendo altamente eficazes, não se destacaram na eficiência; os países do sul da África, por sua vez, além de possuírem a pior condição social, foram também os mais ineficientes. Quanto aos fatores explicativos da eficiência social, concluiu-se que possuem impacto positivo: (1) a taxa básica de juros; (2) a taxa bruta de investimentos; (3) a taxa de estradas pavimentadas; (4) a taxa de alfabetização; (5) o número de médicos per capita; (6) a liberdade fiscal; (7) além de quase todos os outputs sociais utilizados na análise de eficiência, com exceção da inflação. Por outro lado, os fatores que se relacionam negativamente com a eficiência são: (a) o saldo da balança corrente; (b) a quantidade de reservas de petróleo; (c) o PIB per capita; (d) o nível de caridade; (e) a ausência de corrupção; (f) a liberdade de investimento e financeira; (g) a liberdade política e de expressão; (h) a taxa de fecundidade na adolescência; (i) a taxa de infectados com HIV; e (j) o nível de emissões de \'CO IND.2\'. Apesar de alguns resultados encontrados terem sido bastante polêmicos, afastando-se tanto do senso comum quanto de teorias estabelecidas, acredita-se que o presente trabalho contribuiu para lançar luz sobre um novo e fértil campo de pesquisa, denominado eficiência social. / Despite being a prerequisite for occurring development, economic growth is not always fully converted into welfare or quality of life, since countries have different levels of efficiency in carrying out this conversion. Thus, this study aimed to determine the efficiency of Nation-states to convert their wealth produced in quality of life (social efficiency) and, subsequently, to investigate the impact in this efficiency of the factors: (i) performance of the State, Market and Civil Society; (ii) stock of physical , natural, human, cultural, social and institutional capital; (iii) political , economic and expression freedoms; (iv) human development itself; and (v) other socioeconomic characteristics of the countries. To accomplish this goal, we have used: (a) Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) in its standard, cross, reversed and triple form; (b) simple linear regression; (c) clustering for efficiency; (d) k-means method; and (e) statistical tests of differences between means. The main results indicate that the ex-Soviet republics and the countries of the socialist past were most outstanding in social efficiency; whereas the developed countries, although having high social indicators, i.e., high efficacy, not were excelled in efficiency; the countries of southern Africa, in turn, have the worst social condition, and were also the most inefficient. As for the explanatory factors of social efficiency, it was concluded that had positive impact the variables: (1) prime rate; (2) gross rate of investment; (3) rate of paved roads; (4) literacy rate; (5) number of doctors per capita; (6) fiscal freedom; (7) and the most social indicators that were used in the analysis of efficiency, with the exception of inflation. On the other hand, the factors that are negatively related to efficiency are: (a) current account balance; (b) amount of oil reserves; (c) GDP per capita; (d) level of charity; (e) corruption absence; (f) freedom of investment and financing; (g) political freedom and expression; (h) adolescent fertility rate; (i) the rate of HIV-infected; and (j) level of \'CO IND.2\' emissions. Although some results have been quite controversial, away from both common sense and established theories, it is believed that this work has helped to shed light on a new and fertile field of research called social efficiency.

Este trabalho busca aprofundar a análise sobre os aspectos autoritários do sistema político brasileiro durante o período conhecido como Milagre Econômico (1969-1973), cujo suporte ideológico foi fundamentado e sustentado pela Doutrina de Segurança Nacional e Desenvolvimento, produzida pela Escola Superior de Guerra. Através de ampla pesquisa bibliográfica de autores que se debruçaram sobre o tema, dos manuais de segurança nacional e, sobretudo dos planos econômicos que correspondem ao período estudado, em especial o Plano de Ação Econômica, Programa Estratégico de Desenvolvimento e o Primeiro Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento, percebemos o quanto o autoritarismo político foi necessário para que os governos militares impusessem um novo modelo econômico, que se de um lado propiciou o rápido desenvolvimento da economia e a redução da inflação, por outro, desvalorizou os salários dos trabalhadores, aumentou o processo de endividamento e de concentração de renda, aumentando ainda mais a desigualdade social no Brasil. Nossa pesquisa analisa também de que forma ocorre a renovação da tradição autoritária brasileira, do ponto de vista do sistema político que historicamente sempre reprimiu com violência movimentos de contestação a ordem vigente. Agora através da forte repressão política as forças de oposição aos militares, sob a égide do combate ao comunismo internacional no contexto da guerra fria. Por fim, o trabalho de pesquisa mostra que a acumulação capitalista do período estudado (1969-1973), só foi possível pelo emprego da violência institucional colocada em prática pelo Estado Autoritário, sob o comando das forças armadas. / This study seeks to deepen the analysis of the authoritarian aspects of the Brazilian political system during the period known as the Economic Miracle (1969-1973), whose ideological support was reasoned and supported by the National Security Doctrine and Development, produced by the War College. Through extensive literature survey of authors who have studied the subject, manuals and national security, especially economic plans that correspond to the period studied, in particular the Economic Action Plan, Strategic Program Development and the First National Development Plan, realize how the political authoritarianism that was necessary for the military government to impose a new economic model, which is a side facilitated the rapid development of economy and reducing inflation, on the other hand, played down the wages of workers, increased the process of borrowing and concentration of income, further increasing social inequality in Brazil. Our research also analyzes how is the renewal of the Brazilian authoritarian tradition, from the standpoint of the political system that has historically repressed violently protest movements established order. Now through strong political repression of opposition forces to the military, under the aegis of the fight against international communism in the context of the Cold War. Finally, the research work shows that the capital accumulation of the period studied (1969-1973), was made possible by the use of institutional violence put in place by authoritarian rule, under the command of the armed forces.

A relação entre economia e meio ambiente tem sido cada vez mais explorada, dado que o crescimento econômico pode ter efeitos prejudiciais sobre a natureza, contudo existe a possibilidade de conciliar crescimento com preservação do meio ambiente. A coleta e divulgação de indicadores ambientais permitiram relacioná-los com a renda per capita, o que motivou a investigação de uma hipótese conhecida como Curva Ambiental de Kuznets. O trabalho tem por finalidade estimar, através de dados em painel não estacionário, a relação entre o indicador de pressão ambiental e crescimento de renda per capita e, através da análise de dados em painel estático e dinâmico, a convergência da pegada ecológica entre os países como resultado da evidência direta e indireta, respectivamente, da existência de uma Curva Ambiental de Kuznets. A vantagem da análise está na abrangência da pegada ecológica como indicador ambiental em relação às emissões de poluentes, possuindo um caráter original por não ter sido empreendida anteriormente. Os fundamentos teóricos da análise de convergência estão no Modelo de Solow verde desenvolvido por Brock and Taylor (2010). / The relationship between economy and environment has more and more been explored, and given the potential harm that economic growth might have on nature there is a possibility to conciliate growth and environment preservation. The gathering and publishing of environmental measures allowed to establish their relationship with per capita income in an investigation of the hypothesis known as the Environmental Kuznets Curve. This work estimates the relation of environmental pressure and income per capita and also the convergence of the ecological footprint among countries, as a direct and indirect, respectively, result of the existence of a Environmental Kuznets Curve, by using static, dynamic and non-stationary panel data techniques. The advantage of this analysis is that the ecological footprint is a broader environmental index than pollution indexes. The theoretic foundation of the convergence analysis is the Green Solow model, presented by Brock and Taylor (2010).

Ao longo das últimas décadas, um número cada vez maior de pesquisadores tem argumentado que simples índices como crescimento do PIB ou exportações são insuficientes para descrever o bem estar da população de um país. Contudo, apesar de estudos recentes adicionarem variáveis como desigualdade de renda, infraestrutura e inovação tecnológica às análises, a maioria dos autores falham na consideração de aspectos espaciais, tais quais os efeitos de vizinhança para estratégias governamentais de infraestrutura e desenvolvimento sócio-econômico. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho tem como principal objetivo analisar a relação entre crescimento econômico, infraestrutura de transportes, gastos em inovação tecnológica e desenvolvimento sócio-econômico nos estados federativos brasileiros e seus efeitos de spillover (difusão), por meio de técnicas de econometria espacial. Os principais resultados demonstram a infraestrutura rodoviária como maior promotor de spillovers positivos para crescimento e desenvolvimento. Quanto à inovação, os resultados indicaram spillovers negativos, tanto para crescimento como para desenvolvimento, sendo significante somente para desenvolvimento. / Over the past decades, an increasing number of researchers have argued that simple indices such as GDP growth and exports are insufficient to describe the welfare of a country. However, in spite of recent studies add variables such as income inequality, infrastructure and technological innovation to the analysis, most authors fail to consider spatial aspects, as is the neighborhood effects for government strategies on infrastructure and socio-economic development. Accordingly, the present work aims to examine the relationship between economic growth, capital investment in public transport infrastructure, spending on technological innovation, and socio-economic development in the Brazilian federal states and their spillover effects, using spatial econometrics techniques. The main results show the road infrastructure as the biggest promoter of positive spillovers for growth and development. As for innovation, results indicated negative spillovers, both for growth and for development, being significant only for development.

Cette thèse porte sur le rôle des infrastructures de transport dans la croissance économique et dans la réduction des disparités régionales, avec une application à la question de l’aménagement du territoire au Maroc. Cette question est importante dans la mesure où il s’agit de savoir si les infrastructures de transport peuvent être un véritable outil de développement économique. Le travail est structuré en deux parties et quatre chapitres. La première partie prend la forme d’une revue de la littérature théorique et empirique sur la place des infrastructures de transport dans l’aménagement du territoire et la réduction des disparités régionales. Le premier chapitre est consacré à une présentation des théories de la nouvelle géographie économique et de la croissance endogène qui se proposent d’expliquer les disparités régionales. Le deuxième chapitre aborde les effets des infrastructures de transport sur la localisation des agents économiques et sur les phénomènes d’agglomération des activités. La seconde partie du travail développe une étude empirique sur données de panel qui vise à tester l’impact des infrastructures de transport sur un échantillon de 16 régions marocaines. Le troisième chapitre a pour objet la description de l’échantillon et des variables du modèle retenu, ainsi que l’explication des choix méthodologiques effectués. Enfin, le quatrième et dernier chapitre présente et discute les différents résultats obtenus. Les infrastructures de transport semblent avoir un impact positif sur la croissance économique. Leur rôle dans la réduction des disparités inter-régionales reste ambigu. Au vu de nos résultats, il semble en effet permettre une réduction de l’écart entre les cinq régions les plus riches, sans permettre aux régions de rattraper ces régions. / This thesis examines the role of transport infrastructures in the economic growth and reducing regional disparities, with an application to the issue of the land planning in Morocco. This issue will demonstrate as whether the transport infrastructures can be a veritable tool for economic development. The work is structured in two parts and four chapters. The first part takes the form of a review of theoretical and empirical literature on the role of transport infrastructure in the land planning and reducing regional disparities. The first chapter is devoted to a presentation of new theories of economic geography and endogenous growth, which intend to explain the regional disparities. The second chapter discusses the effects of transport infrastructure on the location of economic agents and the processes of urban activities. The second part of the paper develops an empirical study using panel data which aims to test the impact of transport infrastructure on a sample of 16 Moroccan regions. The third chapter is intended to describe the sample and variables of the model used, and the explanation of methodological choices. Finally, the fourth and final chapter presents and discusses the different results.Transport infrastructures appear to have a positive impact on the economic growth. Their role in reducing inter-regional disparities remains unclear. Given our results, it seems to allow a reduction in the gap between the five richest regions, without allowing the regions to make up these regions.

L’impact de la croissance économique sur la pauvreté est un sujet d’intérêt politique majeur dans les pays en développement. Depuis que les institutions internationales ont admis l’importance de la croissance économique dans l’amélioration du bien-être des individus, celle-ci est devenue un élément fondamental des stratégies de lutte contre la pauvreté. Dans un tel contexte, l’attention accordée à la croissance économique dans la lutte contre la pauvreté est beaucoup débattue dans la littérature économique. Cette thèse procède à une analyse empirique de l’impact de la croissance économique sur la pauvreté, dans le cas des pays de la Communauté Economique et Monétaire de l’Afrique Centrale, sur la période 1981 à 2005. Dans une première partie, nous dressons un bilan théorique incontournable sur la pauvreté et sur les liens entre la croissance économique et la pauvreté. Nous présentons les stratégies de lutte contre la pauvreté et les faits stylisés de la pauvreté monétaire et non monétaire dans les pays de la CEMAC. Dans une deuxième partie, nous testons empiriquement l’impact de la croissance économique sur la pauvreté dans la CEMAC, en incluant l’Union Economique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine (UEMOA) en guise de comparaison. Nous évaluons empiriquement, le rôle des inégalités de revenus, de la corruption, et de la stabilité politique dans l’impact de la croissance économique sur la pauvreté dans les zones CEMAC et UEMOA.Les résultats suggèrent que la croissance économique est nécessaire pour réduire la pauvreté dans la CE-MAC et l’UEMOA. L’étude révèle que l’impact de la croissance économique sur la pauvreté est une fonction décroissante du degré d’inégalités. L’investigation montre également l’impact négatif d’une amélioration de la qualité des institutions sur la pauvreté. Les efforts de réduction de la pauvreté réalisés à travers la stimulation de la croissance économique devraient être accompagnés par des efforts de réduction des inégalités, de réduction de la corruption et un cadre politique sain. / The impact of economic growth on poverty is a major political issue in developing countries. Since inter-national institutions have recognized the importance of economic growth in improving the well being of individuals, it has become a fundamental element of strategies that aim at reducing poverty. In this context, attention given to economic growth in the fight against poverty is much debated in the economic research. This thesis conducts an empirical analysis of the impact of economic growth on poverty, in the case of Central African Economic and Monetary Community (CAEMC) for the period 1981-2005. In a first section, we build a key theoretical assessment on poverty and on the links between economic growth and poverty. We present strategies for poverty reduction and the stylized facts of monetary and non-monetary poverty in the CAEMC countries. In a second part, we empirically test the impact of economic growth on poverty in the CAEMC by including the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) for a comparison. We evaluate empirically the role of income inequality, corruption, and political stability in the impact of economic growth on poverty in CAEMC and WAEMU zone.The results suggest that economic growth is necessary to reduce poverty in CAEMC and WAEMU zone. The study reveals that the impact of economic growth on poverty is a decreasing function of inequality. The investigation also shows the positive impact of improving the quality of institutions on poverty re-duction. The policies aimed for poverty reduction through the stimulation of economic growth should be accompanied by simultaneous efforts to reduce inequality, corruption and a sound policy framework.

Le sujet de cette thèse porte sur l’analyse de l’hétérogénéité et des dynamiques du chômage régional, des conséquences de chocs négatifs sur la croissance économique et du lien entre le développement financier et la croissance au niveau des entreprises et des pays. Le chapitre 1 montre les dynamiques distributionnelles du chômage régional Européen. Conjointement avec Robert Beyer, nous étudions le comportement des taux de chômage régionaux autour de l’introduction de l’Euro et la crise financière mondiale. En plus, nous examinons les contributions européennes et nationales aux changements relatives dans le temps. Le chapitre 2 propose une analyse empirique de la convergence de la croissance économique de l’Europe de l’Ouest et des pays en transition. Dans ce travail en collaboration avec Olivier Damette et Mathilde Maurel, nous étudions la capacité à sortir d’une période de récession. En plus, nous analysons une non linéarité potentielle dans le processus de sortie. Le chapitre 3 centre son analyse sur l’étude des contraintes financières internes de la croissance des entreprises en Serbie. Conjointement avec Milos Markovic, nous étudions le degré de dépendance aux flux de liquidité des entreprises serbes pour leurs activités d’expansion et les comparons avec ceux des firmes belges. Enfin, dans le chapitre 4, j’explore la relation entre le développement financier et la croissance économique dans les pays en transition. Dans un cadre de causalité Granger en panel, j’analyse les effets de différents indicateurs financiers sur le PIB par tête et inversement. / The subject of this doctoral thesis deals with the analysis of regional unemployment heterogeneity and dynamics, the response of economic growth to negative shocks and the link between financial development and growth on a firm and country level. Chapter 1 shows the distributional dynamics of European regional unemployment. In this joint work with Robert Beyer, we study the behavior of regional unemployment rates with respect to the introduction of the Euro and the Global Financial Crisis and analyze European and country contributions to relative changes over time. Chapter 2 provides an empirical analysis into growth convergence of western European and transition countries after negative shocks. A collaboration with Olivier Damette and Mathilde Maurel, we study the rebound capacity, the speed of convergence to the normal growth path as well as nonlinearities along the process. Chapter 3 takes a closer look at internal financial constraints of firm growth in Serbia. A joint work with Milos Markovic, we show how much Serbian firms depend on cash flow for their expansionary activities and compare our sensitivity results with Belgium, a country with an advanced financial sector. Finally, in chapter 4 I explore the relationship between financial development and economic growth in transition countries. Through a panel Granger causality framework different financial indicators and their effects on per capita GDP as well as opposite causalities are assessed.

African countries have over the last few decades, experienced a thorny path towards sustained economic growth. Quite a number of researchers have opined that a major factor responsible for their stunted growth path is the prevalence of corruption in the governments of many African countries. However, a group of scholars, called revisionists, have suggested that corruption actually acts as grease in the wheel that ensures the smooth running of an economy, by providing a mechanism to evade inefficient bureaucratic procedures and allow more equitable representation of minority members of the society. With the increasing exposure of African economies to the international community, there is a need to examine the obtainable evidence in relation to corruption and economic growth in African countries. This thesis, therefore, aims to establish the nature of the relationship between corruption and economic growth in the selected African countries. The growth rate of gross domestic product per capita is used to represent the variable, economic growth. The study employs the use of panel data fixed effects and random effect estimation techniques, across 18 countries, over the period of 1997 – 2016. The results show that corruption has a positive relationship with economic growth in the selected African countries. This is in line with the grease in the wheel argument for corruption proposed by revisionists. The results also indicate that corruption has a moderately significant impact on economic growth at 10% level of significance. The literature review suggests that corruption affects economic growth directly and indirectly through mechanisms such as investment (private and public), human capital, openness, and institutional mechanisms, among others.

Esta pesquisa estuda as políticas públicas em São Bernardo do Campo, no Pós-Guerra, durante o período 1945 – 1964. São abordados, nesse contexto, aspectos do crescimento econômico e urbano da cidade, que faz parte do chamado “ABC Paulista", região diferenciada no Estado de São Paulo por apresentar intensa industrialização. A ação pública ligada a tais características, tratada como objeto desta pesquisa, revelou-se de tipo bastante tradicional. Ao expressar as convicções políticas da época, fazia com que a política pública não se antecipasse às demandas da população, mas enquadrava-se no ideário otimista que previa um futuro sempre melhor, ao estilo da lógica desenvolvimentista. / This research studies the public policies in São Bernardo do Campo, in the Post-War period (1945 – 1964). Issues from the economic growth and urbanization of the City – which is part of the metropolitan-industrial sub-region of “ABC Paulista" - were studied. The sum of public policies related to these issues, which is the object of this research, revealed itself as being of a traditional kind, not anticipating the real necessities of the people of the countship, besides being always optimistic about the future, incorporating the ideology of Economic Development, under the form of the so called “desenvolvimentismo".

O crescimento econômico das nações tem sido considerado o principal responsável pelos impactos socioambientais negativos. Devido a essa constatação, alguns estudos têm sido direcionados para mostrar que o atual modelo de desenvolvimento é incompatível com a sustentabilidade do meio ambiente e com a qualidade de vida da sociedade. Em resposta a isso, pesquisadores vêm tratando, cada vez mais, de assuntos relacionados ao bem-estar social e ao meio ambiente. Dessa maneira, é possível observar que o Produto Interno Bruto (PIB), antes considerado o principal indicador de desempenho das nações, é insuficiente para informar sobre o uso de recursos naturais e sobre a qualidade de vida da população. Consequentemente impõe-se a necessidade de que a avaliação do desempenho das nações incorpore indicadores de sustentabilidade, de modo que, além do crescimento econômico dos países, se avalie, também, o seu desenvolvimento. Para o presente trabalho foi assumido o conceito multidimensional do desenvolvimento sustentável, que leva em conta, além da dimensão econômica, as dimensões ambiental e social para a avaliação de determinado sistema. Considerando que a inovação tecnológica é fundamental para o crescimento econômico, e, levando em conta as diferenças conceituais entre crescimento econômico, desenvolvimento e desenvolvimento sustentável, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral comparar a eficiência dos países do grupo BRICS em converter recursos produtivos e inovação tecnológica em desenvolvimento sustentável. O objeto de estudo foi o grupo BRICS, sigla formada pelas letras iniciais dos países que o compõem, Brasil, Rússia, Índia, China e África do Sul. Para o alcance do objetivo proposto foram utilizados dados do período entre 2000 a 2007, referentes às variáveis PIB, emissão de dióxido de carbono (\'CO IND.2\'), expectativa de vida, formação bruta de capital fixo, população ocupada e gasto com Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (P&D). Por meio da análise econométrica, foi possível observar que os investimentos dos BRICS em inovação tecnológica, implicaram em mudanças positivas no desenvolvimento econômico e social; já no que se refere ao desenvolvimento ambiental, os investimentos em inovação tecnológica desses países se mostraram diretamente associados ao aumento da emissão de \'CO IND.2\'. Por fim, com a Análise por Envoltória de Dados (DEA) foi possível criar rankings de eficiência econômica, ambiental e social para os países do BRICS. Isso permitiu elaborar análises comparativas sobre o desenvolvimento sustentável desse grupo de países que trouxeram alguns resultados passíveis de, no mínimo, despertar curiosidade para explorações científicas mais específicas. / The economic growth of nations has been considered the main responsible for the negative social and environmental impacts. Due to this fact, some studies have been directed to show that the current development model is incompatible with environmental sustainability and quality of life of society. In this way, social welfare and the environment have been treated increasingly in researches. Thus, one can observe that the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), previously considered the main indicator of performance of nations, is insufficient to report on the use of natural resources and the quality of life. Therefore, for evaluating the performance of nations, sustainability indicators are needed, so that besides the economic growth of countries, one can assess also their development. For the present work the multidimensional concept of sustainable development was applied. This concept takes into account, the economic dimension, and also the environmental and social assessment for the studied system. Considering that technological innovation is fundamental to economic growth, and taking into account the conceptual differences between economic growth, development and sustainable development, this study aimed to compare the efficiency of the BRICS group countries in converting productive resources and technological innovation in developing sustainable. The study object was the BRICS group, an acronym formed by the initial letters of the countries that comprise Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. To fulfill the proposed objective, data were used from 2000 to 2007, relating to variables, GDP, \'CO IND.2\' emissions, life expectancy, gross fixed capital formation, employed population and total spending on research and development (R & D). Through econometric analysis, we observed that the BRICS investment in technological innovation, resulted in positive changes in economic and social development. In regard to environmental, technological innovation investments in these countries were associated with an increased \'CO IND.2\' emissions. Finally, with the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) were created rankings of economic efficiency, environmental efficiency and social efficiency for the BRICS countries. This comparative analysis allowed us to evaluate on the sustainable development of this group of countries, and have brought some results that, at least, arouse curiosity for more scientific explorations.