We analyse in a Footloose Capital productive public services provided by a central government aiming at reducing regional disparities. Two countervailing effects occur - one upon productivity and another upon local demand - the relative strength of which depends upon the financing scheme. Only if the "rich" region contributes sufficiently to the financing of the public services in the "poor" region, the poor region will actually gain. In studying these questions we pay particular attention to the dynamic adjustment processes and to the role of trade freeness. / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

Este trabalho realiza uma revisão da literatura pertinente à aglomeração urbana e sua explicação pela teoria econômica. Nele resgatamos os resultados teóricos que estabelecem a limitação dos pressupostos neoclássicos em entender o fenômeno econômico no espaço, concluindo pela viabilidade da inclusão de imperfeições de mercado para dar conta desses problemas. Um modelo de economia com dois setores é proposto com base nos modelos da New Economic Geography. A diferença desse modelo para o ora aqui desenvolvido está na modelagem de um setor com retornos crescentes à escala e outro setor com retornos decrescentes à escala. Uma determinada combinação desses setores pode ser responsável pelo resultado empírico de retornos constantes para o agregado da economia. Os coeficientes de escala dos setores estariam na base das forças de aglomeração de desaglomeração urbanas. Para verificar a validade desse modelo, testes empíricos são realizados, valendo-se de dados do Censo Demográfico para os municípios paulistas dos anos de 1980, 1991 e 2000 e onze setores que agregam as atividades econômicas. Testes para os dados médios também são incluídos. Dada a natureza dos dados utilizados, controles espaciais são realizados. Para isso, construímos modelos de regressão espacial para dados de painel com efeito fixo. Nossos resultados sugerem que os setores da indústria, construção civil, outras indústrias, transporte e comunicação, serviços técnicos e auxiliares da atividade econômica, social e outras atividades apresentam retornos crescentes à escala, sendo responsáveis pela força de aglomeração urbana, enquanto que os setores da agropecuária, prestação de serviços e administração pública são responsáveis pela força de desaglomeração urbana, pois apresentam deseconomias de escala. O setor do comércio apresentou retornos constantes à escala. No agregado, verificou-se um predomínio das forças de desaglomeração. Concluímos que o modelo proposto é corroborado pelas evidências aqui levantadas e sugerimos, ao final, possibilidades de estudos futuros. / This work provides a revision of the literature pertinent to the phenomenon of urban agglomeration and its explanation by the economic theory. We review the theoretical results that establish the limits of the mainstream assumptions in understanding the economic phenomenon in the space and conclude for the viability of market imperfections to account for these problems. We consider an economic model with two sectors based in the models of the New Economic Geography. The difference between these models and ours is that the latter deals with a sector with increasing returns to scale and another sector with decreasing returns to scale. A determined combination of these sectors can be responsible for the empirical result of constant returns for the aggregate of the economy. The sectors coefficients of scale would be in the base of the urban agglomerations forces and the urban dispersions forces. To verify the validity of this model, empirical tests are carried through, using data of the demographic Census for the cities of state of São Paulo for the years of 1980, 1991 and 2000, taking into account the economic activities aggregated in eleven sectors. Tests for the average data also are enclosed. Given the nature of the data, space controls are carried through. In order to do this, we construct space regressions models for panel data with fixed effect. Our results suggest that the sectors of industry, civil construction, other industries, transport and communication, technical and auxiliary of the economic activity services, social and other activities present increasing returns to scale, being responsible for the urban agglomerations force; while the sectors of farming one, rendering of services and public administration are responsible for the urban dispersions force, therefore they present diseconomies to scale. The sector of commerce presented constant returns to scale. In the aggregate, a predominance of the dispersions forces was verified. We conclude that the considered model is corroborated by the evidences raised here and suggests possibilities of future studies.

La thèse s’intéresse au rôle des pollutions industrielles sur les mécanismes de l’agglomération et de la croissance. Elle s’inscrit dans le corpus d’Economie Géographique et propose à la fois un travail de modélisation et une étude empirique. La localisation des activités industrielles polluantes représente un enjeu majeur pour les régions. Le gouvernement souhaite maintenir des activités économiques et une forte attractivité, tout en limitant les effets néfastes des dégradations environnementales issues des industries polluantes. En même temps, les pollutions industrielles affectent les autres secteurs et les ménages. Nous avons, tout d'abord, discuté les enjeux théoriques de la littérature concernant l’impact de l’agglomération sur la croissance et sur les émissions industrielles polluantes. Cela permet de mettre en évidence des limites des travaux de Nouvelle Economie Géographique et Croissance endogène (NEGG) sur la question, telle que la faible considération des dommages environnementaux. Ensuite, nous avons introduit une régulation environnementale dans un modèle de NEGG. Lorsque la taxe est différenciée entre les régions, elle a tendance à rendre l’équilibre de localisation plus dispersé. Enfin, nous montrons dans une étude empirique que les firmes des secteurs polluants bénéficient moins des économies d’agglomération. / The thesis focuses on the role of industrial emissions on economic mechanisms linking agglomeration and growth. This PhD thesis is settled in Economic Geography literature and display both theoretical and empirical studies. Location of polluting activities, mainly industrial ones, represents a sensitive issue for local governments. They want to maintain economic dynamism while preserving regional environmental capital. One needs to better understand the role of environmental issues in the arbitrage between growth and spatial equity. Indeed, industrial agglomeration impacts others sectors and household welfare through air pollution. Our review of literature shows that the effects of agglomeration on growth are well established. However, studies considering industrial pollution as a dispersion force are rare. We first build a model of NEGG with pollution regulation toward industrial firms. Then, an empirical study is conducted where we show that industrial firms benefit less from agglomeration economies.

Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) has been seen as a strategy to reduce poverty while maintaining and increasing the supply of ecosystem services. Vietnam is the first country in Southeast Asia to implement PES as a law for forest protection. Several studies of PES in Vietnam have been done, where the positive results tend to come from provinces with higher payments. This also seem to correlate with the level of environmental awareness and engagement among local communities. In this study, interviews with NGOs and institutions were conducted with the purpose to investigate their perception of the understanding of PES on a local level, and how they are working for improvements. All interviewees recognized that there are problems with the top-down design of the policy and raised issues such as lack of communication, low and risky payments and low rates of engagement within local communities. The interviewees are working for improvements from different angles and levels. The effectivity approach has led to an overall higher understanding of PES in Vietnam, whilst a more fair approach might be needed to achieve a long-term change of behaviour.

O estado de Mato Grosso do Sul possui, historicamente, uma produção agrícola que se solidificou com base na estrutura fundiária de propriedades agrícolas de grandes extensões, e que estabeleceu uma agricultura de alta produtividade, apresentando relevante participação no PIB agrícola brasileiro. A situação hipotética delineada na pesquisa tem como premissa a modificação do binômio econômico soja-boi, para o quadrinômio econômico soja-boi-eucalipto-cana-de-açúcar e sua relevância para o crescimento e desenvolvimento econômico do estado do Mato Grosso do Sul. O principal objetivo pesquisado correlaciona a dimensão agroindustrial nas microrregiões de Dourados e Três Lagoas aos aspectos socioeconômicos face ao crescimento dos setores primário agrícola e secundário industrial do agronegócio no período 2005-2015. A pesquisa qualitativa foi desenvolvida com base em dados primários e secundários utilizando entrevistas semiestruturadas e bibliografia. As microrregiões analisadas foram estudadas separadamente como estudos de caso. Os dados socioeconômicos utilizados foram demográficos e econômicos da produção agrícola e agroindustrial. A microrregião de Dourados possui diversificação de setores agroindustriais tornando-se um município que se consolidou em períodos recessivos economicamente. A microrregião de Três Lagoas possui uma economia alicerçada em poucas áreas do agronegócio e que possui vazios demográficos. Compreende-se, na busca pelo entendimento do processo de geração de riqueza e melhoria de qualidade de vida, o papel dos gestores públicos para executar um planejamento adequado, considerando a geração de riqueza e consequente melhoria de qualidade de vida da população investigada. / Historically, the state of Mato Grosso do Sul has an agricultural production that has solidified on the basis of the agricultural land structure of large extensions, and that established a high productivity agriculture, presenting a relevant participation in the Brazilian agricultural GDP. The hypothetical situation outlined in the research is premised on the modification of the \"soy-cattle\" economic binomial, for the economic \"soy-cattle-eucalyptus-sugarcane\" economic quadruom and its relevance for the economic growth and development of the State of Mato Grosso do Sul. The main objective of this study correlates the agroindustrial dimension in the microregions of Dourados and Três Lagoas with the socioeconomic aspects in relation to the growth of the agribusiness primary and agribusiness sectors in 2005-2015. Qualitative research was developed based on primary and secondary data using semi-structured interviews and bibliography. The microregions analyzed were studied separately as case studies. The socioeconomic data used were demographic and economic of agricultural and agroindustrial production. The Dourados microregion has diversified agroindustrial sectors, becoming a municipality that has consolidated in economically recessive periods. The Três Lagoas microregion has an economy based on few agribusiness areas that has demographic vacuums. It is understood, in the search for the understanding of the process of wealth generation and improvement of quality of life, the role of the public managers to carry out an adequate planning, considering the generation of wealth and consequent improvement of quality of life of the investigated population.

Pan, Jutong. / "August 2011." / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 23-24). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 2 --- Basic Model --- p.4 / Chapter 3 --- Analysis --- p.6 / Chapter 3.1 --- Starrett Theorem with Labor Productivity Differences --- p.6 / Chapter 3.2 --- A Simple Case: Indivisible Labor --- p.9 / Chapter 3.3 --- Divisible Labor and Partial Labor Mobility --- p.12 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Scenario 1: high transportation costs and no trade across regions --- p.13 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Scenario 2: low transportation costs and inter-regional trade --- p.17 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- The parameter conditions for Scenario 1/2 --- p.20 / Chapter 4 --- Conclusion --- p.21

Orientadora: Ana Claudia Giannini Borges / Banca: Ana Cláudia Fernandes Terence / Banca: Ana Paula Leivar Brancaleoni / Banca: José Gilberto de Souza / Banca: Vera Mariza Henriques de Miranda Costa / Resumo: Os Bancos Comunitários de Desenvolvimento são uma alternativa para a exclusão financeira, além de funcionarem como agentes impulsionadores do crescimento de pequenos territórios, quando devidamente configurados e entendidos dentro da perspectiva da Economia Solidária. No Brasil, a exclusão financeira ainda esta presente na forma de "sub bancarização", principalmente nos pequenos municípios. Entre os prejuízos dessa, a falta de acesso ao crédito e aos demais serviços financeiros, provoca muitas vezes uma migração da renda dos municípios desprovidos desses serviços para outros, que os possuam. Isso provoca a diminuição da circulação de dinheiro nos municípios "sub bancarizados" e compromete o comércio local. O município de São João do Arraial-PI tem em 2007 a implantação do Banco Comunitário dos Cocais, uma ação mediada pela ação política local e apoiada pela maioria da população. A atuação do Banco no município proporcionou ganhos relativos ao alcance de serviços financeiros e acesso ao crédito solidário de "consumo", por meio da moeda social "Cocal", possibilitando maior circulação do dinheiro no município. Assim, este trabalho objetiva identificar as representações sociais construídas pela população e representantes de empreendimentos locais de São João do Arraial-PI, acerca da atuação do Banco dos Cocais no município, bem como a inserção deste por meio da moeda social "Cocal". Para tal, fez-se pesquisa analítica-descritiva, utilizando-se de formulários, com os quais entrevistou-se 99 representantes de empreendimentos locais e 326 sujeitos constituintes da população. Para o estudo das representações sociais utilizou-se da análise de conteúdo (BARDIN, 2011) e da estatística com o auxílio do programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences - SPSS. A construção territorial do município foi realizada por meio de ... (Resumo completo clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The development of community banks are an alternative to financial exclusion fleeing the bank traditional model of the National Financial System (SFN), boosters and agents growth of small territories, when properly configured and understood from the perspective of Solidarity Economy. In Brazil, financial exclusion is still present in the form of "sub banking", especially in small municipalities. Among the losses that the lack of access to credit and other financial services, often causes a migration of the income of municipalities deprived of financial institutions for others that have, causing poor circulation of money in the city and committing local businesses . The municipality of São João do Arraial-PI has in 2007 the implementation of the Community Bank of Cocais, an action mediated by the local political action and supported by the majority of the population. The activities of the Bank in the city provided gains for the achievement of financial services and access to mutual credit, offered in form of "consumption" through social currency "Cocal", allowing greater circulation of money in the city. This work identified the social representations built by the population and representatives of local enterprises of São João do Arraial-PI, about the role of the Bank of Cocais in the municipality as well as the insertion of this through social currency "Cocal". The research is analytical and descriptive, and used forms, with whom was interviewed 99 representatives of local enterprises and 326 subjects constituents of the population. For the study of social representations we used content analysis (Bardin, 2011) and statistics with the help of Statistical Package for Social Sciences - SPSS. The territorial construction of the city was carried out through research on documents and interviews with former residents. The work showed that the Bank of Cocais has its strongly anchored social ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

No description available.

Utifrån de globala utmaningarna och dystra framtidsprognoserna vi möter idag så utforskas hållbara lösningar. Andelsjordbruk är ett koncept för ett hållbart, gemenskapsbaserat jordbruk som rör sig i ett gränsland mellan att vara företagsmodell och utopisk framtidsvision, och som får allt större spridning i Sverige. Kärnan i konceptet är att återskapa lokala band och minska avstånd mellan konsument och producent. Syftet med denna studie är att få en ökad förståelse för hur andelsjordbrukens lokalisering ger förutsättningarna för verksamhetens upplägg och marknadsföring, med särskild fokus på dynamiken mellan jordbrukare och andelsägare som en central komponent i andelsjordbruks-modellen. Denna undersökning genomfördes som intervjustudie med ett urval andelsjordbrukare i Sverige. Resultaten visar att graden av fysiska interaktioner mellan jordbruken och konsumenterna oavsett fysiskt avstånd inte överstiger en viss nivå då konsumenternas intresse men framför allt tid är begränsad. Det framkommer i resultaten att lokaliseringen däremot är viktig ur ett marknadsföringsperspektiv med hänsyn till kundunderlaget. Förutsättningarna för att starta ett andelsjordbruk skiljer således mellan platser och verksamheter måste hitta strategier för att anpassa sig till dem lokala förutsättningarna.

Recent literature on economic geography suggests the emergence of a new theory of advantage for the 21st century - constructed advantage - following absolute, comparative and competitive advantage theories in the previous three centuries. However, current definitions and descriptions of this construct suffer from conceptual ambiguity and unclear distinstion from former theories, in particular competitive advantage. This study attempts to clarify current knowledge of the concept of constructed advantage at the regional level and extend it to the organizational level. The main question addressed by the present study are: 1) What is "Constructed Advantage?" and 2) What are the differences between construcyed advantage and competitive advantage? These research questions are "what-type"questions, reflecting the exploratory nature of this study. The present study is grounded in a chronological review of the four refered theories of advantage, drawing from different bodies od literature - internatioal economics, industrial economics, industrial marketing and purchasing, and economic geography. For that purpose, the bibliography was carefully selected and analysed, without directly refering to data collection and analysis. Thus, this research is exclusively theoretical. A structured view of the theories of advantage is proposed. These theories are arranged according to an integrative matrix model with two dimensions, relating four centuries of advantages theories. Industrial marketing and purchasing proponents see business relationships as a network of suppliersand customers, thus suggesting a distinction between supply and demand, the two dimensions of the matrix. Economic goegraphers and strategists argue in favor of a more dynamic approach to the "construction" of advantage, which suggests the existence of a static-dynamic dichotony. Given this model, we then redefine constructed advantage. This study concludes with a discussion of implications (...)