No description available.

O pagamento por serviços ambientais (PSA) é um instrumento econômico baseado na transferência de benefícios em troca de práticas conservacionistas que assegurem ou aumentem a prestação de serviços ambientais. O instrumento vem ganhando força como estratégia de conservação e restauração de ambientes naturais e, embora bastante pesquisado nos últimos anos, ainda não há um sistema de avaliação que apresente resultados de forma rápida e transmita segurança aos atores envolvidos. Diante dessa lacuna, este trabalho tem como objetivo propor um modelo de avaliação da efetividade de esquemas de pagamentos por serviços ambientais hídricos localizados na Mata Atlântica que tenham como foco a conservação de vegetação nativa em propriedades rurais privadas. A estrutura de avaliação foi construída a partir do referencial teórico, por meio de revisão bibliográfica sistemática. Para verificar o funcionamento do modelo elaborado, aplicou-se a estrutura em cinco casos de PSA hídricos localizados na Mata Atlântica. Os resultados mostraram que o modelo construído é robusto, pois apresenta clareza sobre os tipos de dados que utiliza e sobre a maneira como é feito o julgamento; flexível – pois pode ser aplicado também em outros tipos de esquemas de PSA com as devidas adequações, e de aplicação relativamente simples, permitindo o uso de dados secundários. Quanto à avaliação do PSA observou-se que os esquemas estudados não atendem todas as condições indicadas pela literatura acadêmica como importantes para o êxito do instrumento. Até mesmo as condições fundamentais para o êxito do PSA mais citadas no referencial teórico como: gestão participativa com estabelecimento de relações de confiança e compreensão do contexto para verificar se o PSA é a melhor solução para o problema local não são efetivamente empregadas. Tais resultados também são observados nos casos de PSA internacionais de acordo com a literatura internacional. Pode-se concluir que o modelo de avaliação proposto gera informações úteis e confiáveis acerca do desenvolvimento dos esquemas de PSA hídricos, além disso, identifica os problemas de modo que as partes interessadas possam ter um panorama da situação do esquema. Os resultados da aplicação do modelo de avaliação nos casos estudados na Mata Atlântica mostram que tais esquemas apresentam problemas que dificultam o alcance dos objetivos a que se propõem principalmente no que diz respeito a custo-efetividade e relação custo-benefício, gestão participativa e adicionalidade. / Payment for environmental services (PES) - is an economic instrument based on the transfer of benefits in exchange for conservation practices to ensure or enhance the provision of environmental services. The instrument has been gaining strength as a conservation strategy and restoration of natural environments and although widely researched in recent years still presents difficulties due to the lack of an evaluation system that gives results quickly and transmits security to the actors involved. Given this gap this paper aims to propose a model of evaluation of the effectiveness of water for environmental services payment schemes located in the Atlantic Forest that focus on the conservation of native vegetation on private farms. The evaluation framework was built from the theoretical framework, through a systematic literature review, looking up which important conditions for the success of the PES. To check the operation of the elaborate model we apply the structure in six cases of water PES located in the Atlantic Forest. The results showed that the constructed model is robust, as it has clarity on the types of data you use and the way it is done the trial, flexible, it can also be applied to other types of PES schemes with the necessary adjustments, and relatively simple application, allowing the use of secondary data. As for the evaluation of PES it was observed that the studied schemes do not meet all conditions set by the academic literature as important to the success of the instrument. Even the basic conditions for the success of PES most mentioned in theoretical as participatory management with the establishment of trusts and understanding of the context to see if the PES is the best solution to the local problem is not effectively used. Such results are also observed in cases of International PES. We can conclude that the proposed evaluation model generates useful and reliable information about the development of water PES schemes also identifies problems so that interested parties may have an overview of the layout of the situation. The results of the implementation of the evaluation model in the cases studied in the Atlantic Forest showed that such schemes present problems that hinder the achievement of objectives that mainly propose regarding the costeffectiveness and cost-effective, participatory management and additionality.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2018-05-14T17:14:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Ulisses Bezerra de Franca.pdf: 2023273 bytes, checksum: 980a8d350639f6331e8e513ee5874fbe (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-14T17:14:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose Ulisses Bezerra de Franca.pdf: 2023273 bytes, checksum: 980a8d350639f6331e8e513ee5874fbe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-18 / The disorderly growth of urban centers has brought a series of social and environmental complications, among them the fragmentation of green areas, the loss of biodiversity and the introduction of exotic and invasive species that directly affect the provision of ecosystem services. Such services are fundamental in urban environments, especially in poorly planned cities, such as the city of São Paulo. Thus, it is fundamental to evaluate the urban green spaces, mainly regarding the composition of species and carbon stock. In this sense, the present master's work investigated the floristic composition of public square trees in the city of São Paulo, as well as the carbon stock associated with this vegetation. Thirteen public squares were selected in four Regional Prefectures belonging to two zones, East and West. All trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) greater than 5 cm were selected and identified by means of collection of the preferentially flowering branch and the DAP and height were measured. They were inventoried 1510 individuals, belonging to 29 botanical families and 91 different species. Of this total, 56.4% were exotic species, 45.3% native and 0.3% undetermined. The most representative botanical family of this study was Fabaceae and in relation to functional groups, 87% of the individuals were trees and only 13% were palm trees. The square with the greatest abundance of species was José Ória and Carlos januário and in general, a positive correlation was observed between the size of the area of the square and abundance of species, however, the size of the area was not correlated (alpha <95%) with other attributes And ecological ecological indexes. However, floristic similarity was found in squares of the same size, with emphasis on the taxonomic family level. It was observed that all the individuals stored a total of 464.9 tons of C, being that this value is equivalent to 65.2 Ton C. ha-1. The exotic species had great contribution in the storage of the element in their respective trunks. Thus, the urban green areas of the present study show a floristic pattern that follows some tendencies of urbanized areas outside the country, due to the scarcity of studies of this nature in Brazil, and they store a reasonable amount of C per hectare of area Sampled, thus providing a great environmental service for the city of São Paulo. Based on these possible results, it is hoped to contribute to proposals and management plans for urban afforestation in the city of São Paulo, especially with regard to the creation of ecological corridors for the transit of urban fauna. / O crescimento desordenado dos centros urbanos tem trazido uma série de complicações de ordem social e ambiental, dentre as quais se destacam a fragmentação das áreas verdes, a perda da biodiversidade e a introdução de espécies exóticas e invasoras que afetam diretamente a prestação de serviços ecossistêmicos. Tais serviços são fundamentais em ambientes urbanos, principalmente em cidades mal planejadas, como é o caso da cidade de São Paulo. Assim, torna-se fundamental a avaliação dos espaços verdes urbanos, principalmente no que diz respeito a composição de espécies e estoque de carbono. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho de mestrado investigou a composição florística de árvores de praças públicas da cidade de São Paulo, bem como o estoque de carbono associado a esta vegetação. Treze praças públicas foram selecionadas em quatro Prefeituras Regionais pertencentes a duas zonas, a Leste e a Oeste. Todas as árvores com diâmetro a altura do peito (DAP) maior do que 5 cm foram selecionadas e identificadas por meio de coleta do ramo preferencialmente florido e tiveram o DAP e a altura mensuradas. Foram inventariados 1510 indivíduos, pertencendo a 29 famílias botânicas e 91 espécies diferentes. Deste total, 56,4% eram espécies exóticas, 45,3% nativas e 0,3% indeterminadas. A famílias botânicas mais representativa deste estudo foi Fabaceae e em relação aos grupos funcionais 87% dos indivíduos eram árvores e apenas 13% palmeiras. A praça com maior abundância de espécies foi José Ória e Carlos Januário e em geral, notou-se correlação positiva entre o tamanho da área da praça e abundância de espécies, porém, o tamanho da área não foi correlacionado (alfa<95%) com outros atributos e índices ecológicos. No entanto, encontrou-se similaridade florística em praças de mesmo tamanho, com destaque para o nível taxonômico de família. Observou-se que todos os indivíduos estocam um total de 464,9 toneladas de C, sendo que este valor equivale a 65,2 Ton C. ha-1. As espécies exóticas tiveram grande contribuição no armazenamento do elemento em seus respectivos troncos. Com isso, nota-se que as áreas verdes urbanas do presente estudo apresentam um padrão florístico que segue algumas tendências de áreas urbanizadas fora do país, dado a escasses de estudos desta natureza no Brasil, e estocam uma quantidade razoável de C por hectare de área amostrada, prestando assim um ótimo serviço ambiental para a cidade de São Paulo. A partir destes possíveis resultados, espera-se contribuir para propostas e planos de manejo da arborização urbana da cidade de São Paulo, principalmente no que tange a criação de corredores ecológicos para o trânsito da fauna urbana.

This thesis deals with city ecosystem services and how are these services perceived by the visitors of the city nature areas. Specifically, the thesis deals with ecosystem services provided in the city Carlsbad. As the city Carlsbad is the spa city, great deal of visitors of the city nature areas are tourists and that is why are included in the research both city residents and also temporary visitors of the city. From the point of view of the usual division of the ecosystem services, as it was defined by Millennium ecosystem assessment (provisioning services, regulating services, cultural and supporting services), this thesis focuses mainly on the cultural and supporting ecosystem services, because this spectrum of services is presented in the greatest measure in cities in general and these services are overall the most appreciated in the urban areas. As a methodology was chosen a quantitative research, which was conducted by standardized questionnaire consisting of 19 questions. The survey was carried out in electronical form and it took part from November to December 2016. In total, 206 questionnaires were collected. Through the survey was found out, that people are aware of the services provided by nature environment in city as well as the respondents agree, that city nature areas influence the...

More than 3,5 billion people currently lives in cities, a number that is expected to increase further. The densification of cities makes it increasingly difficult for people to access natural areas, at the same time as biological diversity is threatened. In this study, we highlight the importance of urban ecosystem services through social and ecological aspects. This study presents a summary of different evidence-based solutions that contribute with urban ecosystem services. It moreover uses a case of urban development in Slakthusområdet (Meatpacking district), Stockholm, in order to describe contemporary processes that integrate solutions that contribute to urban ecosystem services. The results show that there are challenges in implementing these solutions with respect to political, economic, and market factors. The study thereby identifies how examining authorities and policy demands on a green factor tool enable ecosystem service solutions. By studying ecosystem services as part of a social-ecological system, this study ultimately contributes with knowledge on the execution of multifunctional solutions, which are becoming ever more important with the densification of cities around the globe. / Över 3,5 miljarder människor är idag bosatta i städer, och i framtiden förväntas den siffran öka. Förtätningen av städer försvårar människornas tillgång till naturområden samtidigt som den biologiska mångfalden hotas. I den här studien understryker vi de urbana ekosystemtjänsternas roll utifrån sociala och ekologiska aspekter. Härigenom presenterar den här studien en sammanställning över olika evidensbaserade gröna lösningar som bidrar med urbana ekosystemtjänster. Vidare tar den här studien avstamp i stadsutvecklingen av Slakthusområdet i Stockholm i syfte om att studera samtida processer kopplat till implementeringen av lösningar som bidrar med ekosystemtjänster. Resultatet pekar på att det finns utmaningar för implementering av lösningar som bidrar med ekosystemtjänster kopplade till ekonomi, politik och marknadslösningar. Därigenom identifieras kravet för grönytefaktor (GYF) och de granskande myndigheternas arbete med möjligheter för implementering av gröna lösningar. Genom att studera ekosystemtjänster som en del av ett social-ekologiska system bidrar den här studien med kunskap om tillämpningen av mångfunktionella lösningar, vilka blir allt viktigare i och med den ökade förtätningen av städer.

The pressure on natural resources in urban areas increases as cities grow in size and populations; however, informal institutions as norms and values by ‘common people’ can play a major role for protection of urban greens.  As the city of Bangalore, India, rapidly grows in size and population, its green areas are disappearing. In rural parts of India, local people’s notion of certain ecosystems as sacred has rendered the ecosystems protection and contributed to sustenance of ecosystem services’ generation. The aim of this paper is to explore the potential of stewardship of urban greens in a changing social context, focusing on religious beliefs and practices surrounding trees in Bangalore. It focuses on the cultural dimension of ecosystem services and connects previous research on sacred groves in rural areas with research on stewardship of urban greens. Methods include interview surveys with visitors to five focus sites of religious significance representing the city's four major religions; semi-structured interviews with key informants; and observations. Results show that on the Hindu sites -the study’s main focus- in the city, a range of trees were sacred themselves and revered through a set of practices. On the other sites, trees were rather an incorporated part of the land areas with religious significance. On all sites a set of cultural services was appreciated as generated by trees. Furthermore, visitors had a strong stake in the trees but the experienced levels of capacity to secure the trees’ protection differed between the sites. The study concludes that ‘common people’ are crucial stakeholders for ecosystem stewardship that ensures protection of the urban greens in Bangalore. The different religions in the city provide a multi-faceted protection of different types of urban greens. The level of protection is the outcome of a complex web of community values and norms, where sacredness is one included element.

No description available.

No description available.

The biosphere integrity boundary of the Planetary Boundaries Framework seeks to highlight biodiversity loss and its effect on humanity's 'safe operating space'. Biodiversity plays a critical role in sustaining ecosystem function and by extension, the ecosystem services on which human wellbeing depends. As currently conceptualized, biodiversity and the provisioning and regulating ecosystem services with which it is associated, is not adequately captured in the boundary. Literature searches for data-synthesis were carried out to identify and assess the balance of evidence for the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem services. The change in global ecosystem service trends over time were assessed along with the interactions between ecosystem services. Twelve provisioning and 9 regulating ecosystem services associated with biodiversity were identified in the literature. Biocontrol and carbon sequestration were the most studied services. The Fischer exact test showed that there was a significant difference between the extent to which provisioning versus regulating ecosystem services are studied. Mann-Whitney U tests showed non-significant relationships between provisioning services and regulating services for trend and effect size data. All provisioning services showed increasing trends over time. The results for regulating services were mixed. Of the 115 ecosystem service interactions assessed, 66 were trade-offs and 49 were synergies. Crop yield and climate-related ESS (carbon sequestration and carbon storage) represented almost one-third of these interactions (n = 22) while crop yield and erosion control represented over a quarter (n = 19). These interactions alone accounted for 36% of the total interactions. This paper provides an initial database which could be refined and expanded. It also demonstrates a comprehensive approach to assessing biodiversity ecosystem service relationships, providing a tangible approach to assessing a safe operating space for humanity. Further, it provides a platform for future research on biodiversity-ecosystem services human well-being links, which will provide better insights to policymakers, managers and practitioners. / <p>The presentation was done via Zoom during Covid 19 when Stockholm University was closed. </p>

Cities are growing at unprecedented rates and are expected to be home to 70% of the world’s population in 2050. In this process, they face challenges such as densification, rapid population growth and loss of land and ecosystem services. Cities also have to remain livable and accessible to all. In 2014, the Swedish Public Health Agency declared that it would aim to close all avoidable health inequalities within one generation. In order to reach these objectives while also complying with the Sustainable Development Goals, urban green infrastructure (UGI) has been increasingly viewed as a powerful instrument that cities can utilize to help them meet their sustainability and human health targets. As nature-based solutions, UGI can greatly contribute to building resilience in urban areas by providing a number of ecosystem services. Simultaneously, UGI have also been shown to possess equigenic functions – the capacity to support the health of the least advantaged population groups equally or more so than the most privileged. This study has therefore aimed to operationalize a methodology to help identify optimal locations for developing and managing UGI in Stockholm with the aim of prioritizing health and minimizing impacts on existing ecosystems. This was done by drawing on 3 spatial datasets (land-cover, health and healthcare consumption, socioeconomics) and combining them using a GIS. The resulting maps are made for individual as well as aggregated health indicators. They display multiple optimal location clusters that were often located in the outer parts of the city, notably in the north-western and south-eastern boroughs. The inner-city however, showed little need for equigenic UGI improvements. The results and the implications of this methodology are discussed in relation to several aspects of UGI, including quality, quantity and accessibility, gentrification and UGI’s role in the smart city. Suggestions for future research building on this methodology are also provided.