In today’s society knowledge and economic growth are interdependent. Becauseof this, the concept of equity has gained momentum in educational debate. Thispaper have the purpose to contribute to this debate. The tensions and transitionsaround educational equity in the context of Latin America are discussed. Therelationship between equality and equity is analyzed. the complementaritybetween scholar equity and systemic equity is discussed; the concept of equity showing it as dynamic and changing in accordance with social and educational contexts is examined; it is argued on the need for equity in transit from primary education to senior high school. Finally, the passage of equity focused exclusively on coverage towards equity in educational quality is examined. / En la actual sociedad conocimiento y crecimiento económico se condicionan. En estecontexto, en educación el debate sobre el concepto de equidad ha cobrado fuerza.El presente documento tiene como propósito contribuir a dicho debate, para ellose discuten una serie de tensiones y transiciones en torno a la equidad educativa enAmérica Latina. Se discute la relación entre igualdad y equidad; se analiza la complementariedad entre equidad escolar y equidad sistémica; se examina el concepto de equidad mostrándolo como dinámico y cambiante en concordancia con los contextos sociales y educativos; se argumenta sobre la necesidad de la equidad en el tránsito de educación primaria hacia la secundaria alta, por último, se examina el paso de la equidad enfocada exclusivamente en la cobertura hacia la equidad en la calidad educativa / Na sociedade de hoje o conhecimento eo crescimento econômico são interdependentes. Devido a isso, o conceito de equidade ganhou impulso no debate educacional. Este artigo tem o propósito de contribuir para este debate. São discutidas as tensões e transições em torno da eqüidade educacional no contexto da América Latina. A relação entre igualdade e equidade é analisada. Discute-se a complementaridade entre equidade acadêmica e equidade sistêmica; O conceito de equidade mostrandoo como dinâmico e em mudança de acordo com contextos sociais e educacionais é examinado; Argumenta-se sobre a necessidade de equidade no trânsito do ensino primário para o ensino médio. Por fim, examina-se a passagem da equidade focada exclusivamente na cobertura de equidade na qualidade educacional.

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[pt] A pesquisa considera a perspectiva da federação tridimensional que estabeleceu o município como ente federado a partir da Constituição Federal de 1988 e da LDBEN 9.394 de 1996. A intensificação da municipalização do ensino fundamental neste contexto, com aumento no número de matrículas de estudantes em idade obrigatória de escolarização, implicou em novas responsabilidades para as equipes gestoras locais, tornando seu trabalho mais complexo. A pesquisa buscou i) compreender como redes públicas municipais de ensino se organizam do ponto de vista administrativo para atender ao público matriculado em suas escolas e ii) investigar os arranjos institucionais e as ações empreendidas pelos órgãos gestores e suas possíveis relações com os diferentes perfis de rendimento das redes de ensino em termos de qualidade e equidade educacional. O estudo, de natureza quantitativa, complementado por estudos de caso, foi realizado tendo como referenciais os estudos da área de gestão e política educacional. A análise foi realizada a partir de três categorias-chave: contexto socioeducacional, arranjo institucional e focalização da gestão. A partir do estudo realizado observou-se que há compromisso das equipes locais e esforços expressivos, ainda que diferenciados em cada caso, empreendidos para garantir a matrícula e a frequência com sucesso escolar dos alunos das redes municipais de ensino. Contudo, as interferências externas, em especial da política local e limitações de natureza técnica, em contextos socioeconômicos de parcos recursos das famílias e da rede pública de ensino dificultam a elaboração de políticas educacionais que logrem promover qualidade com equidade educacional. / [en] This research considers the federation three-dimensional perspective which established that the municipalities are enabled as federated entities since our Brazilian Constitution from 1988 and our LDBEM from 1996. The increasing numbers in decentralization of primary education and the increasing enrollment rates among students to whom enrollment in mandatory has brought new responsibilities and has made work more complex for educational administrators. This research aimed to i) comprehend how our public networks administratively organized themselves in order to cope with more enrollments and the new demands and ii) to investigate the institutional arrangements, the actions taken by managers and the possible relations among the various achievement profiles of students in regards to educational quality and equity. This quantitative research was complemented by case studies and used studies in educational management and policy as reference. The analysis was made from three keywords: social and educational context, institutional arrangements and management focus. From this study, it was observed that there is commitment and strong effort in order to guarantee enrollments to students and a successful school attendance. However, some external interference, especially the local policies, the technical limitations, the little resource from families and from our public network make more difficult to elaborate educational policies which effectively promote educational quality and equity.

Many students and their families do not understand the impact of students’ involvement in gifted or advanced academics educational programs and their potentially positive effects and challenges. Nationally African American students are underrepresented in gifted and advanced academics courses in high schools; however, African American students and families often do not advocate for their inclusion in these educational pathways. A survey of literature supporting this study of voices of African American families concerning gifted and advanced academics participation focused on (1) the historical underpinnings for equity and excellence for African American and for gifted and advanced academics learners, (2) how the lack of an agreed upon definition of gifted and advanced academics by the professional field might contribute to the problem, and (3) how African American parents made educational decisions for and with their children, especially concerning college. Employing semi-structured interviews and a focus group, this qualitative case study examined how four students from each of three groups, gifted and talented, advanced academics, and neither, and a representative group of their parents perceived these programs and their children’s involvement in them within the framework provided by a single school district. African American families in this study asked for a partnership to support their children in building resiliency to choose and remain in gifted and advanced academics programs. Students reported that they could access more rigorous coursework if they were supported by mentoring peers, in addition to informed family and educators. The matching intonations and word choices of the children and parents suggested academic success pathways as students carried the voices of their families with them.

Esta dissertação de mestrado consiste de uma resenha crítica da teoria econômica da educação no que se refere à análise de sistemas educativos, e de um estudo empírico do desempenho do sistema educativo brasileiro, com ênfase em indicadores de iniqüidade. Procura-se apresentar a evolução e o estado atual do debate relacionados aos seguintes assuntos: demanda por educação, oferta de educação (insumos monetários e não-monetários), arranjo institucional do sistema educativo, arranjo institucional sócio-econômico (em que se insere o sistema educativo), e os produtos do sistema educativo. Por fim, por meio da análise estatística de uma base de dados internacional (PISA 2000), apresenta-se um estudo empírico que visa a avaliar o desempenho do sistema educativo brasileiro, especialmente seu grau de iniqüidade. / This MA dissertation thesis consists of a critical survey of the economics of education literature concerning educational system analysis, and of a study of the performance of the Brazilian educational system, with an emphasis in equity measurement. I discuss the evolution and the current state of the debate on the following subjects: demand for education, supply of education (monetary and non-monetary inputs), educational system institutional framework, socio-economic institutional framework (in which the educational system is imbedded), and the output of the educational system. Finally, by means of a statistical analysis of an international database (PISA 2000), I present an empirical study aiming at assessing the Brazilian educational system performance, especially its degree of inequity.

Esta dissertação de mestrado consiste de uma resenha crítica da teoria econômica da educação no que se refere à análise de sistemas educativos, e de um estudo empírico do desempenho do sistema educativo brasileiro, com ênfase em indicadores de iniqüidade. Procura-se apresentar a evolução e o estado atual do debate relacionados aos seguintes assuntos: demanda por educação, oferta de educação (insumos monetários e não-monetários), arranjo institucional do sistema educativo, arranjo institucional sócio-econômico (em que se insere o sistema educativo), e os produtos do sistema educativo. Por fim, por meio da análise estatística de uma base de dados internacional (PISA 2000), apresenta-se um estudo empírico que visa a avaliar o desempenho do sistema educativo brasileiro, especialmente seu grau de iniqüidade. / This MA dissertation thesis consists of a critical survey of the economics of education literature concerning educational system analysis, and of a study of the performance of the Brazilian educational system, with an emphasis in equity measurement. I discuss the evolution and the current state of the debate on the following subjects: demand for education, supply of education (monetary and non-monetary inputs), educational system institutional framework, socio-economic institutional framework (in which the educational system is imbedded), and the output of the educational system. Finally, by means of a statistical analysis of an international database (PISA 2000), I present an empirical study aiming at assessing the Brazilian educational system performance, especially its degree of inequity.

A Five-pillar conceptual framework -good social environment, focused instruction, well-trained and regularly supervised teachers, family background and language of learning and teaching- is used in this dissertation as a theoretical construct through which to make sense of persistent learner performance disparities between former white and former black schools in the South African public education system. This is a largely qualitative research project which employs a case study approach within a study area comprised of four purposive sample schools. The study is exploratory in nature in that it seeks to investigate why former white schools continue to perform better than former black schools despite massive educational changes made since 1994. I argue in this dissertation that teaching and learning processes between former white and former black schools are still fraught with huge inequalities, hence learner performance disparities. In other words, despite the investment, inputs and strategies since 1994, the education system in historically black schools is not working largely because of issues of classroom practice. A multi-method approach for data collection purposes was used in this study: testing, interviews, observations, intensive literature review and documentary analysis. Learner focus groups, maths teachers, teacher union representatives and school principals formed the backbone of research respondents in this project. The results show immense and unrelenting prevalence of inequalities and variations between former white and former black schools in terms of almost all aspects of teaching and learning processes. The essence of the results is that for the South African education system to achieve equitable learner performance across all schools, it must first achieve equity in terms of teaching and learning processes and needs.

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