In this paper, an analyse of management effectiveness and sustainability of public subsidies to the sector of environment was made. First, there was described what are the operational programs in this area and what is the system of monitoring indicators. For each indicated problem a solutions was found . Finally, analysis of the effectiveness of the whole system was made, using simple statistical methods.

Introdução: Desde 1999, o serviço público de saúde tem promovido a vacinação anual de idosos contra a gripe no país. Poucos estudos avaliaram a efetividade da intervenção focalizando especificamente sua contribuição para a redução da mortalidade atribuível aos surtos de gripe. Objetivos: O presente estudo teve como propósito comparar a mortalidade por gripe e pneumonia de idosos (65 anos ou mais) antes e depois do início da vacinação nas regiões Nordeste e Sul do Brasil, e comparar os resultados obtidos para cada região, procurando referenciar hipóteses relativas às diferentes condições climáticas e condições socioeconômicas. Métodos: Dados oficiais de população e de mortalidade por gripe e pneumonia foram levantados junto às agências governamentais (Fundação IBGE e DATASUS) responsáveis pelo gerenciamento dessas informações. Foram estimados coeficientes semanais de mortalidade com ajuste por diferenças na distribuição por sexo e por idade. Para a identificação de surtos de gripe e a estimação da mortalidade especificamente atribuível a esses surtos, foi utilizado o modelo de Serfling. As taxas foram estudadas para os períodos 1999-2009 (em que a vacinação foi realizada) e 1996-1998 (em que a vacinação não foi realizada). Foram descritas e analisadas a magnitude das taxas em cada período, sua possível redução associada à vacinação e a ocorrência de variação sazonal. Os indicadores resultantes da comparação entre os dois períodos foram objeto de análise comparativa entre as regiões Nordeste e Sul. Resultados: Durante o período de vacinação, a média anual do número de períodos com excesso de mortalidade foi reduzida em 32,8 por cento na região Sul; em 4,5 por cento na região Nordeste. Na região Sul, a duração média de tais períodos foi reduzida em 66,2 por cento e a mortalidade por semana foi reduzida em 43,9 por cento . Na região Nordeste; a duração média de tais períodos aumentou 22,2 por cento e a mortalidade atribuível à influenza por semanaaumentou 140,2 por cento . Conclusão: O presente estudo reforça a hipótese de quea vacinação contra gripe em idosos foi efetiva para a região Sul, mas nãopara a região Nordeste do Brasil. A inadequação entre o período do ano em que a vacinação é realizada e a variação sazonal da mortalidade por gripe epneumonia na região Nordeste são apontadas como possíveis fatores que teriam contribuído para esse achado / Introdução: Desde 1999, o serviço público de saúde tem promovido a vacinação anual de idosos contra a gripe no país. Poucos estudos avaliaram a efetividade da intervenção focalizando especificamente sua contribuição para a redução da mortalidade atribuível aos surtos de gripe. Objetivos: O presente estudo teve como propósito comparar a mortalidade por gripe e pneumonia de idosos (65 anos ou mais) antes e depois do início da vacinação nas regiões Nordeste e Sul do Brasil, e comparar os resultados obtidos para cada região, procurando referenciar hipóteses relativas às diferentes condições climáticas e condições socioeconômicas. Métodos: Dados oficiais de população e de mortalidade por gripe e pneumonia foram levantados junto às agências governamentais (Fundação IBGE e DATASUS) responsáveis pelo gerenciamento dessas informações. Foram estimados coeficientes semanais de mortalidade com ajuste por diferenças na distribuição por sexo e por idade. Para a identificação de surtos de gripe e a estimação da mortalidade especificamente atribuível a esses surtos, foi utilizado o modelo de Serfling. As taxas foram estudadas para os períodos 1999-2009 (em que a vacinação foi realizada) e 1996-1998 (em que a vacinação não foi realizada). Foram descritas e analisadas a magnitude das taxas em cada período, sua possível redução associada à vacinação e a ocorrência de variação sazonal. Os indicadores resultantes da comparação entre os dois períodos foram objeto de análise comparativa entre as regiões Nordeste e Sul. Resultados: Durante o período de vacinação, a média anual do número de períodos com excesso de mortalidade foi reduzida em 32,8 por cento na região Sul; em 4,5 por cento na região Nordeste. Na região Sul, a duração média de tais períodos foi reduzida em 66,2 por cento e a mortalidade por semana foi reduzida em 43,9 por cento . Na região Nordeste; a duração média de tais períodos aumentou 22,2 por cento e a mortalidade atribuível à influenza por semanaaumentou 140,2 por cento . Conclusão: O presente estudo reforça a hipótese de quea vacinação contra gripe em idosos foi efetiva para a região Sul, mas nãopara a região Nordeste do Brasil. A inadequação entre o período do ano em que a vacinação é realizada e a variação sazonal da mortalidade por gripe epneumonia na região Nordeste são apontadas como possíveis fatores que teriam contribuído para esse achado

This thesis explores the effectiveness of a community-led response to domestic violence in tribal communities within Udaipur district, Rajasthan, India. Situated within an Indian Non Government Organization's comprehensive women's empowerment program, this research shows that the Women's Resource Centers provide mediation to stop domestic violence and potentially prevent future violence through challenging cultural norms that perpetuate violence. Using a program evaluation approach, I compare how the program is intended to operate to my observations and interviews with community implementers, primarily at one Women's Resource Center. This comparative lens serves to demonstrate the inevitable shifts and challenges that occur throughout implementation. I argue that development interventions addressing violence against women continually experiment with monitoring and evaluation tools, such as an outcome map, to capture their successes and setbacks to foster organizational learning and increase accountability to the intended beneficiaries of the program.

yes / This systematic review of reviews aims to investigate how brief interventions (BIs) are defined, whether they increase physical activity, which factors influence their effectiveness, who they are effective for, and whether they are feasible and acceptable. We searched CINAHL, Cochrane database of systematic reviews, DARE, HTA database, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Science Citation Index-Expanded and Social Sciences Citation Index, and Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network from their inception until May 2015 to identify systematic reviews of the effectiveness of BIs aimed at promoting physical activity in adults, reporting a physical activity outcome and at least one BI that could be delivered in a primary care setting. A narrative synthesis was conducted. We identified three specific BI reviews and thirteen general reviews of physical activity interventions that met the inclusion criteria. The BI reviews reported varying definitions of BIs, only one of which specified a maximum duration of 30 min. BIs can increase self-reported physical activity in the short term, but there is insufficient evidence about their long-term impact, their impact on objectively measured physical activity, and about the factors that influence their effectiveness, feasibility and acceptability. Current definitions include BIs that are too long for primary care consultations. Practitioners, commissioners and policy makers should be aware of this when interpreting evidence about BIs, and future research should develop and evaluate very brief interventions (of 5 min or less) that could be delivered in a primary care consultation. / Citation sent on from Donna. Emailed Laura Lamming for final draft 16/03/2017 -sm

The purpose of this study was to determine the most appropriate methods of assessment for online courses. Internet instructors were surveyed and asked which methods of assessment they use in the online courses that they teach and how effective they perceive those methods to be in determining if the learning objectives have been met for the course(s) that they teach online. The findings of this study indicated that there is a difference between some academic disciplines in relation to the type of assessment methods being used in online courses. There is a difference in perceived effectiveness of assessment methods among the individual instructors surveyed. The most effective means of assessment as determined by the survey results is individual projects. The least effective method of assessment as determined by the survey results is self-assessment. The study's results confirmed that objective testing is not considered the most effective method of assessment; however, several instructors still use this method because of time constraints. The study's results confirmed that a variety of assessment methods need to be used within each Internet course to determine the effectiveness of the course. Surprisingly, there was no difference in the assessment methods being used by those instructors who received training and those who did not. This conclusion could be because the training received by most online instructors was in Blackboard and/or technology and not assessment methods. There is a difference in the number of types of assessment being used by online instructors. The survey data indicated that there was not a difference in assessment methods being used by instructors who have taught for more than three years as compared to instructors who have taught three or fewer years. The study indicated that there is a difference in some of the types of assessments being used by instructors who teach more than one Internet course per year. Not surprisingly, instructors who have a large number of students and/or course sections resort to objective testing methods only because they do not have time to grade alternative assessment formats.

Employee engagement is the main topic of discussion among researchers and managers for over 24 years. Managing employee engagement is critical to the success of an organization, but 85% of manager's struggle with engaging employees. The purpose of this single case study was to explore employee engagement strategies that credit union managers use to increase productivity and organizational effectiveness. Expectancy theory was used to explore employee engagement, performance, and motivation of people in the workplace. Data were collected using semistructured interviews and observations with 6 credit union managers and company documents using thematic coding. Analysis of the data revealed that, among these credit union managers, effective communication, training and coaching, and rewards and recognition are management strategies required to improve employee engagement, productivity and organizational effectiveness. These findings may provide credit union managers with guidelines to measure and evaluate the effectiveness of engagement strategies to fit the culture of the credit union. The results of this study may provide credit union managers with guidelines on the causes of disengagement and how employee engagement could be improved within the organization. Researchers may consider conducting a multiple case study that include other credit unions within Louisiana to understand the similarities and differences between strategies used to engage employees. The results of this study may impact positive social change by improving the competitive environment of the credit union industry through engagement within community and society.

Recent years have witnessed the integration of theoretical advances in population genetics with large-scale analyses of complete genomes. As a result, a growing number of studies suggest the frequent occurrence of deleterious as well as adaptive mutations. Given the evidence for the widespread occurrence of selection, the finite sizes of natural populations, and the limited recombination in every genome, mutations under selection are expected to alter the fate of genetically linked mutations. The consequences of this non-independent behavior of mutations can be described by the Hill-Robertson effect in terms of the reduction in the effective population size (Ne). Reduction in the effective population size has two effects: 1) a reduction in levels of genetic variation and 2) a reduction in the effectiveness of selection that is manifested in an increased probability of fixation of deleterious mutations and a reduced probability of fixation of advantageous mutations. Changes in Ne that have previously been frequently associated with changes in recombination rate can also occur locally, in association with changes in the number of sites under selection even when the recombination rate remains uniform. The main objective of the work presented in this thesis is to investigate these local effects of the non-independent behavior of mutations on patterns of polymorphism and divergence in Drosophila using computer simulation and experimental approaches. A computer simulation approach is developed to investigate the local consequences of linked selection on estimates of selection and the proportion of adaptive substitutions using the McDonald-Kreitman framework. The results suggest that even a high level of recombination is unlikely to remove all the effects of linked selection. Ignoring these local linkage effects leads to misleading estimates of the intensity of selection and the proportion of adaptive substitutions. Two predictions of the Hill-Robertson effect were tested empirically by examining patterns of polymorphism and divergence combined with codon bias estimates in genes with and without introns: 1) the effectiveness of selection and polymorphism levels are expected to be reduced in the center of the long coding sequence of genes without introns (the intragenic Hill-Robertson effect), and 2) introns are expected to function as modifiers of recombination thereby increasing the effectiveness of selection in the central region of the coding sequence of genes containing centrally located introns. The evidence from divergence and codon bias patterns in genes with a long coding sequence supports the presence of the intragenic Hill-Robertson effect. However, polymorphism levels do not show the expected decrease in the center of the coding sequence. With regard to the second prediction, results indicate that intron presence does not increase the effectiveness of selection at synonymous sites in the set of investigated genes. Rather, intron presence is associated with increased levels of adaptation at nonsynonymous sites. Further investigations are necessary to clarify the role of introns in mediating the increase in adaptation.

Due to the passage of Public Law 94-142 (1975), widespread attempts have been made to integrate children who have handicaps into settings with their nonhandicapped peers. Although integrated settings may provide the opportunity for social interaction to occur between children with and without handicaps, often interaction does not occur. In order to address the issue of how to best facilitate appropriate interactions in integrated settings, specialized programs such as the FMS buddy system (Quintero, Phelps, Striefel, & Killoran, 1987) have been developed to promote positive social interactions between children with and without handicaps. One important aspect programs such as the buddy system have not fully considered is the differential impact a nonhandicapped child could have on the level of social interaction of the child with handicaps. The impact the nonhandicapped buddy could make if constantly paired with the same child with handicaps may be different than the one a nonhandicapped child could make if paired, over time, in an alternating sequence with different children who have handicaps. In response to the question of possible differential impact, a single subject multiple baseline design was utilized to compare the effect constant buddies and rotating buddies had on the social interactions of 8 children who had handicaps. The intervention included training the buddies on how to interact with children who have handicaps and providing the opportunity for the children with and without handicaps to play together. Treatment effects were measured by direct observations of social interactions between the children with and without handicaps during free play and buddy sessions, sociometric measures, and attitude measures. Results indicated that pairing children who have handicaps with a nonhandicapped buddy increased social interactions between children with and without handicaps during buddy sessions. The level of interaction achieved during buddy sessions was not fully generalized to subsequent free play sessions. Buddies from constant dyads rated their playmates who had handicaps sociometrically higher than buddies from rotating dyads. Non handicapped children who served as buddies rated their buddy experience favorably. Suggestions for future research in this area are made.

Numerous efforts to assess teaching excellence have been attempted, but systematic research has produced limited results at best. This study expanded upon recent studies focusing on how students' perceptions and attitudes can be used to identify the best course environments and the qualities of teaching excellence. This is especially critical considering that most previous empirical research has been conducted at the university level, while community colleges have been mostly overlooked. Thus, little is know about community college students' perceptions of teaching excellence. To assess their views of teaching excellence, a questionnaire was given to students from one community college to identify the underlying factors that are most central to teaching excellence (research question one). While some of the perceptions of community college students were similar to perceptions documented previously with university students, some perceptual differences were revealed. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to evaluate the goodness of fit when used with community college students of the eight original dimensions representing the factor structure similar to that of Herbert Marsh's SEEQ (research question two). For research question three, a second confirmatory factor analysis was employed to assess goodness of fit using the modified 12-dimension version of the survey instrument. The CFA suggested at least a marginal or reasonable fit of the two proposed factor models with community college students. Finally, based on inconsistent findings of previous research, a fourth research question investigated whether demographic factors influence students' perceptions of courses and teaching excellence. A multiple regression analysis of six demographic variables suggested that five variables (e.g., Age, Gender, Ethnicity, Reason for Attendance, Employment and Semester Hours completed) had some impact as to how students respond to certain items that make up the 12 teaching excellence dimensions. The R2 values representing the teaching excellence dimensions ranged from .01 to .034. While many of dimensions had demographic predictor variables that were shown to be statistically significant, as effect sizes were small the practical significance of the results is probably minimal at best. A discussion of the results, limitations, implications for future practice and research are discussed in Chapter Five of this study.

This research considers the organisational factors and processes that impact on knowledge retention and subsequent perceptions of organisational effectiveness during downsizing/restructuring events. By exploring these relationships, the research seeks to help organisations facing downsizing/restructuring to identify best practices to support employees during the process and achieve positive organisational outcomes. The thesis presents a detailed review of the literature in the field of downsizing and organisational restructuring, together with knowledge, knowledge sharing and organisational effectiveness. A conceptual framework and hypotheses, informed through the literature and qualitative focus group process, were developed for testing. Data were collected from 81 organisations, drawn from both the private and public sectors. Analyses enabled detailed consideration of the impact of perceived levels of organisational knowledge on perceptions of post-downsizing/restructuring organisational effectiveness. The significance of relationships between downsizing/restructuring events, both decisions and processes, and knowledge sharing in organisations undergoing downsizing/restructuring were also examined. Findings indicate the need for open and honest relationships between managerial (Decision Makers and Implementers) and non-managerial employees (Affected Employees) in order to achieve successful organisational outcomes. The impact of knowledge sharing on organisational knowledge was assessed by studying the extent of both formal knowledge sharing and informal networks present in respondent organisations. The direct impact of knowledge sharing on organisational outcomes was also analysed and discussed. / Conclusions are reached that both formal knowledge sharing and informal networks have a significant impact not only on perceived levels of organisational knowledge but also on post-downsizing/restructuring organisational effectiveness. However, different aspects of knowledge sharing appear to be more significant to Decision Makers and Implementers and Affected Employees. For business, the findings of this research demonstrate a need to concentrate on organisational knowledge during downsizing/restructuring in order to achieve improved outcomes. The findings suggest this can be done through attention to ensuring that intent and interpretation of the decisions and processes involved are open and honest. Assessment of the knowledge present in the organisation and a focus on retention of key individuals with important knowledge is also advisable. Communication of what is planned and inclusion of employees in both planning and implementation were identified as ways in which organisations can do so, thereby promoting distributive and procedural fairness throughout the process. Formal knowledge sharing strategies arose as being important to achieving improved organisational outcomes, particularly to Decision Makers and Implementers. These strategies included identifying, capturing and storing information in ways that are accessible to employees. Documentation of practices and procedures was also found to be important as was careful planning of the change. / Communication, providing training and support to survivors and allowing the necessary time for sharing knowledge were also identified as key strategies. Overall, developing a culture and climate within the organisation that is supportive of knowledge sharing was found to be central to achieving improved organisational effectiveness. Informal networks were identified by Affected Employees as impacting on both perceived levels of organisational knowledge and, indirectly on organisational outcomes. The research indicates the Decision Makers and Implementers and Affected Employees have different perceptions about the role and importance of informal networks. Those implementing downsizing/restructuring may therefore need to examine the structure and operation of informal networks prior to downsizing/restructuring to ensure they are adequately supported during the process. Informal networks may also be utilised to assist in bringing about the change. The findings of this research are important to assist organisations develop best practice approaches to downsizing/restructuring. With increasing acceptance of downsizing/restructuring as a business strategy, this research provides insights into key issues of downsizing/restructuring events and knowledge retention as predictors of improved organisational outcomes.