Syftet i denna studie är att undersöka och jämföra underlagen till två statliga insatser i Sverige, Storstadssatsningen och Nya långsiktiga reformprogrammet för minskad segregering. Genom att göra en kvalitativ textanalys har vi tittat på hur dessa texter framställer medborgaren, insatser och mål och hur delaktighet och medinflytande ges de medborgare som är mottagare av de riktade insatserna. Medborgaren beskrivs på liknande sätt i båda underlagen. Likheterna handlar om att de framställs med avsaknad av olika kompetenser samt är synonyma med olika problem. De skillnader som framkom är hur medborgares etnicitet framställs. De mål och insatser som jämförts i båda underlagen lägger fokus på arbete och utbildning för att bryta segregationen. Delaktigheten och underifrånperspektivet har stor plats i Storstadssatsningen men är nära obefintlig i den nya satsningen.      Då vi ser ett hårdare klimat i samhället med ökad segregation och en avsaknad av makt och delaktighet för medborgare, kan detta skapa ett utanförskap och dessutom öka klyftorna i samhället. Med stöd av integrationsperspektiv och begreppen empowerment och social mobilisering försöker vi därför se vilka möjligheter till förändring det ges till dessa utsatta medborgare genom de underlag vi undersöker.      Med denna studie som utgångspunkt går det att se brister i det sociala arbetet med utsatta människor. Arbetssätten måste utvecklas i takt med förändringar i samhället. / The aim of this study is to examine and compare the preparatory work of two government efforts to diminish segregation in Sweden: Storstadssatsningen and Nya långsiktiga reformprogrammet för minskad segregation. We have, by a qualitative textual analysis, examined how these preparatory works represent the citizen, their intention, efforts and goals and how the influence and participation by the citizen is intended to meet the needs of recipients of these efforts. The vulnerable citizen is represented in the same way in both preparatory works. Similarities that can be seen are citizens described with a lack of competencies and defined by the problems of their neighbourhood. There are differences concerning how citizens by ethnicity are described. The goals and achievements, which have been compared in both preparatory works, are focused on work and education as instruments to breach segregation. Participation and the influence by the citizen is given a great deal of space in Storstadssatningen, but hardly no space in Nya långsiktiga reformprogrammet för minskad segregation.        We can see a much harder climate in the community, with increased segregation, where citizens without power and participation develops alienation and where the gap between groups increase. With a perspective of integration and concepts of empowerment and mobilization, we examine possibilities for an alteration. We examine the representation of this methods in both preparatory works.       In this study, we can see defects in the government welfare systems, which urges a responsibility, in the social work, to define and work with new methods.

The conception of the primary school in the reform tendendency of the Czechoslovak Republic in the period of the 1st republic This dissertation should help to make a summary in the czech educational system, primarily at the primary school, in the period of the 1st republic. It compares the 1st republic educational system with todays situation in this topic during permanent reformatory efforts. I hope this dissertation will help for better orientation in the school reformatory movement in the period of the 1st republic and it will bring some useful food for thought about the contemporary situation in the pedagogical and educational field from the point of view of teacher.

Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse s'inscrivent dans le contexte de la modélisation et la compréhension des phénomènes liés à l'usinage du Ti5553. L'objectif des travaux est de lever certains verrous scientifiques et d'améliorer les connaissances sur l'usinage de ce matériau afin de proposer des conditions de coupe et d'engagement optimales à l'entreprise Messier-Dowty. Nous avons identifié plusieurs modèles nous permettant de décrire au mieux le processus de coupe en tournage et en fraisage. Au niveau de l'usure des outils et des possibilités d'amélioration de l'usinabilité de l'usinage du Ti5553, l'ensemble des travaux a montré un manque d'informations dû à la rareté du matériau. Pour définir les constantes de la loi de Johnson-Cook et de fait caractériser le matériau, notre démarche s'est focalisée vers le développement d'une méthode basée sur des essais d'usinage et des essais de traction permettant ainsi d'obtenir une loi ajustée à l'usinage du Ti5553. La loi de comportement a ensuite été utilisée dans les modélisations d'efforts de coupe en tournage et en fraisage avec pour objectif de modéliser l'ensemble de la gamme des outils employés par l'entreprise Messier-Dowty (formes, géométries de coupe. . .). Ces modèles nous ont ensuite permis de mettre en avant les difficultés liées à l'usinage du Ti5553 et de proposer des conditions de coupe et d'engagement adaptées. La troisième partie est consacrée à l'analyse des phénomènes d'usure des outils coupants où les différents modes de dégradation en tournage et en fraisage ont été identifiés. Leurs relations avec le processus de coupe ont été définies afin de proposer un critère d'évaluation de l'usure des outils. Une partie de cette étude est également consacrée à l'identification de l'influence des conditions d'engagement, des géométries de coupe, des conditions de coupe sur l'usure. Le dernier chapitre concerne la valorisation industrielle où nous présentons les applications et les extrapolations de nos travaux dans le contexte industriel. Nous avons également testé l'augmentation de la température qui constitue une des pistes d'amélioration de l'usinabilité mais sans résultat probant. Enfin, nous avons abordé la problématique de la surveillance d'usinage où nous avons mis en avant les difficultés liées aux particularités du processus de coupe. / The work presented in this thesis fits the context of modeling and understanding of phenomena related of Ti5553 machining. The goal is to improve knowledge about material to provide optimal cutting conditions, optimal engagement and cutting geometry. We have identified several models allowing to describe the cutting process in tunining and milling. In terms of tool wear and usinability improvement in Ti5553 machining all studies showed a lack of information. Our approach focused towards in developing an alternative method to define the Johnson-Cook law constants based on machining tests and tensile tests to obtain the constitutive law adjusted to Ti5553 machining. The constitutive law was used cutting forces modeling for turning and milling involving the full range of tools used by the company (shapes, cutting geometries...). These models were allowed us the highlights the machining difficulties and propose suitable conditions. The third part focused on wear cutting tools mechanisms analysis where the differents degradation stage in turning and milling have been defined. Their relationships with the cutting process has been identified in order to propose a criterion of wear evolution. Part of this study is to identify the effect of engagement, cutting geometries and cutting conditions on tool wear. The last part concerns the industrial development where we present our work applications and extrapolations in our industrial context. We also tested one of the prospects of machinability improving (increase temperature) but without result. Finally, we addressed the problem of process monitoring on Ti5553 machining where we highlighted the difficulties related to the specifics on cutting process.

Ces dernières décennies, la recherche et l'application de l'automatique dans les domaines de l'automobile, a contribué fortement dans les aspects sécurité, confort des usagers, économie d'énergie et aide au pilotage.Dans ce contexte, l'objectif principal de cette thèse est le développement d'observateurs par modes de glissement pour l'estimation des états dynamiques, les paramètres dynamiques ainsi que les attributs de la route (dévers de la route), considérés comme des entrées inconnues. Ce type d'observateur est basé sur la théorie des systèmes à structures variables et par l'utilisation d'un modèle représentant de façon réaliste le comportement dynamique du véhicule. A cet effet une proposition de découpage de modèle dynamique complet du véhicule en trois sous-systèmes basé sur le théorie de la passivité a été proposé. Toutes les approches développées ont été validées sur les deux simulateurs de véhicules SCANeRstudio et SIMK106N. / The general framework of the research is the application of the nonlinear control tools (Robust control, Sliding mode Observer, Algebric approach,...) in order to improve the security of vehicle. The estimation of tire road force has become an intensive research area as the interest in information technology in vehicles grows. More and more new safety technologies and approaches are introduced in the automotive environment. Therefore, the problem of traction control for ground vehicles is of enormous importance to automotive industry.We split the dynamic model of vehicle into five subsystems regrouped in three blocks and then show and justify the rationale behind the successful splitting. Thesubsystems and the overall system obey to the passivity property. Robust observer are proposed to estimate the road features.

<p>In this work, I have studied whether if one can detect AD / HD in preschool. I have read some literature and searched on the Internet. I have also tried to get to interview people who are familiar with this topic, which has not been easy. I have questioned 13 persons if they would participate in an interview, but most have refused because they do not have time. I succeeded anyhow to get three persons, two special educators and a nurse on the BVC. Special Student teachers are working to put the various educational activities in the preschool / school when children are in need of assistance. Children nurse is working with children to look up at the controls as they come in and where they can see if there is something not as it should. The answer I came up with through the literature and interviews is that AD / HD is a neuro-psychiatric disability and is logically divided into three groups that they have to Impulsivity problems, over activity and attention problems. Special Student teachers tell of the symptoms / signs of AD / HD as the first notice are that the children with AD / HD have problems in concentrating in a task. What distinguishes boys from girls is that boys are more hyperactive and ports in more trouble than girls do. Girls are more reclusive and shy and have been easier to become depressed and anxious. It is difficult to detect AD / HD in preschool unless the kids have severe problems with attention, impulsivity and over activity</p><p> I also got answer to that one can detect AD / HD if you're looking for it, but it’s not the essential, the important is to support children with AD / HD in the learning and development. Special Student teachers talked a lot of work how to help children in preschool with various educational activities such as solid framework, transparency and daily schedules. They can also work in small groups but that is not always suitable for all children. Then we can bring the children who have problems at the front near the teacher in order to give praise and jacking.</p>

In this work, I have studied whether if one can detect AD / HD in preschool. I have read some literature and searched on the Internet. I have also tried to get to interview people who are familiar with this topic, which has not been easy. I have questioned 13 persons if they would participate in an interview, but most have refused because they do not have time. I succeeded anyhow to get three persons, two special educators and a nurse on the BVC. Special Student teachers are working to put the various educational activities in the preschool / school when children are in need of assistance. Children nurse is working with children to look up at the controls as they come in and where they can see if there is something not as it should. The answer I came up with through the literature and interviews is that AD / HD is a neuro-psychiatric disability and is logically divided into three groups that they have to Impulsivity problems, over activity and attention problems. Special Student teachers tell of the symptoms / signs of AD / HD as the first notice are that the children with AD / HD have problems in concentrating in a task. What distinguishes boys from girls is that boys are more hyperactive and ports in more trouble than girls do. Girls are more reclusive and shy and have been easier to become depressed and anxious. It is difficult to detect AD / HD in preschool unless the kids have severe problems with attention, impulsivity and over activity  I also got answer to that one can detect AD / HD if you're looking for it, but it’s not the essential, the important is to support children with AD / HD in the learning and development. Special Student teachers talked a lot of work how to help children in preschool with various educational activities such as solid framework, transparency and daily schedules. They can also work in small groups but that is not always suitable for all children. Then we can bring the children who have problems at the front near the teacher in order to give praise and jacking.

L'objectif de ces travaux est la modélisation des efforts de coupe dans le cas de la superfinition à l'outil coupant du cuivre Cu-c2 par le biais de la démarche Couple-Arête-Matière. La prédiction des efforts permet d'adapter les conditions de coupe pour une opération d'usinage où de définir les spécifications des outils lors de leur conception. Le Couple-Arête-Matière repose sur la discrétisation d'arête et la mise en place sur chaque élément d'arête des efforts élémentaires fonctions de la géométrie et des conditions de coupe locales. Cette dépendance de la géométrie et de ces conditions de coupe est introduite par la mise en place d'un modèle d'efforts. Par sommation sur la longueur d'arête en prise, il est possible de déterminer les efforts globaux dans les repères liés à l'outil ou à la pièce. Cette étude vise le calcul de ces efforts au travers de trois modèles. Les deux premiers modèles développés sont de type phénoménologique et calculent les efforts à partir des paramètres opératoires courants tels que l'épaisseur coupée, la géométrie de l'outil et la qualité de l'arête. Le troisième modèle est analytique et basé sur les mécanismes de formation du copeau. Les efforts sont déterminés à partir des contributions des trois zones communément identifiées ; la zone de cisaillement primaire est caractérisée par une loi de comportement de type Norton-Hoff, les deuxième et troisième zones, respectivement en contact avec le copeau et la face en dépouille sont caractérisées par une distribution de contraintes. Les performances de ces trois modèles sont comparées via le Couple-Arête-Matière. Les données expérimentales sont obtenues à partir d'images réalisées en cours d'usinage par une caméra à haute résolution ainsi que par des mesures d'efforts en coupe orthogonale sur des disques et des tubes, permettant la mise en évidence de l'effet du diamètre de la pièce usinée sur la zone de contact en dépouille.

On considère qu'un robot est en mesure de franchir un obstacle s'il est capable, pour chaque configuration géométrique des contacts rencontrée durant le franchissement, d'équilibrer les actions extérieures qu'il subit tout en préservant l'adhérence des contacts. Notre approche consiste à optimiser la répartition des efforts de contact afin de maximiser un critère qualifiant la performance du franchissement. Pour cela, nous mettons à profit deux caractéristiques des robots poly-articulés. D'une part, la redondance d'actionnement permet l'application de forces internes modifiant la répartition des efforts entre les différents points de contact. D'autre part, la redondance cinématique permet de changer la position du point d'application des forces de gravité en déplaçant le centre de masse relativement à la position des contacts, modifiant ainsi l'espace des solutions au problème de distribution des forces. Le critère utilisé qualifie la robustesse du franchissement vis-à-vis des incertitudes de la commande en efforts. Elle est choisie à partir d'une analyse comparative des différents critères utilisés dans le domaine de la préhension dextre. L'algorithme de commande que nous développons permet le contrôle simultané des mouvements du robot et des efforts aux contact. Il est d'abord validé par une série de simulations dynamiques puis vérifié sur le prototype de robot hybride HyLoS 2. Ce robot à 4 "roues-pattes" possède 16 ddl et est en mesure de franchir un obstacle représenté par une pente de 60\char6 ayant une hauteur de 19 cm alors que le rayon de ses roues est de 7 cm.

As societies across the world are facing grim problems regarding the consumption of tobacco products and alcohol, the Governments of these societies are adapting their strategies to reduce the consumption of these harmful products. These demarketing strategies are implemented to discourage the use of these products and increase the health of consumers. These strategies include a strenuous legal limit when driving under the influence of alcohol, enforcing the placement of warning labels on both cigarette packages as well as alcoholic beverages. Also included are penalties when failing to adhere to these laws, increasing prices, limiting the availability, restricting promotion and advertising, the list goes on. It is therefore seen fit to examine the attitudes of black Generation Y students’ towards the demarketing of smoking and alcohol consumption, because of the research gap concerning black Generation Y students. The primary purpose of this research study was to conclude the attitudes towards the demarketing of smoking and alcohol consumption amongst black Generation Y students within South Africa, and more specifically the Vaal Triangle region. The target population for this study comprised black Generation Y students, aged 18 to 24. A non-probability convenience sample of 200 respondents at each of the two higher education institutions was randomly chosen to participate in this research study making the total sample size 400. A self-administered questionnaire was handed out to each of the respondents to complete. The questionnaire consisted of three sections; Section A – demographical information, Section B – tobacco questionnaire and Section C – alcohol questionnaire. It was required of the respondents to complete the three sections, indicating their agreement or disagreement towards demarketing on a five-point Likert scale. The literature review included in this study comprised marketing as an organisational philosophy and function, market segmentation, targeting and positioning, as well as demarketing. The traditional marketing mix, consumption patterns within South Africa concerning smoking and alcohol, demarketing as a form of social responsibility were also discussed. The term demarketing, the marketing mix in terms of demarketing and the Generation Y cohort were also included within the literature review. The main finding obtained from the main survey questionnaire was that black Generation Y students’ had a positive attitude towards the demarketing of smoking and alcohol consumption. The remaining findings obtained are discussed in order to enhance the understanding of the black Generation Y students’ cohort attitudes. The recommendations for this study are given to guide the successful implementation of demarketing of cigarettes and alcohol. It is concluded from the research, that black Generation Y students’ attitudes towards the demarketing of smoking and alcohol consumption is positive, and that they are in favour of persuading consumers to reduce consumption and ultimately quit the consumption of these products. Therefore, organisations and the Government should continue to implement these demarketing strategies towards smoking and alcohol, especially amongst the black Generation Y students. / Thesis (MCom (Marketing management))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2013

This master thesis work concerns monitoring implementing methods on cutting operations for high cost part in the aeronautics and space fields. The final goal is to set tools to support industrial implementing but even more sustain acknowledgments and methods beyond the mission. This mission covers both a technical and a project management issue with related human factors. In this report, the following axis will be developed: • Monitoring on cutting operations stat of the Art. • The developed simulation function to secure monitoring. • Technical modifications at Numerical Command (NC) programming level and Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) level to obtain a simplified use of monitoring and reach the targeted production functioning. • The obtained results and expectations.