The aim of this study was to see what the fundamental efforts were to bring about a democratic electoral system in Somalia? What are the significant obstacles in relation to the planned electoral system and what can the clan, the constitution and external actors mean in this context? What efforts can be made to introduce a democratic electoral system?  This study was conducted by using five semi-structured interviews and material collected on Somalia’s history, current state, and clan society. This paper concludes that there are different factors such as the International Community, the federal member states, Clan representatives, and major donors, which have had an effect on the democratization process in Somalia. Furthermore, it shows that the main problem is the application of the Constitution that is being hindered by the political elite and the federal member states. This research suggests several measures that must be enforced to carry out a democratic election, 1. A will from the political elite to speed up the process around the new electoral system, 2. The Constitution process must continue and be implemented, 3. Stable institutions, laws and regulation must be implemented, 4. The country’s security must be strengthened.  This study discovers that Somalia is in the decision phase in accordance with Rustow’s transition theory, where the country is slowly but surely applying democratic principles and rules into the Constitution.

Dans la société d’aujourd’hui, les médias sont indispensables et très importants pour les activités des citoyens. Les médias se sont développés avec les évolutions des systèmes sociaux et économiques aussi bien qu'avec les avancées technologiques. Les médias ont été utilisés par les autorités pour le contrôle de la société pendant la période de la guerre quand la liberté d’expression était sévèrement limitée. Cependant, après l’époque de l’Occupation, le Japon a gagné le statut de régime démocratique où les médias peuvent s’exprimer librement. Le système de 1955, qui a assuré la domination d'un parti du parlement ( le PLD ) sans interruption pendant 38 ans, a été rendu possible par les conditions propres à la situation politique au Japon. Par contre, plus tard, les médias ont largement contribué à la chute de ce système politique solide ayant duré si longtemps. Désormais, les médias ont tendance à exercer une grande influence sur la politique. D’autre part, les autorités ont commencé à prendre des mesures pour le contrôle des médias en leur faveur, ce qui est une ingérence dans les médias et une pression considérable sur leurs activités d’expression. Dans une situation où la liberté des médias est limitée, les citoyens, en revanche, ont réagi face aux autorités avec des moyens nouveaux, et la relation entre les médias et la politique devient plus essentielle pour nous de nos jours. / Nowadays in the society, the media are essential and very important for the activities of people. The media have developed with the evolution of social and economic systems as well as technological advancements. The media were used by the authorities to control the society during the war, when the freedom of expression was severely limited. However, after the period of the occupation, Japan won the state of a democratic regime, where the media could enjoy freedom of expression. The 1955 system, where domination by one party of Parliament ( the LDP ) continued without interruption for 38 years, was created by the unique conditions of politics in Japan. However, later, the media contributed greatly to the fall of this strong political system with long duration. Now the media have a tendency to exert a great influence on politics. On the other hand, the authorities began to take measures to control the media in favor of their policy, which is interference in the media and made considerable pressure on their expression activities. Under the situation where media freedom is limited, the people, however, reacted against the authorities with new means and the relationship between media and politics is becoming more serious for us today.

兩岸領導人皆曾宣示對於中國統一的期盼，但是對於統一的認知差距卻截然不同，中共希望在其『四個堅持』之下統一中國，而我中華民國卻主張必須統一在自由、民主、均富之下，使得兩岸對於中國統一之主張毫無交集。本文便在此體認下，嘗試從兩岸的選舉制度中，找出兩岸人民享有的參政權利之異同，以了解『民主』在兩岸的佈局。論文的安排，除了就兩岸選舉法規的訂定和演進作一說明外，最主要的內容在於選舉制度的範圍探討其中包括選舉人與被選舉人的參選條件限制，以及選舉機關的角色扮演和職權範圍，其次是分析兩岸在選舉區規劃上，候選人的提名制度上，選舉活動內容上，選舉經費運用上，以及選舉人名冊編造和投票方法上，有著何種程度的差異性。最終試圖找出社會主義和資本主義兩體制下的『選舉』之本質差異以說明兩岸在選舉制度所展現的不同。

FRÖHLICHOVÁ, Jana. Analysis of Bipolar Tendencies of the Party System in the Czech Republic Electoral Competition Focusing on the Situation of Smaller Parties in Parliament. Prague, 2011. 120 pp. Thesis. Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Political Science. Thesis Supervisor Doc. PhDr. Tomáš Lebeda, Ph.D. Abstract The aim of this paper is to analyze the multifactory aspect of the influence the modern election competitions impose on a party's structure. More specifically, it describes how the standing of small parties is affected during ongoing gradual bipolarization. There are two approaches to the research. First, the paper examines the effect the electoral mechanism on the party's system have in the Czech Republic focusing on the parliament elections to the Chamber of Deputies in years 2002-2010. The mechanical and psychological elements of the elections influencing the profits of small parliament parties are analyzed. Second, the thesis addresses other factors concerning the election competitions that affect the standing of small parliament parties. The election campaigns in the 21st century are being professionalized and there is bipolarization of the election competitions. The party's structure is not influenced merely by the election rules. Other factors like use...

The thesis focuses on influence of the AMS (Additional Member System) upon party systems of Scotland and Wales. This system is used for elections to Scottish parliament and Welsh national assembly. It was applied for the first election that was held in 1999 and it is still in use. This means AMS is used in both regions for the same time period, which allows us to compare the influence which the system has in different environment. The thesis analyzes results of all elections that were held in Scotland and Wales and defines their influence on particular parties and party systems it operates in. On the basis of these findings the general influence of AMS is formulated. Theoretical concepts by Maurice Duverger and Giovanni Sartori are used as a background for study of election systems and party systems. The position voter support and its changes are analyzed through valence theory, which uses opinion polls to explain election results. At the first sight the AMS seems to be the same one as another election system - MMP (Mixed Member Proportional). These systems are often confused or perceived as the same ones. So except the election results analysis this thesis explains also the difference between these systems and classifies them into right categories. It shows up that each of the systems belongs to...