The thesis aims to discuss a theoretical framework of the U. S. congressional midterm elections and specify their fundamental funtions and importance. The thesis analyses the transformation of midterm elections as well as their effects on the political system with a special focus on the period 1990-2008. Following the analysis of particular midterm elections, it concludes that some of the theoretical premises need to be revised.

Le sujet central de cette thèse concerne les évolutions de la règle électorale dans les régimespost-communistes et traite de la contribution de ces évolutions à la démocratisation dessystèmes politiques de l’Europe du Sud-Est, à partir d’un échantillon d’Etats (Albanie,Bulgarie, Macédoine, Roumanie et Serbie-Monténégro). La transition démocratique et lechangement de régime impliquent la construction d’une nouvelle légitimité politique. Cettelégitimité passe par les élections qui sont au coeur de la démocratie. Ce travail cherche àcomprendre comment sont choisies les règles régissant ces élections. Le choix du systèmeélectoral est, dans une grande mesure, la conséquence de plusieurs processus. L’accent mis surles facteurs déterminants de l’adoption et de la réforme électorale permet de comprendre lesmotivations et les objectifs des évolutions de la règle électorale en Europe post-communiste.L’étude de la législation réformée et l’analyse du comportement des acteurs électorauxpermettent de constater que les leaders politiques ont très souvent contourné le sensdémocratique de la norme électorale. Dans cet échantillon d’Etats, les évolutions de la règleélectorale ont eu des conséquences relatives sur le nombre des partis politiques représentés auParlement. Le changement de régime a favorisé l’alternance des majorités électorales etparlementaires. Cette alternance démontre que les principes démocratiques des électionscontribuent à la stabilisation démocratique, même si le contexte et les enjeux politiques propresà cette région favorisent une relative instabilité des majorités parlementaires etgouvernementales. / The central subject of this thesis concerns the developments of the electoral rule in postcommunistregimes and discusses the contribution of these changes to the democratization ofpolitical systems of Southeast Europe, from a sample of states (Albania, Bulgaria, Macedonia,Romania and Serbia-Montenegro). Democratic transition and regime change involves theconstruction of a new political legitimacy. This legitimacy is through elections that are at theheart of democracy. This work seeks to understand how the rules are chosen these elections.The choice of electoral system is, to a large extent, the result of several processes. The focus onthe determinants of adoption and electoral reform to understanding the motivations and goalsof the developments of the electoral rule in post-communist Europe. The study of the reformedlegislation and behavior analysis of electoral allow players to see that the political leaders haveoften bypassed the democratic sense of the electoral standard. In this sample of countries,changes in the electoral rule had consequences on the number of political parties represented inParliament. Regime change has favored the alternation of parliamentary and electoralmajorities. This alternation shows that the democratic principles of elections contribute to thedemocratic stabilization, even if the context and the political stakes in this region favor a relativeinstability of parliamentary and government majority.

Si la démocratie désigne le régime politique où l’appareil institutionnel d’Etat traduit la volonté du peuple, la démocratisation caractériserait ainsi tout processus conduisant un système politique autoritaire à plus d’ouverture et de participation. Mais cette démocratisation n’est pas que le résultat de dynamiques internes, elle est également, et de plus en plus le fait d’acteurs externes, en particulier des organisations internationales. Dès la fin de la guerre froide en effet, convaincues que la démocratie constitue le régime politique qui offre les meilleures garanties de respect des droits de l’homme, des organisations internationales, universelles comme régionales, l’Organisation des Nations Unies en tête, se sont résolument investies aussi bien d’un point de vue normatif qu’opérationnel dans sa promotion, au point parfois de remettre en cause le principe pourtant bien établi de souveraineté des Etats. La promotion de la démocratie par les organisations internationales obéit à un régime juridique dont l’ambivalence initiale a progressivement laissé place à une certaine cohérence. Ce régime met à la charge des Etats des droits individuels et collectifs dont le respect est contrôlé, voire parfois sanctionné par des mécanismes politiques et juridictionnels, mais dont l’efficacité apparait toutefois incertaine, rappelant ainsi la complexité et la sensibilité de la question démocratique en droit international. / If democracy refers to the political regime in which the state institutional apparatus reflects the will of the people, democratization would thus characterize any process leading to a more open and participatory authoritarian political system. But this democratization is not only the result of internal dynamics, it is also, and increasingly, the result of external actors, in particular international organizations.Since the end of the Cold War, convinced that democracy is the political system that offers the best guarantees of respect for human rights, international organizations, both universal and regional, with the United Nations in the lead, have resolutely invested themselves both from a normative and operational point of view in democracy promotion, sometimes to the point of questioning the well-established principle of State sovereignty. The promotion of democracy by international organizations is governed by a legal regime whose initial ambivalence has gradually given way to a certain coherence. This regime places individual and collective rights on States, the respect for which is monitored or even sanctioned by political and jurisdictional mechanisms, but whose effectiveness appears uncertain, thus recalling the complexity and sensitivity of the democratic question in international law.

Cette thèse par articles évalue la linéarité des dynamiques de construction de l’ordre du jour en période électorale. Elle mobilise à cet effet le concept de tempête médiatique, définie en tant que hausse subite et explosive de la couverture médiatique consacrée à un item spécifique (enjeu ou événement), qui en vient à constituer une part substantielle de l’ordre du jour pendant un laps de temps significatif. Plusieurs analyses récentes suggèrent que ces tempêtes médiatiques changent les patrons d’attention des médias ainsi que des acteurs politiques. D’autres estiment qu’elles modifieraient les rapports de force usuels qui circonscrivent les relations d’influence entre les discours politiques et médiatiques. À partir d’une étude de cas de la campagne électorale canadienne de 2015, cette thèse examine l’impact des tempêtes médiatiques sur les trois maillons de la chaine de communication électorale : les médias, les acteurs politiques et les citoyens. Le premier article vise à décrire les effets des tempêtes médiatiques sur l’environnement communicationnel. Il détecte trois périodes de tempête médiatique, qui couvrent plus de la moitié de la campagne électorale. Il démontre comment ces dernières se caractérisent par une plus faible diversité du nombre quotidien d’enjeux inclus à l’ordre du jour médiatique, ainsi que par une concentration élevée de l’attention médiatique sur les items qui sont liés à la tempête. Enfin, il suggère que les partis politiques sont plus susceptibles de mentionner ces mêmes items pendant les périodes de tempête médiatique. Le deuxième article vérifie l’impact des tempêtes médiatiques sur l’efficacité des efforts déployés par les partis politiques pour influencer l’ordre du jour médiatique. Il s’intéresse à la manière dont l’attention accordée par les partis politiques à certains enjeux affecte leur présence médiatique du lendemain. L’étude identifie une baisse significative de l’efficacité de ce transfert de saillance durant les périodes de tempête; les partis politiques ont plus de difficulté à générer de la couverture médiatique à propos d’enjeux qui ne sont pas liés aux tempêtes. Elle démontre aussi que même lorsque les partis accordent de l’attention aux enjeux liés à la tempête, le succès de leur démarche n’est pas garanti. Cela suggère que l’efficacité des efforts déployés par les partis pour influencer l’ordre du jour médiatique ne serait pas linéaire. Le dernier article analyse l’impact d’une des tempêtes médiatiques identifiées dans les articles précédents sur les attitudes politiques des citoyens. Il démontre que l’émergence de la tempête médiatique de la « crise des réfugiés » a entrainé une évolution des attitudes citoyennes à propos des principaux cadres mobilisés pour définir la situation. L’identité partisane constitue un médiateur de cette relation. Il expose aussi comment ces attitudes politiques sont devenues, après le début de la tempête, des déterminants significatifs du choix de vote des électeurs. La thèse contribue à la compréhension des tempêtes médiatiques — qui n’avaient jamais été examinées dans un contexte électoral — ainsi que des dynamiques de construction de l’ordre du jour. Plus généralement, elle propose une perspective novatrice à propos de l’aphorisme bien connu voulant que la meilleure campagne soit celle qui reste « on message ». / The purpose of this doctoral dissertation is to assess the linearity of electoral agenda-building dynamics. To that end, the concept of media storm is used. A media storm can be defined as an explosive increase in news coverage of a specific item (event or issue), which garners a substantial share of the total news agenda during a certain time. Recent analyses on the subject suggest that media storms cause changes in the attention patterns of political actors and the media and that they may disrupt the usual power dynamics delineating the reciprocal influence between their respective agendas. Empirically examining agenda-building dynamics during the 2015 Canadian federal election, this study examines the impact of media storms on the three types of actors at the core of any political communication process: the media, the political actors, and citizens. First, the effects of media storms on election coverage by the media are evaluated. Three media storms were detected during the 2015 Canadian election, and they extended for more than half of the 79-day length of the campaign. One finding is that storm periods decrease the average number of issues present in daily media coverage of the campaign, as the media focus their attention on items related to the storm. Another finding is that parties are more likely to interact with a storm issue during its respective storm period. Second, the idea that media storms negatively affect political actors’ electoral agenda-building efficiency is tested. Specifically, how storm periods impact the ways in which parties’ attention to given issues promotes their next-day importance in the media’s agenda is examined. Results suggest a significant drop in this salience transfer mechanism during storm periods, when political actors are less successful in their efforts to promote issues unrelated to the storm. They also indicate that parties’ attention to storm-related issues is not guaranteed to raise their profile in the next day’s media agenda, even during storm periods. These findings suggest that agenda-building dynamics are not linear; some contexts are more amenable to successful influence by parties than are others. Third, how media storms, through agenda-setting and a priming mechanism, affect citizens’ political attitudes and vote choice is investigated. Using the case of the “refugee crisis,” how the storm’s emergence brought changes in opinions about items related to the prominent frames invoked in the competition for the definition of the issue is detailed. Partisan identity is shown to have a significant mediating role in this influence process. Compelling empirical evidence is also offered about the ways in which the storm gradually increased the impacts of those attitudes on vote choice during the 2015 Canadian election campaign. The dissertation offers an exciting contribution to the literature on media storms – which had never been examined in an electoral context – and on agenda-building dynamics. More generally, it provides novel, and potentially far-reaching, insight on the well-known aphorism that the best election campaign always stays “on message.”

Analytical research of a migrant's presence in a certain location on election outcomes of populist-nationalist parties is a relatively new phenomena in the field of electoral geography. Media and political interest in migration and refugees has risen rapidly in the last few years and offers a broad opportunity for relevant scientific studies. This thesis stems from existing literature, that have studied such relation and focuses on the case of The Freedom and Direct Democracy - Tomio Okamura Party (SPD) and on the possible influence of the share of migrants on SPD's electoral support at two different scale levels (municipalities with authorized municipal offices and individual municipalities) during the 2017 parliamentary elections. Analysing the most important groups of migrants and additionally a formed group of migrants coming from countries with either dominant or significant Muslim native population can be considered as innovative. The main goal is to discover whether the election outcomes of SPD, which stands strongly opposed to migration, differ based on the share of migrants in a certain area, or if migration does not play any role at all. Furthermore, the electoral geography of SPD is compared to the of Tomio Okamura's former party - Dawn of Direct Democracy, whose rhetoric did not focus...

The study examines the level of party voting discipline displayed by current Russian deputies. The objective is to discover whether deputies elected since the reintroduction of the mixed-member electoral system in 2016 showed a diverse level of party voting discipline. The study expands on the existing research and verifies results of earlier analysis proving weaker party discipline among politicians elected from single-member districts (SMDs). A sample of over 500 thousand deputy votes is analyzed with multiple regression analysis and other methods of quantitative research. The research explores the influence of several variables including the type of elections, political faction membership, double candidacy of a deputy and his incumbency in the previous term of office. Evaluation of results implies that the type of elections does not have a significant impact on party discipline of deputies. The most noticeable is the impact of the membership in various political factions. Greater independence in voting typical for SMD deputies does not manifest considerably in Russia because of the impact of the local hybrid regime and because the majority of SMD deputies belong to the faction of United Russia. Members of a faction with such importance tend to be less motivated to vote against their political...

Following conflict, peace agreements bring an opportunity to profoundly change societal structures and add to women’s empowerment. Using affirmative action tools like electoral gender quotas, women’s numerical presence, or descriptive representation, has more than doubled since the 1995 Beijing Declaration. However, women’s descriptive representation does not always result in women’s representation beyond numbers, or substantive representation. This thesis aims to solve why quotas do not always lead to a rise in women’s substantive representation by exploring one possible explanation: the effect of women’s rights provisions in peace agreements on the outcomes of electoral gender quota-implementation. It argues that women’s rights provisions in peace agreements can affect policymaking outcomes in the postwar context in terms of increased substantive representation of women. The thesis employs the method of structured, focused comparison to compare the two post-war countries, Nepal and Angola. It finds support for the hypothesis that electoral gender quotas implemented following a peace agreement with women’s rights provisions leads to a larger increase in women’s substantive representation than those implemented following a peace agreement without such provisions. However, further qualitative cross-case analysis and large-n quantitative research are needed to draw more certain conclusions.

The aim of this study is to analyze legitimacy of policy. Its fulfillment should emerge from detailed inquiry of the essential sense of social institutions. The work is divided into three chapters therefore. The first chapter deals with law as a basic system of order of social relations. It explains its fundamental social goal (reducing transaction costs of social action) and its influence on the development of civilization. It discusses in detail the property rights as a fundament of any real legal system - both at the legal level and economic level (i.e. how the system of property rights coordinates social activities and allocates scarce resources, how it creates the elite, and when there is a fault efficiency of this process). The second chapter deals with the social obligations which are necessary condition for preservation of law. These obligations are labeled as taxes (as opposed to tributes that basis is not in the obligation to maintain the legal system and are only ransom inherently). Particular attention is paid to the fair distribution of these obligations (tax justice) and also to the impact of taxation on the development of civilization. The last (third) chapter deals with institutional framework of society, i.e. the exercise of public power and public administration (government...

Bc. Karel Höfer Komparativní volební inženýrství v postjugoslávském prostoru KP IPS FSV UK Diplomová práce ABSTRACT The thesis deals with the topic of electoral engineering and electoral design in the Post- Yugoslav area. It can be classified within social sciences as a part of political science, specifically as a part of comparative political science and electoral studies. The subject of this thesis is electoral design and electoral engineering. Its cases are political and electoral systems in the Post-Yugoslav area up to 2012. The importance of this topic consists in the fact that it is not entirely explored topic. On that account it deserves attention from both empirical and theoretical perspective. The research of electoral design and electoral engineering is one of the most promising courses of contemporary political science. The Post-Yugoslav area offers an ideal environment for comparative political science in general and comparative approach due to its common historical and institutional grounds, but different political and institutional development after the disintegration. The primary objective of this work is the comparison of electoral design and electoral engineering in the Post-Yugoslav area. An important component of this work is also original and comprehensive theoretical framework for a...

203 12 Dissertation Summary Dissertation title: Democracy in the Lack of Interest: the Effects of Remote Internet Voting Implementation in the Electoral Process of Selected Countries Name and Surname: Karel Sál Field of Study: Political Science Place of Work: Institute of Political Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Charles University in Prague Dissertation Supervisor: PhDr. Petr Jüptner, Ph.D. No. of Pages: 203 No. of Appendixes: 30 Year of Defense: 2016 Keywords: internet voting; remote internet voting; electoral turnout; crisis of democracy; theory of participation; rational choice theory; Estonia; Switzerland; France; Norway; Spain. Abstract: The dissertation thesis named Democracy in the Lack of Interest: the Effects of Remote Internet Voting Implementation in the Electoral Process of Selected States reflects the phenomenon of the last decade - incorporation of new media into the political process. Internet voting is one of the discussed and suggested solutions of the so-called crisis of democracy, which could possibly stop the negative trend of diminishing voter turnout in advanced western democracies. The entire academic debate can be summarized into one question: It is possible, that the way of ballot casting can affect the voter turnout in that scale, that we can recognize a significant-positive...