The transportation sector is a vital part of today’s society and accounts for 20 % of our global total energy consumption. It is also one of the most greenhouse gas emission intensive sectors as almost 95 % of its energy originates from petroleum-based fuels. Due to the possible harmful nature of greenhouse gases, there is a need for a transition to more sustainable transportation alternatives. A possible alternative to the conventional petroleum-based road transportation is implementation of Electric Road Systems (ERS) in combination with electric vehicles (EVs). ERS are systems that enable dynamic power transfer to the EV's from the roads they are driving on. Consequently, by utilizing ERS in combination with EVs, both the cost and weight of the EV-batteries can be kept to a minimum and the requirement for stops for recharging can also be eliminated. This system further enables heavy vehicles to utilize battery solutions. There are currently in principal three proven ERS technologies, namely, conductive power transfer through overhead lines, conductive power transfer from rails in the road and inductive power transfer through the road. The aim of this report is to evaluate and compare the potential of a full-scale implementation of these ERS technologies on a global and local (Sweden) level from predominantly, an economic and environmental perspective. Furthermore, the thesis also aims to explore how an expansion of ERS might look like until the year 2050 in Sweden using different scenarios. To answer these questions two main models (global and Swedish perspective) with accompanying submodels were produced in Excel. The findings show that not all countries are viable for ERS from an economic standpoint, however, a large number of countries in the world do have good prospects for ERS implementation. Findings further indicated that small and/or developed countries are best suited for ERS implementation. From an economic and environmental perspective the conductive road was found to be the most attractive ERS technology followed by overhead conductive and inductive road ERS technologies. The expansion model developed demonstrates that a fast expansion and implementation of an ERS-based transportation sector is the best approach from an economical perspective where the conductive road technology results in largest cost savings until 2050. / Transportsektorn är en viktig del av dagens samhälle och står för 20% av den totala globala energiförbrukningen. Det är också en av de sektorer med mest växthusgasutsläpp, där nästan 95% av energin härstammar från petroleumbaserade bränslen. På grund av växthusgasers potentiellt skadliga karaktär finns det ett behov för en övergång till mer hållbara transportmedel. En möjlig alternativ till den konventionella petroleumbaserade vägtransporten är implementering av elektriska vägsystem (ERS) i kombination med elfordon. Elektriska vägsystem är system som möjliggör dynamisk kraftöverföring till fordon från vägarna de kör på. Sålunda kan man genom att använda ERS i kombination med elbilar, minimera både kostnaden och vikten av batterierna samt även minska eller eliminera antalet stopp för omladdningar. Dessutom möjliggör detta system att även tunga fordon kan använda sig av batterilösningar. Det finns för närvarande i princip tre beprövade ERS-tekniker, nämligen konduktiv kraftöverföring genom luftledningar, konduktiv kraftöverföring från räls i vägen och induktiv kraftöverföring genom vägen. Syftet med denna rapport är att utvärdera och jämföra potentialen för en fullskalig implementering av dessa ERS-teknik på en global och lokal (Sverige) nivå från, framförallt, ett ekonomiskt- och ekologiskt perspektiv. Rapporten syftar också till att undersöka, med hjälp av olika scenarier, hur en utbyggnad av ERS i Sverige skulle kunna se ut fram till år 2050. För att besvara dessa frågor producerades två huvudmodeller (global och lokal perspektiv) med kompletterande undermodeller i Excel. De erhållna resultaten visar att ERS inte är lönsamt ur ett ekonomisk perspektiv i precis alla de undersökta länder, dock har ett stort antal länder i världen visat sig ha goda förutsättningar för ERS. Vidare visar resultaten att små och/eller utvecklade länder är bäst lämpade för ERS. Ur ett ekonomiskt- och ekologiskt perspektiv har konduktiv kraftöverföring från räls i väg tekniken visat sig vara den mest attraktiva, följt av konduktiv kraftöverföring genom luftledningar och induktiv kraftöverföring genom väg teknikerna. Expansionsmodellen som utvecklats visar att en snabb expansion och implementation av en ERS-baserad vägtransportsektor är det bästa alternativet, där tekniken för konduktiv kraftöverföring från räls i väg ger de största kostnadsbesparingar fram till 2050.

The demands for sustainable transportation have made battery electric vehicles an increasingly popular subject in the world of both businesses and engineering. This thesis has been made in collaboration with Scania, which is currently investigating the possibility of manufacturing stators and rotors in-house in a series production line. For Scania, the topic of quality assurance is of great importance as Scania wants to ensure their trucks and buses fulfil the quality requirements of both customers and society. The goal of the thesis is to provide Scania with a set of guidelines for what quality assurance steps to perform in a series stator winding production, and where in the production they should be placed. The investigated stator winding type is a continuous hairpin winding, and the investigated quality assurance steps are solely electrical tests used to ensure the safety, functionality, and quality of the stator windings. A process-failure modes and effects analysis were conducted to identify the risks associated with each production step. The results indicates where the quality assurance steps should be taken. Further analysis, based on the provided background of electrical tests, also provides an answer to what electrical tests to perform as quality assurance steps. The result of the thesis is a concept, presented in a flow chart diagram, which indicates what electrical tests to perform and where the tests should be performed in the stator winding production chain. / De krav som sätts på hållbar transport har gjort batteridrivna elektriska fordon ett alltmer populärt ämne i världens företag och ingenjörskonst. Denna avhandling har gjort i samarbete med Scania, som i nuläget utreder möjligheterna för att tillverka statorer och rotorer in- house i en serie produktionslinje. För Scania är ämnet kvalitetssäkring (QA) ett viktigt ämne, för att Scania vill säkerställa att deras lastbilar och bussar lever upp till de kvalitetskrav som både kunder och samhället ger. Avhandlingens mål är därför att förse Scania med en uppsättning av riktlinjer för vilka QA steg som ska utföras i en serie statorlindningsproduktion, och var i produktionen de ska placeras. Den statorlindningstypen i fokus är en kontinuerlig hårnålslindning, och att de kvalitetssäkringar som undersöks är enbart elektriska test som säkrar säkerhet, funktionalitet samt kvalitén av statorlindningarna. En P-FMEA har utförts som en risk och felläges analys i syfte att identifiera de risker som är associerat med varje produktionssteg. Resultatet pekar på var QA steg ska utföras någonstans. Fortsatt analys, baserat på den givna bakgrunden av elektriska test, ger även ett svar på vilka elektriska test som ska utföras som QA steg. Avhandlingens resultat är ett koncept, presenterat i ett flödesdiagram, som visar vilka elektriska test som ska utföras samt var dessa tests ska utföras i statorlindningsproduktionen.

A common architecture for electric vehicles is to have two electric machines one each on the front and rear axle. Despite the redundancy, this configuration ensures performance. Being energy efficient is equally important for electric vehicles to deliver a sufficiently high range. Hence, operating a single machine at low to medium torque requirement is desirable. A clutch can be implemented on the front axle and its engagement dynamically controlled to reduce the magnetic drag losses in the front machine. With clutch disengaged, the entire torque will be delivered by the rear machine causing it to heat up quickly. As electric machine and inverter losses are also temperature dependent, this work attempts to derive an optimal torque split strategy between the two machines considering thermal effects. An upper-temperature limit for both electric machine and inverter is imposed for component protection. Thermal models for the electric machine, inverter and coolant circuit are simplified using system identification and model order reduction approach. Dynamic optimal torque split is realized by minimizing the energy loss over the entire drive cycle. Dynamic programming is used to investigate the benefits of including thermal losses and to generate a benchmark solution for optimal torque split strategy. Further, two online controllers are developed, one based on non-linear model predictive control and the other being a static controller with added heuristic rules to prevent temperatures of critical components to exceed the limits. A high-fidelity plant model was developed using VSIM as master and GT-Suite thermal model as slave to compare the performance of these controllers. The results show that it is possible to obtain decent thermal performance of electric motor and inverter with one node lumped parameter thermal model and a five-node lumped parameter model for the coolant circuit. Including thermal dynamics in the controller can constraint the temperature within the limits and give an optimal torque split. The benefit of adding temperature-dependent thermal maps is found to be limited to certain operating regions. The static controller with torque split based on instantaneous power loss also performed well for the given configuration. The major contribution to energy saving was obtained by dynamic disengagement of clutch in the form of reduced magnetic drag losses. / En vanlig arkitektur för elfordon är att ha två elmaskiner en vardera på fram- och bakaxeln. Trots redundansen säkerställer denna konfiguration prestanda. Att vara energieffektiv är lika viktigt för att elfordon ska leverera en tillräckligt hög räckvidd. Det är därför önskvärt att driva en enda maskin med lågt till medelhögt vridmoment. En koppling kan implementeras på framaxeln och dess ingrepp kan styras dynamiskt för att minska de magnetiska motståndsförlusterna i den främre maskinen. Med kopplingen urkopplad kommer hela vridmomentet att levereras av den bakre maskinen vilket gör att den snabbt värms upp. Eftersom förluster av elektriska maskiner och växelriktare också är temperaturberoende, försöker detta arbete härleda en optimal vridmomentsdelningsstrategi mellan de två maskinerna med tanke på termiska effekter. En övre temperaturgräns för både elektrisk maskin och växelriktare är införd för komponentskydd. Termiska modeller för den elektriska maskinen, växelriktaren och kylvätskekretsen förenklas med hjälp av systemidentifiering och modellbeställningsreduktion. Dynamisk optimal vridmomentdelning realiseras genom att minimera energiförlusten under hela körcykeln. Dynamisk programmering används för att undersöka fördelarna med att inkludera termiska förluster och för att generera en benchmarklösning för optimal vridmomentsdelningsstrategi. Vidare utvecklas två online-styrenheter, en baserad på icke-linjär modell för prediktiv styrning och den andra är en statisk styrenhet med tillagda heuristiska regler för att förhindra att temperaturer på kritiska komponenter överskrider gränserna. En högfientlig anläggningsmodell utvecklades med VSIM som master och GT-Suite termisk modell som slav för att jämföra prestandan hos dessa styrenheter. Resultaten visar att det är möjligt att erhålla hyfsad termisk prestanda för elmotor och växelriktare med en termisk modell med en nodklumpad parameter och en femnodsmodell med klumpparametrar för kylvätskekretsen. Att inkludera termisk dynamik i regulatorn kan begränsa temperaturen inom gränserna och ge en optimal vridmomentfördelning. Fördelen med att lägga till temperaturberoende termiska kartor har visat sig vara begränsad till vissa driftsområden. Den statiska styrenheten med vridmomentdelning baserad på momentan effektförlust fungerade också bra för den givna konfigurationen. Det största bidraget till energibesparingen erhölls genom dynamisk urkoppling av kopplingen i form av minskade magnetiska motståndsförluster.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] La energía juega un papel fundamental en el desarrollo sostenible de las comunidades. Así, proporcionar recursos energéticos fiables, económicamente aceptables, medioambientalmente respetuosos y socialmente beneficiosos, resulta esencial para el desarrollo sostenible de las mismas. A pesar de la universalidad de dicha definición, el uso de la energía está muy vinculada al nivel de desarrollo de los países. De este modo, la problemática energética de los países desarrollados contrasta enormemente con la de los países en desarrollo. En esta tesis doctoral se ha identificado la principal problemática energética de ambas realidades: grave impacto medioambiental de los modelos de generación del transporte tradicionales en los países desarrollados y pobreza energética en los países en desarrollo. A partir del compendio de artículos científicos de esta tesis doctoral se ha caracterizado el uso de sistemas renovables avanzados que permite solucionar dicha problemática de forma sostenible. En concreto, el principal problema energético en países desarrollados ha sido tratado mediante la planificación energética y el diseño óptimo de sistemas híbridos de energías renovables (HRES por sus siglas en inglés) en electrolineras, necesarios para la introducción de vehículos eléctricos como alternativa de movilidad sostenible. Por otro lado, el estudio de metodologías de diseño óptimas de HRES off grid y de las estufas para cocinar mejoradas mediante gasificación de biomasa se ha focalizado en la inaccesibilidad eléctrica y a sistemas de cocina limpia que sufren las comunidades en desarrollo. Así, esta tesis aporta una serie de metodologías para optimizar y adecuar los sistemas renovables presentados para el desarrollo energético sostenible de las comunidades. Además, no sólo demuestra la idoneidad de estos sistemas para dicho fin, sino también su versatilidad de aplicación en función del nivel de crecimiento de las comunidades. / [CA] L'energia juga un paper fonamental en el desenvolupament sostenible de les comunitats. Així, proporcionar recursos energètics fiables, econòmicament acceptables, mediambientalment respectuosos i socialment beneficiosos, resulta essencial per al desenvolupament sostenibles de les mateixes. A pesar de la universalitat d'aquesta definició, l'ús de la energia està vinculada al nivell de desenvolupament dels països. D'aquesta manera, la problemàtica energètica dels països desenvolupats contrasta enormement amb la dels països en desenvolupament. A aquesta tesis doctoral s'ha identificat la principal problemàtica energètica d'ambdues realitats: greu impacte mediambiental dels models de generació del transport tradicional en els països desenvolupats i pobresa energètica en els països en desenvolupament. A partir del compendi d'articles científics d'aquesta tesis doctoral s'ha caracteritzat l'ús de sistemes renovables avançats que permet solucionar aquesta problemàtica de manera sostenible. En concret, el principal problema energètic en països desenvolupats s'ha tractat mitjançant la planificació energètica i el disseny òptim de sistemes híbrids d'energies renovables (HRES, per les seues segles en anglès) en electrolineres, necessaris per la introducció de vehicles elèctrics com alternativa de mobilitat sostenible. D'altra banda, l'estudi de metodologies de disseny òptimes de HRES off grid i d'estufes per a cuinar millorades mitjançant gasificació de biomassa s'ha focalitzat en la inaccessibilitat elèctrica i a sistemes de cuina neta que pateixen les comunitats en desenvolupament. Així, aquesta tesis aporta una sèrie de metodologies per optimitzar i adequar el sistemes renovables presentats per al desenvolupament energètic sostenible de les comunitats. A més, no tan sols demostra la idoneïtat d'aquests sistemes per a aqueix fi, sinó també la seua versatilitat d'aplicació en funció del nivell de creixement de les comunitats. / [EN] Energy plays a significant role for the sustainable development of communities. Hence, supplying reliable energy resources, which result economically acceptable, environmentally friendly and socially beneficial, arises as essential for their sustainable development. Despite the universality of such definition, the energy use is highly linked to the development degree of the countries. Thus, energy problems of developed countries sharply contrast with those of developing countries. This doctoral thesis identifies the main energy issues of both realities: severe environmental impact of energy generation models for traditional transport in developed countries and energy poverty in developing countries. The compendium of scientific papers of this doctoral dissertation characterizes the use of advanced renewable energy systems to solve such problems in a sustainable way. Namely, the main energy issue in developed countries has been addressed by means of energy planning and the optimal design of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRES) in electric vehicle charging stations, which ensure the introduction of electric vehicles as a sustainable mobility alternative. Moreover, the study of methodologies for the optimal design of off grid HRES and improved cooking stoves based on biomass gasification have approached the inaccessibility to electricity and to clean cooking systems that developing communities suffer. Therefore, this thesis provides a number of methodologies to optimize and adapt the presented renewable energy systems for the sustainable energy development of communities. Furthermore, it demonstrates not only the suitability of these systems for such aim, but also their versatility of application regarding the growing degree of the communities. / Bastida Molina, P. (2021). Estudio de sistemas renovables avanzados para el desarrollo energético sostenible [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/172548 / Compendio

<p dir="ltr"><a href="" target="_blank">The electrification of the transportation sector is pivotal in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and decreasing dependence on fossil fuels. Central to this transition are battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and other clean energy technologies, which rely heavily on critical materials (CMs) such as cobalt, lithium, neodymium, and nickel. </a>These materials are essential for the performance of batteries, advanced electronics, and other components in BEVs. <a href="" target="_blank">However, the limited availability of these CMs poses potential constraints on the widespread adoption of such technologies.</a></p><p dir="ltr">This research delves into the implications of widespread BEV adoption on the demand for CMs in the United States, with a focus on both light-duty vehicles (LDVs) and medium- and heavy-duty vehicles (MHDVs). Various market penetration scenarios were analyzed, revealing that while MHDVs require more CMs per vehicle, the sheer volume of LDV sales drives the overall CM demand, particularly in a scenario with 100% BEV adoption. Key findings highlight that cobalt, graphite, lithium, neodymium, and nickel are critical for BEVs, whereas palladium and rhodium are more crucial for internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). Also explored is the impact of lightweighting on LDVs, revealing that while substituting steel with aluminum increases the total CM quantity per vehicle, it reduces the vehicle's mass, operational energy consumption, and the demand for high-concern battery-related CMs. Additionally, changing the battery cathode chemistry from NMC622 to LFP significantly reduces CM use but increases the demand for strategic materials like copper and phosphorus due to the lower energy density of LFP-based batteries.</p><p dir="ltr">The research also highlights the importance of rare earth permanent magnets (REPMs), <a href="" target="_blank">particularly Neodymium-Iron-Boron (NdFeB) magnets, in clean energy technologies such as electric vehicles and wind turbines.</a> Neodymium, a critical material, faces supply chain risks. To lessen these risks, circular economy strategies have been proposed, including the recovery of needed materials from end-of-life (EoL) products. <a href="" target="_blank">A dynamic material flow analysis (MFA) model was developed to forecast such EoL flows for products containing REPMs and assess the recoverable neodymium from these EoL products. </a>The results indicate that even a modest recycling efficiency of 15% could meet 12% of the Nd demand for EVs by 2050, with reuse meeting up to 70% of the demand.</p><p dir="ltr">With the dynamic MFA model showing that circular economy principles could meet up to 70% of future neodymium demand in 2050, the next step was to investigate the techno-economic feasibility of recycling REPMs. A techno-economic assessment model was developed for establishing a magnet-to-magnet recycling facility for REPMs. Results revealed a net present value (NPV) of $8,867,111 over 20 years, a payback period of 3 years, and an internal rate of return (IRR) of 53%, providing a compelling case for investment in recycling infrastructure. Sensitivity analyses point to the selling price of recycled magnets, feedstock purchase price, facility throughput, and labor costs as the most influential factors on profitability.</p><p dir="ltr"><a href="" target="_blank">Additionally, this research explored the challenges and opportunities in the disassembly and recycling of EoL EV components, particularly traction motors containing REPMs. The complexity of disassembly, driven by varying component sizes and designs, is identified as a significant barrier. By evaluating manual disassembly times and proposing potential automation solutions, the study aims to streamline the disassembly process, thus facilitating more efficient recycling and remanufacturing operations.</a></p><p dir="ltr">The key contributions of this research are summarized as follows:</p><p dir="ltr">· Evaluated the vehicle CM demand of ICEVs and BEVs for LDVs and MHDVs and explored the impact of lightweighting and changing the battery cathode chemistry from NMC622 to LFP on CM demands.</p><p dir="ltr">· Developed a dynamic material flow analysis (MFA) model to forecast end-of-life (EoL) flows of products containing REPMs and assess the recoverable neodymium from these EoL products.</p><p dir="ltr">· Developed a techno-economic assessment (TEA) model to evaluate the viability of a magnet-to-magnet recycling facility.</p><p dir="ltr">· Performed disassembly analysis to assess the ease with which EoL BEV transmissions can be disassembled with a specific focus on the retrieval of traction motors (which house the REPMs) for potential reuse or remanufacturing.</p>

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / This thesis presents a converter topology for photovoltaic panels. This topology minimizes the number of switching devices used, thereby reducing power losses that arise from high frequency switching operations. The control strategy is implemented using a simple micro-controller that implements the proportional plus integral control. All the control loops are closed feedback loops hence minimizing error instantaneously and adjusting efficiently to system variations. The energy management between three components, namely, the photovoltaic panel, a battery and a DC link for a microgrid, is shown distributed over three modes. These modes are dependent on the irradiance from the sunlight. All three modes are simulated. The maximum power point tracking of the system plays a crucial role in this configuration, as it is one of the main challenges tackled by the control system. Various methods of MPPT are discussed, and the Perturb and Observe method is employed and is described in detail. Experimental results are shown for the maximum power point tracking of this system with a scaled down version of the panel's actual capability.

<p dir="ltr">In our daily lives, we rely on a multitude of discrete products to meet our needs. Traditional product design approaches have primarily focused on economic and technical aspects, often overlooking the pressing environmental and social challenges facing society. Recognizing the limitations of our ecological systems to cope with the waste generated by our current industrial processes, there is a growing need to anticipate the potential consequences of product design across technical, economic, environmental, and social dimensions to pave the way for a sustainable future. One promising strategy within this context is the integration of sustainability principles into optimization-based design models that consider a product's entire life cycle. While there have been previous efforts to optimize product life cycles, a comprehensive exploration of optimization-based design methods with a focus on multiple objectives for discrete products is essential. This dissertation explores the integration of sustainability principles with optimization-based design by taking the electric traction motor used in electric vehicles as a case study. This complex and environmentally significant technology is ideal for investigating the tradeoffs and benefits of incorporating sustainability objectives into the design process.</p><p dir="ltr">The key tasks undertaken in this study are as follows:</p><ul><li>Development of a parametric design and optimization framework for a surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor. In this task, a special emphasis is placed on reducing reliance on materials with a high supply risk, such as rare earth elements.</li><li>Creation of a parametric life cycle assessment model that combines life cycle assessment and optimization-based design to minimize a single-score environmental impact. This model offers insights into the environmental performance of product design and underscores the importance of minimizing environmental impact throughout a product's life cycle.</li><li>Integration of a life cycle costing model, incorporating techno-economic assessment and total cost of ownership perspectives, into the parametric life cycle assessment and optimization-based design models. This model is used to minimize levelized production and driving costs, shedding light on the trade-offs within this family of cost metrics and the optimization of manufacturing systems for motor production.</li><li>Proposal of a circular economy model/algorithm to assess the advantages of integrating the circular economy paradigm during the early design phase. All the mentioned objective functions are considered to study the impacts of applying the circular economy paradigm.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">The contributions of this research can be summarized as follows:</p><ul><li>Utilized a diverse array of analytical methodologies to parameterize the design process of a motor, incorporating the integration of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Techno-Economic Analysis (TEA) models, as well as the incorporation of disassembly planning for informed decision-making in the early stages of design.</li><li>Proposed a generalized objective function denoted as the Supply Risk-equivalent (SR-eq.), aimed at mitigating the risks associated with the dependency on critical materials in product manufacturing.</li><li>Introduced a novel approach for visualizing non-dominated solutions within a multi-objective framework, with experimentation conducted on up to six distinct objectives.</li><li>Substantiated the significance of decarbonizing the electric grid while maintaining competitive cost structures, the importance of advancing non-destructive evaluation (NDE) procedures for assessing the condition of end-of-life (EoL) subassemblies, and optimizing the collection rate of EoL motors.</li></ul><p dir="ltr">Demonstrated that the optimization of technical metrics as surrogate indicators for economic and environmental performance does not necessarily yield designs that are concurrently optimal in economic and environmental terms.</p>

When developing three-phase drives for Electric Vehicles (EVs), it is essential to verify the controller design. This will help in understanding how fast and accurately the torque of the motor can be controlled. In order to do this, it is always better to test the controller using the software version of the motor or vehicle drivetrain than using actual hardware as it could lead to component damage when replicating extreme physical behavior. In this thesis, plant modelling of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM) and vehicle drivetrain in MATLAB/Simulink for Model Based Design (MBD) is presented. MBD is an effective method for controller design that, if adopted can lead to cost savings of 25%-30% and time savings of 35%-40% (according to a global study by Altran Technologies, the chair of software and systems engineering and the chair of Information Management of the University of Technology in Munich) [1]. The PMSM plant models take effects like magnetic saturation, cross- coupling, spatial harmonics and temperature into account. Two PMSM models in d-q frame based on flux and inductance principles were implemented. Flux, torque maps from Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and apparent inductance from datasheets were used as inputs to the flux- and inductance-based models, respectively. The FEA of PMSM was done using COMSOL Multiphysics. The PMSM model results were compared with corresponding FEA simulated results for verification. A comparison of these PMSM models with conventional low fidelity models has also been done to highlight the impact of inclusion of temperature and spatial harmonics. These motor models can be combined with an inverter plant model and a controller can be developed for the complete model. Low frequency oscillations of drivetrain in EVs lead to vibrations which can cause discomfort and torsional stresses. In order to control these oscillations, an active oscillation damping controller can be implemented. For implementation of this control, a three-mass mechanical plant model of drivetrain with an ABS (Anti-lock Braking System) wheel speed sensor has been developed in this thesis. Analysis of the model transfer function to obtain the pole zero maps was performed. This was used to observe and verify presence of low frequency oscillations in the drivetrain. In order to include the effects of ABS wheel speed sensor and CAN communication, a model was developed for the sensor. / Testning av regulatorernas inställningar med hänsyn till snabbhet och noggrannhet i momentreglering är avgörande i trefasiga drivsystem för elektriska fordon. Oftast är det bättre att simulera i stället för att utföra experimentella tester där komponenter kan skadas på grund av fysisk stress. Detta kallas för Model Based Design (MBD). MBD är an effektiv metod för utformningen av styrningen som kan leda till kostnadsbesparingar på 25%-30% och tidsbesparingar på 35%-40% enligt en studie från Altran Technologies i samarbete med Tekniska universitet i München, TUM. Detta examensarbete behandlar en modell för en synkronmaskin med permanentmagneter (PMSM) samt en modell för drivlinan utvecklad i Matlab/Simulink för MBD. PMSMs modellen inkluderar magnetisk mättnad och tvärkoppling, MMF övervågor och temperatur. Två PMSM modeller har utvecklats. Den första baseras på magnetiskt flöde som erhålls från finita element beräkningar i COMSOL Multiphysics medan den andra bygger på induktanser givna från datablad. En jämförelse av dessa PMSM-modeller med konventionella low fidelity-modeller har också gjorts för att illustrera påverkan temperaturberoende och MMF övervågor. Modellerna kan kombineras med en växelriktarmodell för att utveckla en hel styrenhet. Lågfrekventa oscillationer i drivlinan leder till vibrationer som kan orsaka vridspänningar och försämra komforten i elfordonet. En aktiv dämpningsregulator kan implementeras för att kontrollera spänningarna men en mekanisk drivlinemodell med tre massor och en ABS (anti-lock braking system) hastighetssensor behövs. Den mekaniska modellen har implementerats och analyserats även beaktande en modell för en CAN kommunikationskanal. Oscillationer med låg frekvens kunde observeras i modellen.

Lithium-ion batteries have transformed energy storage and technological applications. They stand poised to convert transportation from combustion to electric engines. The discharge/charge rate is a key parameter that determines battery power output and recharge time; typically, operation is on the timescale of hours but reducing this would improve existing applications and open up new possibilities. Conventionally, the rate at which a battery can operate has been improved by synthetic strategies to decrease the solid-state diffusion length of lithium ions by decreasing particle sizes down to the nanoscale. In this work, a different approach is taken toward next-generation high-power and fast charging lithium-ion battery electrode materials. The phenomenon of high-rate charge storage without nanostructuring is discovered in niobium oxide and the mechanism is explained in the context of the structure–property relationships of Nb2O5. Three polymorphs, T-Nb2O5, B-Nb2O5, and H-Nb2O5, take bronze-like, rutile-like, and crystallographic shear structures, respectively. The bronze and crystallographic shear compounds, with unique electrochemical properties, can be described as ordered, anion-deficient nonstoichiometric defect structures derived from ReO3. The lessons learned in niobia serve as a platform to identify other compounds with related structural motifs that apparently facilitate high-rate lithium insertion and extraction. This leads to the synthesis, characterisation, and electrochemical evaluation of the even more complicated composition–structure–property relationships in ternary TiO2–Nb2O5 and Nb2O5–WO3 phases. Advanced structural characterisation including multinuclear solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, density functional theory, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, operando high-rate X-ray diffraction, and neutron diffraction is conducted throughout to understand the evolution of local and long-range atomic structure and changes in electronic states.

Premature loss of capacity, mode of partial charge, additives, negative electrode, lead acid battery, lead-acid battery cycling, hybrid electric vehicle, traction battery, ebonex, titanium dioxide