Spelling suggestions: "subject:"alectric vehicles"" "subject:"delectric vehicles""
621 |
Influence des stratégies de gestion d’une source hybride de véhicule électrique sur son dimensionnement et sa durée de vie par intégration d’un modèle multi-physique / Influence of energy management strategies on sizing and lifetime of a hybrid source for an electric vehicle by using a multi-physic modelMesbahi, Tedjani 25 March 2016 (has links)
Ce mémoire contribue à l’amélioration des performances d’une source de stockage hybride embarquée alimentant un véhicule électrique. La solution investiguée est composée de l’association de batteries Li-ion et de super condensateurs, dans le but d’obtenir, par rapport aux solutions classiques, un gain en masse et en durée de vie pour une certaine plage d’autonomie du véhicule. Notre objectif est de mettre à profit l’utilisation de nouvelles méthodes de gestion de la source hybride et de quantifier le gain obtenu. Un modèle multi-physique incluant les aspects électrique, thermique et vieillissement a été développé et intégré dans l’algorithme de gestion d’énergie afin d’évaluer la dégradation progressive des performances des éléments de stockage au cours des cycles de conduite selon la stratégie de gestion implantée. De nouvelles stratégies de gestion ayant pour objectif d’agir sur la durée de vie ont été évaluées. Leur impact sur les performances de la source en termes de masse, coût et durée de vie a pu être quantifié et montre bien que par une meilleure gestion des puissances, il est possible de mieux utiliser le stockeur hybride, ouvrant ainsi la voie à de nouvelles approches de gestion d’énergie pour ces systèmes. / This thesis contributes to the improvement of hybrid embedded source performances supplies an electric vehicle. The studied solution is composed of Li-ion batteries and supercapacitors hybridization, with an aim to achieve improved performances in terms of weight and lifetime over traditional solutions. Our main goal is to take the best advantage of new energy management strategies of the hybrid embedded source and quantify obtained improvements. A multi-physic model including electric, thermal and aging behaviors is developed and integrated into the algorithm of energy management in order to evaluate the gradual degradation of storage components performances during driving cycles and implemented control strategy. New energy management strategies intended to act on the lifetime of hybrid embedded source have been evaluated. Their impact on the performances of the source in terms of weight, cost and lifetime has been quantified and clearly shows that it is possible to make better use of hybrid embedded source thanks to a good power sharing, thus opening the way to new approaches of energy management for these systems.
|
622 |
Contribution à l'étude du comportement thermique de la batterie lithium-ion pour véhicules électriques et hybrides / Contribution to thermal behaviour study of lithium-ion battery for electric and hybrid electric vehicleChe Daud, Zul Hilmi 17 December 2014 (has links)
Les principaux objectifs de cette étude est de fournir les informations essentielles sur le comportement thermique des cellules de batterie pour une application automobile, en particulier pour les véhicules électriques et hybrides. Cette application est notre cadre de travail expérimental afin de développer un modèle électro-thermique 3D efficace pour les cellules lithium-ion et du pack batterie. L'étude expérimentale se concentre sur la distribution de température en différents points de la surface de la cellule, de l'impact de différents débits constants, et également l'importance du système de refroidissement sur le comportement en température de la batterie. Cette thèse met en évidence le comportement de température de la cellule dans des conditions de décharge agressive et de l'impact de l'empilement de plusieurs cellules à l'intérieur de la batterie. Une étude de cas sur le comportement thermique de la cellule dans une application véhicule électrique hybride série est proposée pour compléter les cycles de conduite en utilisant différentes stratégies de refroidissement. En outre, l'étude expérimentale est étendue à la caractéristique du comportement de refroidissement par flux d'air à l'intérieur de la batterie, en utilisant le système d'image de particules (PIV). Le modèle électro-thermique CFD 3D est développé sous un logiciel Open Source OpenFOAM. L'objectif principal est d'obtenir un modèle relativement simple mais précis avec un temps de calcul raisonnable. Le modèle proposé, estime la production de chaleur, à partir du courant de la batterie et la résistance interne en fonction de la température, le transfert de chaleur par conduction, convection forcée et rayonnement. / The main objectives of this study are to provide the essential information on the thermal behaviour of the battery cells for automotive purpose especially for EVs and HEVs through experimental work in order to develop an effective 3D electro-thermal model for lithium ion battery cells and pack. The experimental study is focusing on the distribution of temperature at various points of the battery cell surface, impact of different constant discharge rates, and also the importance of cooling system on the battery temperature behaviour. This thesis highlights the battery cell temperature under abuse discharge condition and the impact of stacking the battery cells inside the battery pack. Impact of different temperature and SOC on the battery cell internal resistance and a case study on the battery cell thermal behaviour used in a series HEV to complete driving cycles using different cooling strategies are also studied. Furthermore, the experimental study is extended to the characteristic of the cooling air flow behaviour inside the battery pack, using particulate image velocimetry (PIV) system. The 3D electro-thermal CFD model is implemented in a free, open source CFD software package called OpenFOAM. The target is to have a relatively simple but accurate model with reasonable computation time. This proposed model considers the heat generation from battery current and internal resistance as a function of temperature, heat transfer through conduction, forced convection and radiation.
|
623 |
Energieffektivisering inom transportsektorn : En fallstudie på ett företagsfordonsparkIsak, Eklöv January 2021 (has links)
Energy efficiency within the transport sector - A case study on the vehicle fleet of a companyIsak EklövThe environmental objective of zero net emissions of greenhouse gases by 2045 asdecided by the Swedish parliament establishes a framework for a standard thatimplies a demand for considerable changes within many sectors at both technical and political level. The need for long term efficiency solutions with respect tosustainability to be able to reach this goal is great and one step towards this couldpotentially be an adaption to an increased amount of vehicles with alternative fuelsin the vehicle fleet of Sweden. This thesis examined the potential for companiesto reduce their life-cycle emissions of greenhouse gases as well as the total cost ofownership (TCO) for their vehicles by changing the composition of their vehiclefleet.The project started with a literature review of a general character where data forlife-cycle emissions of greenhouse gases as well as TCO for different vehicle typeswas examined and collected. Then the life-cycle emissions of greenhouse gases andTCO were calculated for the different vehicle types through a case study on thevehicle fleet of a company. Finally a programming script was developed to increasethe efficiency of the process which was then used to create scenarios with differentcompositions of the vehicle fleet. A sensitivity analysis was also carried out to evaluate the robustness of the life cycle calculations where the parameters individuallywere altered and the effect on the final result was examined.The result of the case study showed that alternative fueled vehicles are expected tolead to lower life-cycle emissions of greenhouse gases compared to the conventionalalternatives for all vehicle types where alternative fuels are commercially available.The only exception for this was the electric fringe benefit vehicle with a 100 kWhbattery which was expected to lead to higher life-cycle emissions than its fossilalternatives. The result of the cost analysis showed a similar pattern but in thiscase the service vehicle fueled with gas was expected to lead to a higher value ofTCO than its fossil alternatives. The sensitivity analysis for life-cycle emissionsof greenhouse gases showed that production of lithium-ion batteries, vehicle base production and tailpipe emissions were the most contributing parameters forfringe benefit vehicles. The purchase cost was found to be the most contributingparameter for TCO.The result of the scenario analysis showed that there is a potential to decreaseiiilife-cycle emissions of greenhouse gases by 22 % of the total life-cycle emissionsfor the vehicle fleet according to the Base-case scenario. The potential to decreaseTCO was found to be 1,1 %. The other scenarios showed a potential decrease forlife-cycle emissions of 37 % and a cost decrease of 7 % individually.Key words: greenhouse gas emissions, alternative fuels, electric vehicles, totalcost of ownership, life cycle assessment, sustainable vehicle fleet
|
624 |
Optimal Route Planning for Electric Vehicles / Optimal Route Planning for Electric VehiclesJuřík, Tomáš January 2013 (has links)
In this work we present algorithms that are capable of calculating paths to destination for electric vehicles. These paths can be based on the simple metrics such as the distance, time or the paths can be based on more advanced metric such as the minimum energy demanding metric. This metric is parameterizable by the physical construction of the electrical vehicle. We also propose a new algorithm that computes energy optimal paths that are more acceptable by the driver, because it also takes into consideration the time metric while computing the path.
|
625 |
Regenerative braking and low vehicle noise of electric vehicles – implications for the driverCocron, Peter 03 November 2014 (has links)
Die dauerhafte Reduktion der von Menschen verursachten Emissionen ist eine der zentralen Herausforderungen unserer Zeit. Eine Strategie zur Reduzierung von Emissionen im Mobilitätssektor sind elektrisch betriebene Fahrzeuge, die je nach Typ teilweise oder vollständig mit Strom angetrieben werden. Für die Verkehrspsychologie stellt sich nun die Frage, ob und wie schnell sich Fahrer an die Nutzung von Elektrofahrzeugen gewöhnen und welche Herausforderungen sich aus Nutzersicht ergeben. Anhand von Studien mit vollelektrischen Fahrzeugen wurden in der vorliegenden Arbeit zwei grundlegende Eigenschaften von Elektrofahrzeugen aus psychologischer Perspektive untersucht:
Zum einen verfügen Elektrofahrzeuge über eine Rekuperationsfunktion, mit der es möglich ist, in Verzögerungsvorgängen kinetische in elektrische Energie umzuwandeln, also Energie rückzugewinnen und damit letztlich die Emissionen zu reduzieren.
Zum anderen beschränkt sich die mögliche Emissionsreduktion von Elektrofahrzeugen nicht nur auf den CO2-Ausstoß, sondern betrifft auch die Geräuschentwicklung dieser Fahrzeuge. Fahrzeuge mit Elektroantrieb emittieren weniger Geräusche, was einerseits die Lärmbelastung durch Straßenverkehr reduzieren kann, zum anderen aber auch zu Bedenken z.B. blinder Verkehrsteilnehmer geführt hat. Gerade bei geringen Geschwindigkeiten sind Elektrofahrzeuge schlechter wahrnehmbar und dadurch eine potentielle Gefahr für andere Verkehrsteilnehmer.
Das erste Ziel der vorliegenden Dissertation bestand darin, die Auswirkungen einer über das Gaspedal gesteuerten Rekuperation aus verkehrspsychologischer Perspektive zu untersuchen. Die zur Nutzung der Rekuperation nötigen motorischen Fertigkeiten müssen erlernt und in unterschiedlichen Verkehrssituationen angewandt werden. Basierend auf dem Power Law of Practice (Newell & Rosenbloom, 1981) wurde der Fertigkeitserwerb bei der Nutzung der Rekuperationsfunktion eingehend betrachtet. Anhand von Fahrzeugdaten lassen sich eine sehr steile Lernkurve und damit ein kurzer Adaptationsprozess zeigen, der mit einer Powerfunktion beschrieben werden kann. Bereits innerhalb der ersten gefahrenen Kilometer nehmen die Anzahl der konventionellen Bremsmanöver und ihr zeitlicher Anteil an der gesamten Verzögerung rapide ab.
Das zweite Ziel der vorliegenden Dissertation war, die Auswirkungen der geringeren Geräuschemission auf das Verkehrsgeschehen zu prüfen. Dies erfolgte jedoch nicht, wie in anderen Studien bereits dargestellt, aus Fußgängerperspektive, sondern aus der Fahrerperspektive. Da die Fahrer gerade in der Anfangsphase eine zentrale Rolle bei der Entschärfung geräuschbedingter kritischer Situationen spielen, soll die Arbeit dazu beitragen, diese Forschungslücke zu schließen, um eine umfassendere Bewertung der Geräuschthematik bei Elektrofahrzeugen zu ermöglichen.
In Anlehnung an Deerys (1999) Modell zu Fahrerreaktionen auf potentielle Gefahren, wurden Risikowahrnehmung (risk perception) und Gefahrenwahrnehmung (hazard perception) als entscheidende Determinanten der Fahrerreaktion auf geräuschbedingte Gefahrensituationen identifiziert.
Was die Risikowahrnehmung betrifft, so konnte gezeigt werden, dass diese sich mit zunehmender Erfahrung verändert. Risiken aufgrund der Geräuscharmut werden als weniger bedrohlich, das leise Fahren zunehmend als Beitrag zum Komfort gewertet. Zusätzlich wurden im Rahmen der Dissertation Situationen im Straßenverkehr näher untersucht, die aufgrund der Geräuscharmut von Elektrofahrzeugen auftraten. Darauf aufbauend wurde ein Katalog von geräuschbedingten Szenarien erstellt, der als empirische Grundlage für die nähere Betrachtung der Gefahrenwahrnehmung von Fahrern diente.
Ergebnisse daraus resultierender Experimente zur Detektion von geräuschbedingten Gefahren (hazard detection tasks) zeigten, dass die individuelle Erfahrung mit Elektrofahrzeugen offenbar lediglich eine untergeordnete Rolle bei der Erkennung und Reaktion auf geräuschbedingte Gefahren spielt. Erfahrene Fahrer von Elektrofahrzeugen unterschieden sich nur marginal von unerfahrenen Fahrern in der Reaktion in und der Bewertung von geräuschbedingten Gefahrensituationen, was darauf hindeutet, dass geräuschbedingte Gefahrensituationen auch von Fahrern ohne extensive Erfahrung mit Elektrofahrzeugen bewältigt werden können.
Das dritte, übergreifende Ziel der Dissertation bestand darin, die Bedeutung beider Eigenschaften für die Nutzerakzeptanz zu untersuchen. Neben der Untersuchung momentan existierender Barrieren (z.B. Reichweite, Preis, Batterielebensdauer), die eine weitreichende Adoption von Elektrofahrzeugen erschweren können, ist es ebenso wichtig, solche Eigenschaften zu identifizieren, die sich positiv auf das Nutzererleben auswirken. Sowohl die Rekuperation, als auch die Geräuscharmut spielen eine wichtige Rolle in der Nutzerbewertung, da beide Eigenschaften als zentrale, individuell erlebbbare Vorteile von Elektrofahrzeugen beurteilt werden. Im Hinblick auf die Geräuschemission lässt sich konstatieren, dass diese mit zunehmender Erfahrung des Fahrers fast ausschließlich als Vorteil statt als Barriere von Elektrofahrzeugen gewertet wird. Eine bemerkbare, über das Gaspedal gesteuerte Rekuperation scheint als Teil des Fahrererlebens ebenfalls eine zentrale Rolle in der Bewertung zu spielen. Ein hohes Maß an Nutzerakzeptanz und Vertrauen in das System unterstreichen die positive Evaluation einer solchen Funktionalität.
Aus verkehrspsychologischer Sicht haben die angeführten Eigenschaften von Elektrofahrzeugen Auswirkungen auf verschiedene Teilaufgaben der Fahrzeugführung. So sind nicht nur motorische Fertigkeiten in der Pedalnutzung (Stabilisierungsbene) erforderlich, sondern auch komplexere kognitive Prozesse, wie z.B. der Umgang mit möglichen Gefahrensituationen aufgrund der geringen Geräuschemission (Bahnführungsebene).
Insgesamt weisen die Ergebnisse der Dissertation darauf hin, dass Herausforderungen aufgrund beider oben genannten Fahrzeugeigenschaften gemeistert werden können. Zusätzlich zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass beide Eigenschaften von den Nutzern als willkommene Aspekte der technologischen Innovation geschätzt werden und somit zur allgemeinen Akzeptanz von Elektrofahrzeugen beitragen können. Da auch andere Fahrzeugkonzepte mit elektrischem Antriebsstrang diese beiden Eigenschaften aufweisen, lassen sich die gefundenen Ergebnisse auf andere Fahrzeugtypen übertragen.:Synopsis 1
1 Road transport and emissions 1
2 Overview of the dissertation 3
3 Specific features of BEVs from a psychological perspective 4
3.1 Regenerative braking 5
3.2 Low external vehicle noise 6
4 BEV specific attributes and their relevance for the driving task 8
4.1 Michon’s model 8
4.2 The ECOM model 9
5 BEV specific attributes and their relevance for driver acceptance 11
5.1 Regenerative braking and acceptance 11
5.2 Low noise emission and acceptance 12
6 Research objectives of the dissertation 13
6.1 Research objective 1: Examination of regenerative braking skill acquisition and system trust 13
6.2 Research objective 2: Low noise emission and its implications for risk and hazard perception of drivers 14
6.3 Research objective 3: Regenerative braking and low noise emission as crucial factors for acceptance of BEVs 14
7 Overview of methodology 15
8 Discussion and critical reflection of results 17
8.1 Research objective 1: Examination of regenerative braking skill acquisition and trust 19
8.1.1 Objective parameters 19
8.1.2 Subjective parameters 20
8.2 Research objective 2: Low noise emission and its implications for risk and hazard perception of drivers 20
8.2.1 Step 1: Creation of a catalogue of noise related scenes 21
8.2.2 Step 2: Driver assessment of low noise emission of BEVs (risk perception) 21
8.2.3 Step 3: Development of a task to study driver responses in noise related incidents (hazard perception) 23
8.3 Research objective 3: Regenerative braking and low noise emission as crucial factors for acceptance of BEVs 25
8.3.1 Experiential advantages 25
8.3.2 Experiential barriers 26
9 Implications and conclusions 27
9.1 Specific implications of regenerative braking 28
9.2 Specific implications of low noise 29
10 References 30
Paper I:
Energy recapture through deceleration – regenerative braking in electric vehicles from a user perspective 39
Paper II:
Driver perceptions of the safety implications of quiet electric vehicles 65
Paper III:
Is EV experience related to EV acceptance? Results from a German field study 95
Paper IV:
Hazard detection in noise-related incidents –
the role of driving experience with battery electric vehicles 133
Curriculum Vitae 169
Publications 173
|
626 |
Efficiency Comparison between Two-Level and T-Type Inverter for 800 V Automotive ApplicationJain, Rishabh January 2022 (has links)
The falling cost of batteries, along with an increasing need to cut emissions, has spurred significant interest in the electrification of vehicles. In addition, as semiconductor devices have evolved, the research for electric vehicles with higher battery voltage has increased. The traction inverter is an important part of the electric power train and can account for a substantial portion of the drive train’s losses. This thesis therefore models, simulates, and studies the losses for a convectional Two-Level (2L) inverter and a Three-Level T-Type (3LT) inverter utilizing Silicon Carbide (SiC) MOSFETs and compares the two inverter topologies in terms of efficiency. The rated power of the inverters is 120 kW at a DC voltage of 800 V. The theoretical basis of SiC MOSFET and its reverse conduction, operation of 2L and 3LT inverter topologies, and Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) technique are introduced in the initial part of the thesis. To estimate switching and conduction losses, Simulink is used to model and simulate an electric drive system. These estimated losses are then utilized to develop efficiency maps for both topologies over the complete speed-torque range. Based on the efficiency comparison, the 3LT topology outperforms the 2L topology for any requested torque in the medium to the high-speed range, which is typical of highway driving. In the low-speed, high-torque region, which is typical of city driving, the 2L topology is superior. The efficiency of each topology is affected by switching frequency, device junction temperature, and DC-link voltage. However, the comparison reveals that the maximum average difference in efficiency is 0.35%, with the 3LT topology being superior. Finally, the efficiency differences between the two inverter topologies are minimal. As a result, it may be concluded that the two topologies perform similarly. Thus, it can be inferred that comparing the efficiency of the two topologies should not be the sole criterion for selecting which topology should be used for the electric drive. / Den sjunkande kostnaden för batterier, tillsammans med ett ökande behov av att minska utsläppen, har lett till ett stort intresse för elektrifiering av fordon. Dessutom, har utvecklingen av halvledare lett till en ökning inom forskningen av elfordon med högre batterispänning. Traktionsomriktaren är en viktig del av den elektriska drivlinan och kan stå för en stor del av de totala förlusterna i drivlinan. I denna rapport modelleras, simuleras och studeras därför förlusterna i en konventionell omriktare med två nivåer (2L) och en T-typ omriktare med tre nivåer (3LT). Båda topologierna använder kiselkarbid (SiC) MOSFETs i jämförelsen av resultaten med avseende på verkningsgrad. Inverterarnas nominella effekt är 120 kW vid en likspänning på 800 V. Den teoretiska grunden för SiC MOSFET och hur de fungerar, hur 2L- och 3LT-inverterstopologierna fungerar samt tekniken för Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) presenteras i rapporten. För att uppskatta switch- och ledningsförluster används Simulink för att modellera och simulera det elektriska drivsystemet. De uppskattade förlusterna används sedan för att utveckla verkningsgradskartor för de båda topologierna över hela det operativa området. Baserat på verkningsgradsjämförelsen mellan topologierna så presterar 3LT-topologin bättre än 2L-topologin i driftspunkter i medelhöga till höga hastigheter, vilket är typiskt för motorvägskörning. Vid låga hastigheter med högt vridmoment, vilket är typiskt för stadskörning, är 2L-topologin bättre. Verkningsgraden för de båda topologierna påverkas av switchfrekvensen, halvledarens temperatur samt DC-länkspänning. Jämförelsen visar dock att den största genomsnittliga skillnaden i verkningsgrad mellan de två topologierna är 0,35%, där 3LT-topologin är bättre. Sammanfattningsvis så är skillnaderna i verkningsgrad mellan de två topologierna minimala, vilket innebär att de båda topologierna har liknande prestanda med avseende på verkningsgrad. Man bör därför inte bara ha verkningsgrad som det enda kriteriet vid val av topologi för elektriska drivlinor.
|
627 |
Circular Business Models for Electric Vehicle Battery Second Life : Challenges, enablers, and preconditions from an ecosystem perspectiveToorajipour, Reza January 2023 (has links)
Sustainability has become a critical issue due to global warming, scarcity of resources, and the high costs of raw materials. It is vital to reconsider linear business models and value creation processes and transition towards circularity. The growth of the electric vehicles market is promising; however, it comes with a major downside. Soon there will be a considerable number of used batteries without the original capacity and potentially hazardous that cannot go to landfill due to environmental and economic reasons. In this regard, the use of electric vehicle batteries in second life (EVBSL) is suggested as a solution. EVBSL comes with benefits such as the extension of the battery life cycle, extracting value from the remaining capacity of the battery, reduction in the upfront costs of the electric vehicle, and create new revenue streams for the companies. And since various actors are involved in EVBSL, it is essential to study this phenomenon from an ecosystem perspective. Despite the recent focus of researchers on EVBSL, there are several gaps in the current literature on this topic. The first gap concerns the challenges and enablers of implementing circular business models (CBMs) for EVBSL. The second gap concerns the second life operations of electric vehicles (EV). There is a lack of research on the solutions that can guide the ecosystem actors to manage EVBSL-related activities. And the third gap concerns the limited research on the preconditions of circular business model innovation for the EVBSL that focuses on the transition from linear business models to CBMs. Therefore, this thesis aims to develop knowledge of the factors that influence the implementation of CBMs for EVBSL from an ecosystem perspective. This study intends to address these gaps by conducting qualitative research. An exploratory research design has been deemed adequate due to its flexibility and compatibility. This research draws on the existing literature on the second life of EV batteries, and circular business models. In total, 20 interviews and 15 workshops have been conducted covering 15 companies in the EVBSL ecosystem. Purposeful sampling was employed to select the EVBSL ecosystem actors with the aim of covering the key actors such as OEMs, battery manufacturer, recycling companies, remanufacturers, energy utility companies, material supplier for battery parts, construction and housing company, and public transportation companies. The collected data was analyzed via qualitative methods such as thematic analysis. The results of this study have led to the identification of nine key challenges and seven key enablers. Moreover, two dimensions (i.e., time frame and responsible entity) are identified from the empirical data, through which companies can structurally categorize and work with the identified key challenges and enablers. Based on this, a guiding framework is suggested that could support firms in the EV battery ecosystem to establish and manage various configurations for second-life operations in a series of phases such as firm-level initiation, ecosystem construction, firm-level optimization, and ecosystem orchestration. Finally, the current linear business models (traditional sales of products and services, product maintenance and support, R&D, consultancy, and services), upcoming CBMs (regenerating, looping, and sharing), and the preconditions (for value creation, capture, and delivery) for the circular business model innovation are extracted. This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge in several ways. It enhances the current literature on challenges and enablers of EVBSL by covering various actors in this ecosystem and extends the knowledge on the scope of these factors. Moreover, this study is the first one that suggests a guiding framework for the ecosystem actors through configurations for second-life operations while shedding light on the preconditions of circular business innovation for EVBSL. This study also provides interesting insights for practitioners and managers in the EVBSL ecosystem. / RECREATE project
|
628 |
Enabling socio-technical transitions – electric vehicles and high voltage electricity grids as focal points of low emission futuresAlbrecht, Martin January 2017 (has links)
Today humankind is facing numerous sustainability challenges that require us to question CO2 intensive practices like those present in the transport and energy sector. To meet those challenges, many countries have adopted ambitious climate targets. Achieving such targets requires an understanding of the wider socio-technical context of transitions. The aim of this licentiate thesis is therefore to analyse such socio-technical transitions towards low-emission futures enabled by the electrification of passenger cars and high voltage grid development. A combination of different transitions theories (for ex. Multi-level perspective and Technological innovation systems) and institutional theory has been used. To reach the aim paper I analyses the climate impacts of electric vehicles (EVs) and policy measures to achieve a breakthrough scenario for EVs. The results show that a mixture of short and long term policies are needed that take into account the technology development stage and behavioural aspects of EV adopters. Paper II addresses the need to include the high voltage transmission grid and its planning procedures as a central part of debates on transitions. Therefore the opportunities, challenges and reasons for conflict in the established regime are studied. The results show that in order to achieve a sustainable grid development regime, it is necessary to spend time on achieving legitimacy and social sustainability. The third paper uses semi-structured expert interviews and focuses on innovation dynamics for EV adoption. By focusing on dynamics instead of single policy measures, it is possible to grasp interactions within a niche, but also in between a niche, regime and landscape. The results show that strong initial technology legitimacy was needed to start substantial innovation dynamics. This could be further strengthened with a strong and broad coalition of actors. Both those factors led, if present, to an improved variety and match of policy instruments. As such this thesis has shown that transitions are not just about technology or policy instruments as such but about the dynamics and processes needed to enable them. This can be relevant in other transitions that otherwise may underestimate the importance of these components. / <p>QC 20170512</p> / Norstrat
|
629 |
Modelling and Simulation of Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine and, Design Optimization Towards TransmissionBalaji, Sindhuja January 2022 (has links)
This report summarizes the thesis study carried out at Scania CV AB. The study presents design optimization of an interior permanent magnetic (IPM) synchronous machine. A parameterised Matlab tool was developed in order to serve the optimization routine. In this routine, multiple IPM geometries are dynamically generated and analyzed using the finite element method (FEM) software Flux 2D. Using the Secant method, algorithms to estimate the optimum current and control angle throughout the speed range both below and above base speed, were developed and integrated with the Matlab tool to perform design optimization towards the drive cycle. The genetic algorithm available in the Matlab’s global optimization toolbox has been utilised for the multi-objective optimization setup. / Denna rapport sammanfattar examensarbetet som genomförts på Scania CV AB. Studien presenterar en designoptimering av en permanentmagnetiserad (IPM) synkronmaskin. Ett parametriserat Matlab-verktyg för optimeringar utvecklades for att dynamiskt generera geometrier för att utföra simuleringar med hjälp av FEM-programvara (Flux2D®). Med hjälp av Sekant-metoden utvecklades och integrerades algoritmer för att estimera den optimala strömmen och styrvinkeln i hela varvtalssområdet, både under basvarvtal och i fältförsvagningsområdet. Med hjälp av Matlab-verktyget kunde sedan designoptimering för en given k¨orcykel utföras. Den genetiska algoritmen som finns tillgänglig i Matlabs globala optimeringsverktygslåda har använts för det multi-objektiva optimeringsprogrammet.
|
630 |
Experimental Investigations and Theoretical/Empirical Analyses of Forced-Convective Boiling of Confined Impinging Jets and Flows through Annuli and ChannelsV.S. Devahdhanush (13119831) 21 July 2022 (has links)
<p>This study comprises experimental investigations and theoretical/empirical analyses of three forced-convective (pumped) boiling schemes: (i) confined round single jet and jet array impingement boiling, and flow boiling through conventional-sized (ii) concentric circular annuli and (iii) rectangular channels. These schemes could be utilized in the thermal management of various applications including high-heat-flux electronic devices, power devices, electric vehicle charging cables, avionics, future space vehicles, etc.</p>
|
Page generated in 0.0694 seconds