The main aim of this master's thesis is innovative approach to design of self propelled sprayer with technical, esthetic, ergonomic and economic demands. The final design with it's modern and functional look should be an attractive element of agrotechnics. Another aim is also to fulfill social and psychological functions and address the public about protection of cultivated crops with emphasis on alternative energy and other uses of agricultural machinery.

Tesis por compendio / [ES] La crisis climática hace necesaria una transición energética para reducir el consumo de energía primaria y sustituir los combustibles fósiles por el uso de energías renovables mientras se electrificacan consumos energéticos. Esta transición energética está cambiando el paradigma del sector eléctrico, que pasa de ser un sistema con generación centralizada, demanda pasiva y casi nula capacidad de almacenamiento, a un sistema que tendrá que adaptarse a la variabilidad en el aprovechamiento de los flujos energéticos renovables. El desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías y las mayores necesidades de flexibilidad que aparecen implican un nuevo contexto de generación descentralizada, demanda activa y el desarrollo del almacenamiento como herramienta imprescindible de sistema. Y en esta nueva situación, los agentes consumidores adquiere un rol central en los sistemas eléctricos presentes y futuros. Esta tesis doctoral tiene como objetivo analizar las políticas públicas y la regulación que fomentarán la transición energética dentro del sistema eléctrico donde el consumidor jugará un papel imprescindible y se situará en el centro de mismo. La tesis emplea una serie de metodologías y herramientas transversales para abordar y analizar las tres etapas del proceso de las políticas públicas: formulación, diseño y evaluación. El cuerpo principal de la tesis contiene cuatro aportaciones recogidas en tres bloques. El primer bloque, formulación, responde a los dos primeros objetivos específicos que se centran en analizar programas de respuesta de la demanda a nivel internacional de forma estandarizada y cuantificar el potencial de flexibilidad en el sector residencial. El segundo, diseño, responde al tercer objetivo específico que se centra analizar los impactos que la regulación de fomento del autoconsumo tendría sobre el sistema eléctrico. Y el tercero, evaluación, responde al cuarto objetivo específico de extraer buenas prácticas y mejoras sobre una política pública ya implementada que utiliza la demanda industrial para proporcionar servicios complementarios al sistema. Cada una de las aportaciones contiene casos de estudio y políticas reales que han sido aplicadas o están siendo estudiadas. De esta forma la tesis aborda la problemática regulatoria actual centrada en fomentar un nuevo marco normativo para una transición energética donde la demanda eléctrica incrementa su papel en el sistema. Las cuatro aportaciones presentadas en esta tesis demuestran la necesidad de continuar avanzando en la formulación, diseño y evaluación de políticas con el objetivo de situar a los consumidores en el centro del sistema eléctrico. Mediante una combinación de técnicas y metodologías se muestran diversas formas de abordar la problemática y así mejorar las políticas públicas encaminadas a fomentar la transición energética del sistema energético actual a un sistema renovable y con una mayor participación de la ciudadanía y los agentes consumidores de electricidad. / [CA] La crisi climàtica fa necessària una transició energètica per a reduir el consum d'energia primària i substituir els combustibles fòssils per l'ús d'energies renovables mentre s-electrifiquen els consums energètics. Aquesta transició energètica està canviant el paradigma del sector elèctric, que passa de ser un sistema amb generació centralitzada, demanda passiva i quasi nul·la capacitat d'emmagatzematge, a un sistema que haurà d'adaptar-se a la variabilitat en l'aprofitament dels fluxos energètics renovables. El desenvolupament de noves tecnologies i les majors necessitats de flexibilitat que sorgeixen impliquen un nou context de generació descentralitzada, demanda activa i el desenvolupament de l'emmagatzematge com a eina imprescindible del sistema. I en aquesta nova situació, els agents consumidors adquireix un rol central en els sistemes elèctrics presents i futurs. Aquesta tesi doctoral té com a objectiu analitzar les polítiques públiques i la regulació que fomentaran la transició energètica dins del sistema elèctric on el consumidor jugarà un paper imprescindible i se situarà en el centre del mateix. La tesi empra una sèrie de metodologies i eines transversals per a abordar i analitzar les tres etapes del procés de les polítiques públiques: formulació, disseny i avaluació. El cos principal de la tesi conté quatre aportacions recollides en tres blocs. El primer bloc, formulació, respon als dos primers objectius específics que se centren a analitzar programes de resposta de la demanda elèctrica en l'àmbit internacional de forma estandarditzada i quantificar el potencial de flexibilitat en el sector residencial. El segon, disseny, respon al tercer objectiu específic que se centra analitzar els impactes que la regulació de foment de l'autoconsum tindria sobre el sistema elèctric. I el tercer, avaluació, respon al quart objectiu específic d'extraure bones pràctiques i millores sobre una política pública ja implementada que utilitza la demanda industrial per a proporcionar serveis complementaris al sistema. Cadascuna de les aportacions conté casos d'estudi i polítiques reals que han sigut aplicades o estan sent estudiades actualment. D'aquesta manera la tesi aborda la problemàtica reguladora actual centrada a fomentar un nou marc normatiu per a una transició energètica on la demanda elèctrica incrementa el seu paper en el sistema. Les quatre aportacions presentades en aquesta tesi demostren la necessitat de continuar avançant en la formulació, disseny i avaluació de polítiques amb l'objectiu de situar als consumidors en el centre del sistema elèctric. Mitjançant una combinació de tècniques i metodologies es mostren diverses maneres d'abordar la problemàtica i així millorar les polítiques públiques encaminades a fomentar la transició energètica del sistema energètic actual a un sistema renovable i amb una major participació de la ciutadania i els agents consumidors d'electricitat. / [EN] The climate crisis requires an energy transition to reduce primary energy consumption and replace fossil fuels with renewable energies while electrifying energy consumption. This energy transition is changing the paradigm of the electricity sector from a system with centralised generation, passive demand, and almost no storage capacity, to a system that will have to adapt to the variability in the use of renewable energy flows. The development of new technologies and the greater flexibility needs that arise from this change imply a new context of decentralized generation, active demand, and the development of storage as an essential system tool. And in this new situation, consumers acquire a central role in the present and future electricity systems. This doctoral thesis aims to analyse the public policies and regulations that will promote the energy transition within the electricity system where the consumer will play an essential role being at the center of it. The thesis employs a series of transdisciplinary methodologies and tools to address and analyse the three stages of the public policy process: formulation, design, and evaluation. The main body of the thesis contains four contributions organised in three blocks. The first block, formulation, responds to the first two specific objectives that focus on analysing demand response programs at the international level in a standardised way and quantifying the potential for flexibility in the residential sector. The second, design, responds to the third specific objective, which focuses on analysing the impacts that the regulation to promote self-consumption would have on the electricity system. And the third, evaluation, responds to the fourth specific objective of extracting good practices and improvements on an already implemented public policy that uses industrial demand to provide complementary services to the system. Each of the contributions contains case studies and real policies that have been implemented or are under study. In this way, the thesis addresses the current regulatory issues focused on promoting a new regulatory framework for an energy transition where electricity demand increases its role in the system. The four contributions presented in this thesis demonstrate the need to continue advancing in the formulation, design, and evaluation. Through a combination of techniques and methodologies, the document shows different ways of approaching the problem to improve public policies aimed at promoting the energy transition from the current energy system to a renewable system with greater participation of citizens and electricity consumers. / Ribó Pérez, DG. (2021). Study and Assessment of Energy Policies to Achieve Consumer Centered Power Systems [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/179514 / Compendio

This study centered on a novel thermoelectric generator (TEG) integrated into the built environment. Designed by Watts Thermoelectric LLC, the TEG is essentially a novel assembly of thermoelectric modules whose required temperature differential is supplied by hot and cold streams of water flowing through the TEG. Per its recommended operating conditions, the TEG nominally generates 83 Watts of electrical power. In its default configuration in the built environment, solar-thermal energy serves as the TEG’s hot stream source and geothermal energy serves as its cold stream source. Two systems-level, thermodynamic analyses were performed, which were based on the TEG’s upcoming characterization testing, scheduled to occur later in 2011 in Detroit, Michigan. The first analysis considered the TEG coupled with a solar collector system. A numerical model of the coupled system was constructed in order to estimate the system’s annual energetic performance. It was determined numerically that over the course of a sample year, the solar collector system could deliver 39.73 megawatt-hours (MWh) of thermal energy to the TEG. The TEG converted that thermal energy into a net of 266.5 kilowatt-hours of electricity in that year. The second analysis focused on the TEG itself during operation with the purpose of providing a preliminary thermodynamic characterization of the TEG. Using experimental data, this analysis found the TEG’s operating efficiency to be 1.72%. Next, the annual emissions that would be avoided by implementing the zero-emission TEG were considered. The emission factor of Michigan’s electric grid, RFCM, was calculated to be 0.830 tons of carbon dioxide-equivalent (CO2e) per MWh, and with the TEG’s annual energy output, it was concluded that 0.221 tons CO2e would be avoided each year with the TEG. It is important to note that the TEG can be linearly scaled up by including additional modules. Thus, these benefits can be multiplied through the incorporation of more TEG units. Finally, the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of the TEG integrated into the built environment with the solar-thermal hot source and passive ground-based cold source was considered. The LCOE of the system was estimated to be approximately $8,404/MWh, which is substantially greater than current generation technologies. Note that this calculation was based on one particular configuration with a particular and narrow set of assumptions, and is not intended to be a general conclusion about TEG systems overall. It was concluded that while solar-thermal energy systems can sustain the TEG, they are capital-intensive and therefore not economically suitable for the TEG given the assumptions of this analysis. In the end, because of the large costs associated with the solar-thermal system, waste heat recovery is proposed as a potentially more cost-effective provider of the TEG’s hot stream source. / text

This dissertation details regulation's impact in networked markets, notably in deregulated electricity and internet service markets. These markets represent basic infrastructure in the modern economy; their innate networked structures make for rich fields of economic research on regulatory impact. The first chapter models deregulated electricity industries with a focus on the Texas market. Optimal economic benchmarks are considered for markets with regulated delivery and interrelated network costs. Using a model of regulator, consumer, and firm interaction, I determine the efficiency of the current rate formalization compared to Ramsey-Boiteux prices and two-part tariffs. I find within Texas's market increases to generator surplus up to 55% of subsidies could be achieved under Ramsey-Boiteux pricing or two-part tariffs, respectively. The second chapter presents a framework to analyze dynamic processes and long-run outcomes in two-sided markets, specifically dynamic platform and firm investment incentives within the internet-service platform/content provision market. I use the Ericson-Pakes framework applied within a platform that chooses fees on either side of its two-sided market. This chapter determines the impact of network neutrality on platform investment incentives, specifically whether to improve the platform. I use a parameterized calibration from engineering reports and current ISP literature to determine welfare outcomes and industry behavior under network neutral and non-neutral regimes. My final chapter explores retail firm failure within the deregulated Texas retail electricity market. This chapter investigates determinants of retail electric firm failures using duration analysis frameworks. In particular, this chapter investigates the impact of these determinants on firms with extant experience versus unsophisticated entrants. Understanding these determinants is an important component in evaluating whether deregulation achieves the impetus of competitive electricity market restructuring. Knowing which economic events decrease a market's competitiveness helps regulators to effectively evaluate policy implementations. I find that experience does benefit a firm's duration, but generally that benefit assists firm duration in an adverse macroeconomic environment rather than in response to adverse market conditions such as higher wholesale prices or increased transmission congestion. Additionally, I find evidence that within the Texas market entering earlier results in a longer likelihood of duration. / text