Detection of ultratrace levels of metallic ion impurities in hydrofluoric acid solutions and alkaline hydrogen peroxide solution was demonstrated using a silicon-based sensing electrode. The sensor's operation principle is based on direct measurements of the silicon open-circuit potential shift generated by the interaction between metallic ions and the silicon-based sensing surface. The new sensor can have practical applications in the on-line monitoring of microelectronic chemical processing. The detection of Ag+ content in KODAK waste water was carried out successfully by this novel sensor. Trace levels of organic impurities in the hydrofluoric acid solutions and in the cleanroom air were characterized by multiple internal reflection infrared spectroscopy (MIRIS) using an organics probe prepared directly from a regular silicon wafer.

Propyl gallate (PG) is a significant synthetic antioxidant and preservative. Its determination has been studied at carbon paste electrode (CPE) using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ED) and with UV spectrometric detection (HPLC-UV). Concentration dependences were measured in the media of Britton-Robinson buffer (pH 5) and methanol (20 %, v/v) by DPV and the limit of detection 0,6110-7 moldm-3 was obtained. Using HPLC with a mobile phase consisting of 0,01 moldm-3 phosphate buffer (pH 4) and methanol (50 %, v/v) with potential of working electrode E = +0,8 V and detection wavelength λ = 280 nm, concentration dependences were measured. Limit of detection was determined to 0,39 moldm-3 for HPLC-ED and 4,95 moldm-3 for HPLC-UV. After verification of the extraction procedure PG was determined in vegetable oil. The resulting value of 3,2 mgkg-1 corresponds with permited limits.

The aim to this work was to develop methods for the determination of 2 aminobiphenyl (2-AB), 3 aminobiphenyl (3-AB), and 4-aminobiphenyl (4-AB) in model mixtures. Concretely, the direct determination of the mixture of studied analytes has been tested using spectrophotometry and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Furthermore, separation and detection of 2-AB, 3-AB, and 4-AB have been performed using high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ED) with boron-doped diamond film thin electrode (BDDFE) in ,,wall-jet" configuration and using high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection (HPLC-UVD). It was found out that the spectrophotometric determination of 2-AB, 3-AB, and 4-AB is impossible in their mixture because of nearby values of local absorption maxima wavelengths of all three analytes studied. Upon the determination of 2-AB, 3-AB, and 4-AB in their mixture using DPV in BR buffer pH 2.0, the difference in peak potentials of 2-AB and 3-AB is too low for their determination in mixture. Upon the determination of mixture containing 2-AB and 4-AB in BR buffer pH 12.0, the limits of determination (LDs) were obtained in the concentration order of 10-6 mol.l-1 for 2-AB and 10-7 mol.l-1 for 4-AB. LDs for the mixture containing 3-AB and 4-AB were obtained in the...

Prussian blue (PB) nanoparticles were synthesized from FeCl3.6H2O, K4[Fe(CN)6].3H2O, and from Fe(NO3)3.9H2O and K4[Fe(CN)6].3H2O, and then characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. Graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes were also synthesized and characterized. PB nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes (CNT), graphene oxide (GO) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) were sequentially deposited onto glassy carbon electrode surface to form chemically modified electrode for the detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and dopamine. The following electrodes were fabricated, GC-PB, GC-MWCNT, GCGO, GC-CTAB, GC-MWCNT-PB, GC-GO-PB and GC-CTAB-PB. Cyclic and Square wave voltammetric techniques were used to measure the hydrogen peroxide detectability of the electrodes at pH ranges of (3 - 7.4) in 0.1M phosphate buffer solution, in the absence or presence of 25 μL of H2O2. The GC-CNT-PB, GC-GO-PB,GC-CTAB-PB electrodes showed a good response for the detection of hydrogen peroxide in both acidic and neutral media while the GCPB electrode only showed good response in acidic media.

Kenneth John Nixon, Student no: 9307628H, PhD thesis, Electrical & Information Engineering, Faculty: Engineering & the Built Environment. 2006. / The work presented extends and contributes to research in earthing and lightning protection and focuses on the transient behaviour of a driven rod earth electrode. Although previous work in this area has produced practical guidelines and models that may be used for lightning protection system design and analysis purposes, there has not been an investigation into the commonly encountered scenario of multiple layers of di erent soil types, particularly where high current densities cause ionisation to occur in the surrounding soil. In the research presented, the behaviour of a practical driven rod earth electrode subjected to peak impulse currents of up to 30 KA is analysed. Measurements obtained using a large-scale experiment arrangement are compared against results obtained using a time-domain circuit model simulation. It is shown that a single apparent resistivity value calculated from the steady state resistance equation and the measured steady state resistance can be used as a simpli cation for modelling the lightning current transient behaviour of a driven rod earth electrode in multi-layer soil. This represents a unique and valuable contribution to engineers working in the eld of earthing and lightning protection.

Na manutenção de tubulações e dutos de aços de alta resistência baixa liga (ARBL), os reparos são executados com eletrodo revestido e com o equipamento operação, com o intuito de reduzir custos com paradas. Nesta aplicação, os gradientes de temperatura são mais elevados quando comparados com sondagens realizadas ao ar, o que pode levar à redução das propriedades mecânicas nessas juntas soldadas e causar maiores impactos financeiros ou mesmo ambientais. No metal depositado resultante do eletrodo revestido AWS E7018-1, usualmente utilizado no reparo de dutos de aços ARBL, as propriedades mecânicas têm forte relação com a ferrita acicular, microestrutura que ocorre intergranularmente, nucleando preferencialmente em inclusões do metal depositado. O objetivo desse trabalho é analisar a influência de diferentes condições de soldagem e de resfriamento sobre o teor de oxigênio e sobre a microdureza do metal depositado resultante do uso de eletrodos revestidos AWS E7018-1, usando técnicas de planejamento experimental como as metodologias Taguchi e experimentos fatoriais. Usando o método Taguchi foi possível observar que os três fatores (fabricante do eletrodo, corrente de soldagem e condição de resfriamento) influenciam no teor de oxigênio e que o fornecedor do eletrodo é o fator com maior efeito sobre a resposta, seguido pela corrente de sondagem. Com relação à etapa de experimentos fatoriais mapas operacionais para o teor de oxigênio e microdureza dos cordões de solda foram construídos. Foi possível observar que a corrente de soldagem tem efeito mais impactante que a taxa de resfriamento sobre o teor de oxigênio e a microdureza. / Covered electrodes had been developed at the beginning of the 20th Century and, despite the evolution of several welding processes, the shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) still find widespread application, even within the oil and gás industry, e.g. repairing of high strength low (HSLA) steel pipes. The pipe repairing is carried out during its operation (in order to reduce costs) and, therefore, the temperature gradients in the base metal are higher compared to removing the pipe system from service. This could lead to reducing mechanical properties in these welded joints that could cause higher financial or even environmental impacts. In the low carbon weld metal (e.g. AWS E7018-1 electrode is usually employed in HSLA pipe repair). The mechanical properties have a strong relationship with the acicular ferrite fraction, which occurs intergranularly and nucleating preferentially in inclusions within weld metal. The objective of this work is to analyze the influence of different welding and cooling conditions on the oxygen content ando n the mechanical properties of the weld metal from the AWS E7018-1 covered electrodes, using design of experiments techniques as Taguchi\'s method and response surface methodology (RSM). Using the Taguchi\'s method, it was possible to observe that three factors (namely electrode supplier, welding current and cooling condition) have influence on the oxygen content and the electrode supplier is the factor with the greatest effect on the response, followed by the welding current. Regarding to the factorial experiment, operational maps for the oxygen content and microhardness of the weld beads were constructed. It was possible to observe that the welding current hás a more impactful effect than the cooling rate on the oxygen content and microhardness.

A primaquina (PQ), um derivado 8-aminoquinolínico [8-(4-amino-1-metilbutilamino)-6metoxiquinolina], é um fármaco normalmente usado contra a malária, mas tem sido, também empregado no tratamento da doença de Chagas, agindo, muito eficazmente, como agente tripanomicida, por intermédio de seus metabólitos. O metabólito 5hidroxiprimaquina (5-HPQ), formado pela oxidação da primaquina dentro do organismo humano, foi identificado em fluídos biológicos e é considerado o principal produto com ação citotóxica sobre o Trypanosoma cruzi. Técnicas eletroquímicas foram empregadas para estudar o mecanismo de oxidação da PQ in vitro na tentativa de correlacionar os resultados obtidos, com os dados disponíveis de estudos in vivo. Utilizou-se eletrodo de carbono vítreo (ECV) e diferentes tipos de técnicas, como voltametria cíclica, voltametria de pulso diferencial e cronoamperometria, trabalhando-se em meio aquoso, tampão Britton-Robson, pH 7,40, para determinação do número de elétrons envolvidos na etapa determinante da reação. O mecanismo eletroquímico de oxidação da PQ, envolveu a perda de 1 elétron em um processo irreversível, registrado em Epa,1 a +0,788 V, resultando na formação de cátion radical durante a primeira varredura no sentido positivo de potencial. Após a inversão da varredura de potencial, registrou-se um pico catódico, Epc,1 a -0,160 V, dependente do processo principal. Voltamogramas cíclicos realizados em meio não aquoso indicaram que a etapa eletroquímica inicial é seguida de uma etapa química envolvendo a captura nucleofílica do cátion radical. No segundo ciclo de varredura, registrou-se um segundo pico anódico, Epa,2, a -0,079 V, componente anódico de Epc,1. Assim, um novo par redox passou a ser observado, dependente da oxidação primária da PQ, mas registrado em potencial muito menos positivo do que a oxidação da PQ, composto de partida. Este novo processo redox, típico do par quinonalhidroquinona, está envolvido em vários outros processos descritos na literatura, e pressupõe que, após a captura nucleofílica do cátion radical, ocorra outra etapa eletroquímica, no potencial aplicado, envolvendo a perda de 3 elétrons e 3 prótons, com formação de uma quinona-i mina. A subseqüente hidrólise da imina produz o derivado quinoidal e diamina primária. Voltamogramas cíclicos registrados em solução de 5-HPQ e m-anisidina confirmaram o mecanismo proposto. Devido à ausência de fenõmenos de adsorção, utilizou-se com sucesso o eletrodo de diamante dopado com boro (EDDB), no formato pIano, para a determinação analítica de PQ em formulação farmacêutica comercial, empregando-se a voltametria de pulso diferencial. Enquanto o ECV foi mais efetivo para a proposição do mecanismo, principalmente devido às características de adsorção superficial, o EDDB permitiu o desenvolvimento de um método analítico para a quantificação de PQ, devido à ausência de adsorção superficial. / Primaquine (PQ), an 8-aminoquinolinic compound, is the clinical drug of choice for the radical cure of relapsing malaria. This drug has also been being used against the Chagas disease, acting very efficiently, through their metabolites, which present trypanosomicide action. The metabolite 5-hydroxyprimaquine (5-HPQ) was identified in human biological fluids, during in vivo studies, as the main oxidation product of PQ, with cytotoxic action against Trypanosoma cruzi. Electrochemical techniques were used to study, in vitro, the PQ oxidation redox mechanism and the goal was to try correlating the electrochemical data to the biological information, previously reported. Glassy carbon electrode (GCE) associated to cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry and cronoamperommetry in aqueous media, pH 7.40, were used to determine de number of electrons involved in the determinant step of PQ electrochemical oxidation. The primary oxidation of PQ involved the loss of 1 electron in an irreversible process recorded at Epa,1 = +0,788 V, to produce a cation radical, during the first anodic scan. Reverting the potential sweeping a cathodic peak, Epc,1, was recorded at -0,160 V, which was dependent of Epa,1. Cyclic voltammograms recorded in DMF showed that the initial electrochemical step is followed by a chemical reaction involving the nucleophilic capture of the cation radical. During the second scan, a new anodic peak (Epa,2) was recorded at -0,079 V and corresponds to the anodic component of Epc,1. Therefore a new redox couple, recorded at less positive potential than the PQ oxidation was always observed and shows similar characteristics to those observed for quinoneJhydroquinone redox couple, which is involved is several another electrochemical processes described in the literature. The process presupposes that the nucleophilic capture of the cation radical is followed by another electrochemical step involving the loss of 3 electrons and 3 protons to produce a quinone-imine structure. The further imine hydrolysis produces the quinoidal compound and primary diamine. The purposed mechanism was confirmed by the cyclic voltammograms recorded in 5-HPQ solutions as well as in the solutions of similar compound such as m-anisidine. PQ was determined in commercial pharmaceutical formulations by using differential pulse voltammetry at boron doped diamond electrode (BDDE) associated to the standard addition method. While the GCE was more effective for the mechanism proposition, mainly due its superficial adsorption characteristics, the BDDE, due low superficial adsorptive effects, permitted the development of analytical method for the PQ quantification.

Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento e a aplicação de um método alternativo para determinação de manganês em amostras de cimento e clínquer por voltametria de redissolução catódica por onda quadrada empregando eletrodos de ouro. Após estudos exploratórios acerca do comportamento eletroquímico do manganês no eletrólito suporte H3BO3 0,20 mol L-1 / KCl 0,10 mol L-1 com pH 6,5 e a otimização dos parâmetros operacionais para a voltametria de onda quadrada, foram obtidos excelentes resultados na determinação de manganês nas amostras analisadas. Destacam-se a ótima linearidade, verificada em duas faixas distintas de concentração, e os baixos limites de detecção e quantificação obtidos (3,1 x 10-8 mol L-1 e 9,8 x 10-8 mol L-1, respectivamente), além da concordância entre os resultados obtidos pela técnica eletroanalítica quando comparados aos resultados fornecidos pela espectrometria de absorção atômica de chama (FAAS). Para o tratamento das amostras foi avaliada a eficiência da extração ácida assistida por ultrassom. Foram avaliados ácidos minerais individualmente (HCl, H2SO4 e HClO4 em diferentes concentrações), em mistura ou ainda associados a H2O2. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos utilizando uma solução de HCl 3 mol L-1, que extraiu quantitativamente o manganês nas amostras analisadas. Os resultados obtidos foram concordantes com a metodologia padrão utilizada para a abertura da amostra e posterior análise por espectrometria de absorção atômica de chama, que emprega o aquecimento em chapa e a mesma solução extratora. / This work describes the development and application of a new alternative method for determination of manganese in cement and clinker samples by square wave cathodic stripping voltammetry using gold electrodes. After exploratory studies on the electrochemical behavior of manganese in H3BO3 0.20 mol L-1 / KCl 0.10 mol L-1 supporting electrolyte at pH 6.5 and the optimization of operating parameters for the square wave voltammetry, excellent results were obtained for determination of manganese in the samples analyzed. Most notable are the excellent linearity, verified in two distinct concentration bands and the low limits of detection and quantification obtained (3,1 x 10-8 mol L-1 e 9,8 x 10-8 mol L-1, respectively), in addiction to the concordance between the obtained results by the electroanalytical technique when compared to the provided by the flame atomic absorption spectrometry. For samples treatment were tested the efficiency of the ultrasound-assisted extraction. Were evaluated individually mineral acids (HCl, H2SO4 and HClO4 at different concentrations) in a mixture or associated with H2O2. the best results were obtained using a 3 mol L-1 HCl solution, which extracted manganese quantitatively from the analysed samples, in comparison to the standard method for extraction, targeting a later atomic absorption flame spectrometry analysis, which uses the plate heating and the same extracting solution. The obtained results for the analysed samples agrees with the cement and clinker samples of the used literature

O comportamento eletroquímico do inseticida fipronil, 5-amino-[(2,6-dicloro)-4-trifluormetil-fenil]-4-trifluormetil-sulfinil-1H pirazol-3-carbonitrila, foi investigado pelas técnicas de voltametria cíclica, voltametria de onda quadrada, eletrólise a potencial controlado e voltametria de redissolução de onda quadrada utilizando o eletrodo compósito de grafite-poliuretana. O fipronil apresentou um comportamento de um sistema irreversível com potencial de pico de 0,95 V. O processo de transferência de carga apresentou um controle misto de difusão e adsorção de espécies na superfície do eletrodo. O pH 8,0 foi escolhido para o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia eletroanalítica para determinação do composto. Os estudos por eletrólise a potencial controlado mostraram que a oxidação do inseticida envolve a participação de um elétron. Na voltametria de onda quadrada, o melhor sinal de corrente foi obtido com os valores de freqüência de 100 s-1, amplitude de 50 mV e incremento de varredura de 2 mV. Os limites de detecção e de quantificação foram calculados pelo método da IUPAC e pelo método de extrapolação da curva analítica. A metodologia desenvolvida foi comparada com o método oficial de análise, a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detecção de ultravioleta por meio do método de curvas de calibração por meio de adição externa de padrão e foi observada concordância entre os dois métodos no intervalo de concentração estudado. Nos estudos de pré-concentração, as melhores condições encontradas foram um potencial de acumulação de 0,5 V e tempo de acumulação de 120 s. Amostras de águas naturais, formulação veterinária e leite foram analisadas pelos procedimentos propostos. / The electrochemical behavior of the insecticide fipronil, 5-amine-[(2,6-dichloro)-4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl]-4-trifluoromethyl-sulfynil-1H pyrazole-3-carbonitrile, was investigated by cyclic voltammetry, square wave voltammetry, controlled potential electrolysis and square wave stripping voltammetry using the graphite-polyurethane composite electrode. The electrochemical behavior of fipronil is a typical irreversible system and a peak potential at 0.95 V was observed. The charge transference process is controlled by diffusion and adsorption of species at electrode surface. The pH value 8.0 was chosen in order to develop an electroanalytical methodology for the determination the compound. Controlled potential electrolysis studies showed that the fipronil oxidation involves the participation of one electron. Square wave voltammetry investigations showed that the best current intensity was obtained using the values of a frequency of 100 s-1, pulse amplitude of 50 mV and scan increment of 2 mV. The limits of detection and quantification were calculated the IUPAC equations and statistics equations. The developed methodology was compared to the official analysis method, high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection, using the calibration curves method. Both procedures are in agreement with the concentration-studied range. Stripping analysis studies were done in order to determine fipronil traces in natural water. The best conditions found were the accumulation potential of 0.5 V and accumulation time of 120 s. The electroanalytical methodology, based on the square wave voltammetry, was applied for the analysis of natural water samples, a commercial veterinary formulation and milk samples.

O trabalho apresentado nesta Dissertação de Mestrado descreve o desenvolvimento e aplicação de eletrodos de pasta de carbono modificados eletroquimicamente em soluções de guanina e de eletrodos de grafite pirolítico modificados em soluções de dopamina. Estes eletrodos foram empregados na detecção e, a quantificação, por voltametria de pulso diferencial (VPD), de alguns compostos de importância biológicas tais como NADH, NADPH, 8-oxo-guanina, ácido úrico (AU), ácido ascórbico (AA), dopamina (DA) e xantina (XA). No primeiro caso, os eletrodos de pasta de carbono foram modificados em solução de guanina por aplicação de um potencial de 1,1 V (vs Ag/AgCl, KClsat) ao eletrodo de trabalho por 12 minutos sob sat agitação constante. Com estes eletrodos detectaram-se NADH, NADPH, 8-oxo-guanina e AU, com limites de detecção de 3,3, 3,7, 2,0 e 6,6 x 10-6 mol L-1 respectivamente, na faixa de concentração de 7,5 x 10-6 a 8,1 x 10-4 mol L-1 . No segundo caso, eletrodos de grafite pirolítico, previamente tratados em solução de NaOH, foram modificados eletroquimicamente em solução de DA por aplicação de um potencial 1,5 V (vs Ag/AgCl, KClsat ) ao eletrodo de trabalho durante 2 minutos. Com estes eletrodos foi possível a determinação simultânea de AA, AU e DA. Para obtenção das curvas analíticas variou- se a concentração do analito de interesse, mantendo-se constante a concentração dos possíveis interferentes nos valores de 1,0 x 10-4 mol L-1 (DA), 5,0 x 10-5 mol L-1 (AU) e 1,0 x 10-3 mol L-1 (AA). Os limites de detecção calculados para AU, AA e DA foram respectivamente de 1,4 x 10-6 mol l-1 , 2,5 x 10-5 mol l-1 e 1,1 x 10-7 mol l-1 . Ácido úrico foi determinado em amostras de urina, sangue e soro humano com 92 a 103 % de recuperação, sem a necessidade de tratamento prévio das amostras. / Chemically Modified Carbon Paste and Pyrolitic Graphite Electrodes were prepared via electrochemical deposition from guanine and dopamine solutions. Carbon paste electrodes were modified in guanine solutions under an applied potential of 1.1 V (vs Ag/AgCl, KClsat ) during 12 minutes under constant stirring. They were used for sat electrochemical detection of NADH, NADPH, uric acid and 8-oxoguanine. Detection limits were 3.3, 3.7, 6.6 and 2.0 10-6 mol L-1 respectively, with sensitivity of 0.13, 0.10, 0.26 and 0.40 A mol-1 L cm-2 , respectively. The electrodes showed high reproducibility and absence of surface poisoning effects. Good analytical performance was attributed to the formation of superficial dimer or trimers species of guanine during the modification process. Pyrolitic graphite electrodes, previously submitted an electrochemical treatment in NaOH solution, were modified in dopamine solution (phosphate buffer, pH 10) under an applied potential of 1.5 V (vs Ag/AgCl, KClsat ) during 2 minutes under constant sat stirring and, further used for the simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid (AA), uric acid (AU) and dopamine (DA). The analytical curves were obtained changing the concentration of the wished analyte, at constant concentration levels of the interferences: 1.0 x 10-4 mol L-1 (DA), 5.0 x 10-5 mol L-1 (UA) and 1.0 x 10-3 mol L-1 (AA). Detection limits were 1.4 x 10-6 mol L-1 , 2.5 x 10-5 mol L-1 and 1.1 x 10-7 mol L-1 for UA, AA and DA, respectively. Uric acid was determined in human urine, blood and serum samples without any previous treatment. Recovering percentages of 92 to 103 % were obtained.