Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:27:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alessandro Vicente de Brito.pdf: 1941314 bytes, checksum: 02ae4f04531b1125ea17ce2429e16ff5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-27 / The present essay provides law practitioners with an opportunity to widely reflect about validity of contracts formed in the electronic commerce by the Brazilian legal system s point of view. It offers subsides that facilitate a better understanding of the electronic form of contracting, while it points out distinctions between the electronic form and the written form of documents. It presents legal subsidies that contribute with the legal-technical analysis that tends to the solution of controversies related to the issue, especially controversies related to validity and enforceability of contracts formed in the electronic commerce. It searches to establish the notion of formal and material elements that limit the electronic contract s framework as valid, trying to identify the requirements that must be fulfilled in order to assure enforceability to such contracts, essentially those related to electronic document s signature. It analyzes particular principles of the electronic commerce, like functional equivalence and technological neutrality in order to exposure the importance s degree of such principles. Finally, it realizes that the Brazilian law does not preclude the occurrence of contracts in the electronic commerce. Through a not specific legal framework, but based upon general legal guidelines, there is strong basis above which such contracts can be considered valid and enforceable, fulfilled specific requirements / A presente dissertação proporciona aos operadores do direito oportunidade de ampla reflexão sobre a validade dos contratos celebrados no comércio eletrônico, sob a ótica do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. Oferece subsídios que favorecem a melhor compreensão da forma eletrônica de contratação, ao tempo em que ressalta distinções entre a forma eletrônica e a forma escrita dos documentos. Apresenta subsídios jurídicos capazes de contribuir com a análise técnico-jurídica tendente à solução de controvérsias relacionadas ao tema, notadamente aquelas que envolvem questões relacionadas à validade e à eficácia dos contratos celebrados no comércio eletrônico. Busca precisar a noção dos elementos materiais e formais delimitadores do enquadramento dos contratos eletrônicos como válidos, buscando identificar os requisitos que devem ser preenchidos para assegurar eficácia a tais contratos, essencialmente os relacionados à assinatura dos documentos eletrônicos. Analisa princípios próprios do comércio eletrônico, como a equivalência funcional e a neutralidade tecnológica a fim de expor o grau de importância de tais princípios. Constata, enfim, a realidade de que lei brasileira não impossibilita a celebração de contratos no comércio eletrônico. Por meio de um delineamento legal não específico, mas fundamentado em diretrizes legais de ordem geral, há forte base a partir da qual tais negócios sejam considerados válidos e eficazes, atendidos determinados requisitos

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Fernandes Reboucas.pdf: 1762465 bytes, checksum: c24702874e0089f3209df00130e1e298 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-24 / The present dissertation in the field of private law aims to bring some considerations regarding electronic contracts from the perspective of the validity of legal transactions (terms of validity), since, in the opinion of the writer, hiring through e-mail is just a question of form and does not have any impact on the categories of contracts nor their classification, which this modality should follow. Although this study is not intended to be exhaustive, it suggests new ways to analyze a contractual type that is quickly becoming the most prevalent in commercial, private and consumerist transactions, as with each passing year the community is becoming more accustomed to electronic media and leaves aside issues of subjective uncertainty in order to effectively conclude such contracts. As for electronic contracts, we propose to conduct the study by first describing the characteristics of such means of contracting and providing a critical analysis regarding the main concepts currently applied by legal doctrine. We will then tackle the issues pertinent to the formation of electronic contracts and the interpretation of contracts by national Courts with the goal of formulating proposals for their validity. This dissertation was written for the Masters Program in Civil Law at the Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo, and thereby engages in an indepth analysis of civil contracts and business relationships / A presente dissertação de mestrado em Direito Civil, tem por objetivo trazer algumas considerações sobre os Contratos Eletrônicos, porém analisando-os sob a ótica do plano da validade dos negócios jurídicos (requisitos de validade), uma vez que, no entender do examinando, a contratação por meio eletrônico é apenas uma questão quanto a forma, não impactando nas categorias dos contratos ou na sua classificação, a qual deverá se adequar a tal modalidade. Trata-se de estudo que não pretende esgotar a matéria, porém, sugerir novas análises sobre uma modalidade contratual que tende a, em brevíssimo espaço de tempo, se tornar no meio mais utilizado nas transações comerciais, cíveis e de consumo, uma vez que a cada ano que passa, a comunidade fica mais habituada aos meios eletrônicos, deixando de lado questões de insegurança subjetiva para efetivamente realizar tal contratação. Quanto aos contratos eletrônicos, nos propomos a realizar o estudo iniciando nas características de tal meio de contratação e uma análise crítica quanto aos principais conceitos atualmente aplicados pela doutrina. Na sequência, serão enfrentadas as questões quanto a formação do contrato eletrônico e a interpretação contratual pelos Tribunais pátrios com o objetivo de alcançar propostas para o plano da validade e alguns efeitos de eficácia do contrato eletrônico. A dissertação, por ter sido desenvolvida ao longo do mestrado em Direito Civil da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, tem por objeto uma análise mais aprofundada em relação aos contratos cíveis e de relação empresarial

The dissertation deals with the cutting-edge subject of electronic contracts, which have the potential to automatically process and control the access rights for (electronic) goods. The dissertation shows the design and the implementation of a rights expression exchange framework. The framework enables digital rights management systems to exchange electronic contracts with each other and thus, provides DRM system compatibility. The electronic contracts, which are formulated in a standardized rights expression language, serve as exchange format between different DRM systems. The dissertation introduces a methodology for the standardized composition, exchange and processing of electronic contracts respectively rights expressions. (author´s abstract)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-03-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:51:45Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 toledo_acpf_me_fran.pdf: 388455 bytes, checksum: 794f8ee1c6b4cbf1dbe3400479f44cfc (MD5) / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar a constituição do vínculo obrigacional por ocasião da celebração de contratos mediante o uso da tecnologia, mais especificamente, a rede mundial de computadores, denominada internet. Para tanto, foi feita a análise das leis civis e empresariais que regem o negócio jurídico e os contratos, de forma a verificar se são aplicáveis aos contratos celebrados pela internet, tecnologia que, com suas características peculiares, altera a percepção de conceitos tais como a territorialidade, a identidade das partes e o lugar da celebração ou execução das obrigações, essenciais para a aplicação do direito. Analisou-se os tipos de contrato celebrados pela internet quanto à manifestação da vontade das partes e ao momento de constituição do vínculo obrigacional. Examinou-se as tentativas no direito interno e externo de regulamentação dos contratos celebrados pela internet, também denominados contratos eletrônicos, para finalmente verificar-se a viabilidade da criação de leis e normas nessa área. Concluiu-se pela aplicação, os contratos celebrados pela internet, das normas civis e empresariais aplicáveis aos contratos em geral, bem como a viabilidade de criação de leis que visem a conferir segurança jurídica a esse tipo de contratação mediante o reconhecimento da validade e eficácia e força probante de tais contratos. / The objective of this research is to analyse the constitution of the obligational bond related to the contracts in which technology, specifically the world wide web, designated as internet, is used to perform the agreement. Therefore, it was analysed civil and commercial laws related to the legal acts and the contracts in general, in order to examine whether they are applicable to the contracts celebrated by the internet, considering that such technology presents peculiar characteristics that modify the perception of concepts such as territoriality, parties’ identity, celebration venue or place of execution of the obligations, which are essential for the application of law. It was examined the types of the contracts that are celebrated by means of the internet classified according to the way of expression of the parties’ will and to the moment of the constitution of the obligational bond. It was also analysed national and international laws for the regulation of the contracts celebrated by means of the internet, also called electronic contracts, to finally verify the feasibility of the creation of laws applicable specifically to this area. The conclusion of this research is for the application, to the contracts celebrated by means of the internet, of the civil and commercial laws applicable to contracts in general, in order to grant legal enforcement for this specific type of agreement by means of the express recognition of the validity, enforceability and capacity of proof of such contracts.

Orientador: Luiz Antonio Soares Hentz / Banca: José Carlos Garcia de Freitas / Banca: Euclides Celso Berardo / Resumo: Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar a constituição do vínculo obrigacional por ocasião da celebração de contratos mediante o uso da tecnologia, mais especificamente, a rede mundial de computadores, denominada internet. Para tanto, foi feita a análise das leis civis e empresariais que regem o negócio jurídico e os contratos, de forma a verificar se são aplicáveis aos contratos celebrados pela internet, tecnologia que, com suas características peculiares, altera a percepção de conceitos tais como a territorialidade, a identidade das partes e o lugar da celebração ou execução das obrigações, essenciais para a aplicação do direito. Analisou-se os tipos de contrato celebrados pela internet quanto à manifestação da vontade das partes e ao momento de constituição do vínculo obrigacional. Examinou-se as tentativas no direito interno e externo de regulamentação dos contratos celebrados pela internet, também denominados contratos eletrônicos, para finalmente verificar-se a viabilidade da criação de leis e normas nessa área. Concluiu-se pela aplicação, os contratos celebrados pela internet, das normas civis e empresariais aplicáveis aos contratos em geral, bem como a viabilidade de criação de leis que visem a conferir segurança jurídica a esse tipo de contratação mediante o reconhecimento da validade e eficácia e força probante de tais contratos. / Abstract: The objective of this research is to analyse the constitution of the obligational bond related to the contracts in which technology, specifically the world wide web, designated as internet, is used to perform the agreement. Therefore, it was analysed civil and commercial laws related to the legal acts and the contracts in general, in order to examine whether they are applicable to the contracts celebrated by the internet, considering that such technology presents peculiar characteristics that modify the perception of concepts such as territoriality, parties' identity, celebration venue or place of execution of the obligations, which are essential for the application of law. It was examined the types of the contracts that are celebrated by means of the internet classified according to the way of expression of the parties' will and to the moment of the constitution of the obligational bond. It was also analysed national and international laws for the regulation of the contracts celebrated by means of the internet, also called electronic contracts, to finally verify the feasibility of the creation of laws applicable specifically to this area. The conclusion of this research is for the application, to the contracts celebrated by means of the internet, of the civil and commercial laws applicable to contracts in general, in order to grant legal enforcement for this specific type of agreement by means of the express recognition of the validity, enforceability and capacity of proof of such contracts. / Mestre

La stabilité et le développement des nations dépendent grandement de leurs Infrastructures Critiques (IC). Vu leur importance, de nombreuses menaces guettent leurs systèmes d’information - aussi appelés Infrastructures d’Information Critiques (IIC) -, parmi elles: les atteintes à l’intégrité de leurs données et processus informatisés ainsi que les abus pouvant survenir au cours des collaborations avec d’autres parties. L’intégrité d’une information, qui est sa propriété de ne pas être altérée, est primordiale pour les IIC puisqu’elles manipulent et génèrent des informations devant nécessairement être correctes et fiables. Dans un contexte de mondialisation et d’ouverture, les IC ne peuvent évoluer sans collaborer avec leur environnement. Toutefois, cela n’est pas sans risques puisque les ressources qu’elles engagent peuvent faire l’objet de corruptions et de sabotages. Tentant de réduire les risques de corruptions pouvant émaner de l’intérieur comme de l’extérieur, nous avons œuvré à l’amélioration du mécanisme de contrôle d’accès. Incontournable, il vise à limiter les actions auxquelles peuvent prétendre les utilisateurs légitimes du système, conformément à la politique de sécurité de l’organisation. La pertinence et la finesse de cette dernière impacte grandement l’efficacité du mécanisme. Ainsi, les modèles de contrôle d’accès sont utilisés pour faciliter l’expression et l’administration desdites politiques. OrBAC est un modèle riche et dynamique, satisfaisant plusieurs besoins des IIC, en revanche il reste limité quant à la prise en charge de l’intégrité, aussi bien en contexte localisé que distribué. Ainsi, nous avons proposé une extension d’OrBAC pour les environnements localisés, Integrity-OrBAC (I-OrBAC), qui tient compte de contraintes réelles liées à l’intégrité pour statuer sur les requêtes d’accès. I-OrBAC intègre des paramètres issus de l’application de méthodes d’analyse de risques pour refléter les besoins des ressources passives et apprécier, à leur juste valeur, les habilitations des sujets. Cela nous a orientés vers une modélisation en multi-niveaux d’intégrité qui favorisera la priorisation des biens sensibles, comme la stipule les programmes de protection des IC. Dans I-OrBAC, les niveaux d’intégrité servent aussi bien à contraindre l’attribution des privilèges qu’à la rendre plus flexible : ces niveaux restreignent les accès pour garantir que seuls les utilisateurs chevronnés accèdent aux ressources sensibles, mais permettent aussi aux sujets de différents rôles de réaliser une même tâche, étant bien sûr assujettis à des niveaux seuils différents. Pour rendre I-OrBAC proactif - non limité à statuer uniquement sur les requêtes d’accès - nous avons proposé un algorithme qui vise à déterminer le sujet le plus adéquat, parmi les rôles prioritaires, pour la réalisation d’une tâche sans attendre que les sujets n’en fassent la requête. L’algorithme est décrit par un système d’inférence pour faciliter sa compréhension tout en favorisant la conduite de raisonnements logiques et la dérivation de conclusions. Nous avons proposé une implémentation de notre modèle dans le cadre d’une étude de cas tirée du projet européen FP7 CRUTIAL relatif aux réseaux de transport et de distribution d’électricité. Finalement, pour pallier les problèmes issus des collaborations, nous avons fait appel aux contrats électroniques pour étendre I-OrBAC aux environnements distribués - l’extension Distributed IOrBAC (DI-OrBAC). Ces pactes servent non seulement à définir le contexte, les clauses ainsi que les activités à réaliser mais aussi à prévenir l’occurrence de litiges et à les résoudre. Toutefois, nous avons dû concevoir des mécanismes adaptés à notre modèle I-OrBAC pour leur négociation et leur application. / Nations stability and development depend deeply on their Critical Infrastructures (CI). Given their importance, many threats target their information systems - also called Critical Information Infrastructures (CII) -, among them: the attacks against integrity of their data and computerized processes and the abuses that may occur during the collaborations with other parties. Information integrity, that is its property of not being corrupted, is paramount to the CII as they manipulate and generate information that must necessarily be correct and reliable. In the context of globalization and openness, CI cannot evolve without collaborating with their environment. However, this is not without risks, since their resources can be targets of corruptions and sabotages. Trying to reduce corruption risks that may occur both from inside and outside, we focused on improving the access control mechanism. Being necessary, it aims to limit the actions of the system legitimate users in accordance with the organization security policy. The relevance and the fine-grained property of the policy impact the effectiveness of the mechanism. Therefore, access control models are used to facilitate the expression and the administration of such policies. OrBAC is a rich and dynamic model, satisfying several CII needs; however it remains limited as to the support of integrity, both in local and distributed environments. Thus, we proposed an OrBAC extension for local environments, Integrity-OrBAC (IOrBAC), which takes into account real integrity constraints to rule on access requests. I-OrBAC includes some parameters extracted from the application of risk analysis methods to reflect passive resources needs and appreciate pertinently subjects’ clearances. This led us to a multi integrity levels modeling, that promotes the prioritization of sensitive resources just like the CI protection programs do. In I-OrBAC the integrity levels are used both to constraint the assignment of privileges and to make it more flexible: these levels restrict access to ensure that only experienced users access sensitive resources but also allow subjects of different roles to perform the same task, of course being subject to different threshold levels. To make IOrBAC proactive - not only being limited to ruling on access requests - we proposed an algorithm that aims to determine the most appropriate subject, among the priority roles, for achieving a task without waiting for subjects to request it. The algorithm is described by an inference system to ease its understanding while promoting the conduct of logical reasoning and deriving conclusions. We proposed an implementation of our model through a case study drawn from the FP7 European project (CRUTIAL) on electrical energy transmission and distribution. Finally, to address problems that arise from collaborations, we used electronic contracts to enrich and extend IOrBAC to serve in distributed environments - the extension is called Distributed I-OrBAC (DI-OrBAC). These agreements aim, on the one hand, to define the context, terms and activities to be achieved and serve, on the other hand, to prevent and resolve the disputes. However, we had to design appropriate mechanisms for our I-OrBAC model in order to lead correct negotiations and rigorous enforcement of these contracts.

Electronic contracts in the new technological age and electronic commerce have brought about world-wide legal uncertainty. When compared to the traditional paper-based method of writing and signing, the question has arisen whether contracts concluded by electronic means should be recognised as valid and enforceable agreements in terms of the functional equivalence approach. This study will examine the law regulating e-commerce from a South African perspective in contrast to international trends and e-commerce law from the perspective of the United States. The research investigates various aspects of contract formation such as time and place, validity of electronic agreements, electronic signatures, attribution of electronic data messages and signatures, automated transaction as well as select aspects of e-jurisdiction from a South African and United States viewpoint. / Mercantile Law / LLM

Electronic contracts in the new technological age and electronic commerce have brought about world-wide legal uncertainty. When compared to the traditional paper-based method of writing and signing, the question has arisen whether contracts concluded by electronic means should be recognised as valid and enforceable agreements in terms of the functional equivalence approach. This study will examine the law regulating e-commerce from a South African perspective in contrast to international trends and e-commerce law from the perspective of the United States. The research investigates various aspects of contract formation such as time and place, validity of electronic agreements, electronic signatures, attribution of electronic data messages and signatures, automated transaction as well as select aspects of e-jurisdiction from a South African and United States viewpoint. / Mercantile Law / LLM

L’information des opérateurs, professionnels ou non, est l’outil le plus important de la confiance dans l’économie numérique et les textes européens et nationaux se sont multipliés pour l’assurer de manière de plus en plus complète. L’étude s’attachera à inventorier selon les sources (droit commun, code de la consommation, législations spéciales) et classer les différentes obligations d’information en proposant diverses typologies selon leur nature, leur objet (la chose et le prix, la durée, les modalités) et leur rôle dans le processus contractuel (information précontractuelle, information sur la formalisation du contrat, la rétractation). Elle évoquera les difficultés liées à la combinaison des règles spéciales et des règles de droit commun (contradictions, variations, chevauchements). Dans le silence des textes spéciaux, elle traitera enfin des sanctions du non-respect de l’obligation d’information selon qu’il met en cause, ou non, la validité du consentement (nullité du contrat, inopposabilité). / Information for operators, professionals or not, is the main tool of confidence in the digital economy and the European and national texts have proliferated to reinforce this in a more and more comprehensive way. Based on its origins (common law, the Consumer Code, special laws), the study will seek to make an inventory and classify the different sources of information obligations by providing different typologies adapted to their nature or purpose (the object and its price, duration, terms) and their role in the contract process (pre-contractual information, information on the formalization of the contract, the withdrawal). It will discuss the difficulties associated with the combination of special rules and common law (contradictions, variations, overlapping). In the silence of specific texts, it will also cover the penalties for non compliance with the obligation of information depending on whether it questions or not the validity of the consent (void contract, unenforceable).

SweetDeal is a rule-based approach to representation of business contracts that enables software agents to create, evaluate, negotiate, and execute contracts with substantial automation and modularity. It builds upon the situated courteous logic programs knowledge representation in RuleML, the emerging standard for Semantic Web XML rules. Here, we newly extend the SweetDeal approach by also incorporating process knowledge descriptions whose ontologies are represented in DAML+OIL (the close predecessor of W3C's OWL, the emerging standard for Semantic Web ontologies), thereby enabling more complex contracts with behavioral provisions, especially for handling exception conditions (e.g., late delivery or non-payment) that might arise during the execution of the contract. This provides a foundation for representing and automating deals about services – in particular, about Web Services, so as to help search, select, and compose them. We give a detailed application scenario of late delivery in manufacturing supply chain management (SCM). In doing so, we draw upon our new formalization of process ontology knowledge from the MIT Process Handbook, a large, previously-existing repository used by practical industrial process designers. Our system is the first to combine emerging Semantic Web standards for knowledge representation of rules (RuleML) with ontologies (DAML+OIL/OWL) with each other, and moreover for a practical e-business application domain, and further to do so with process knowledge. This also newly fleshes out the evolving concept of Semantic Web Services. A prototype (soon public) i