<p>Detta examensarbete behandlar problemet med att testa inbyggda system i kontorsmiljö. För att göra detta och därigenom kunna göra anrop på det inbyggda systemets API, måste detta anrop skickas som ett seriellt datapaket över en seriell kommunikationslänk som TCP/IP.</p><p>Detta möjliggjordes genom att först upprätta en kommunikationslänk med protokollet TCP/IP, där användningen av POSIX-sockets tillämpades. För att packa ner och packa upp funktionsanropen till seriell data implementerades ett protokoll som följdes när detta utfördes. Hantering av data i samband med överföring över TCP/IP sköttes av ett protokoll vid namn BGSFP, ett protokoll som bygger på det tidigare protokollet TSFP.</p>

<p><p>Kitron had wishes to be able to test and measure how disturbance affects their vehicle electronic units before they have been verified by SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden in Borås. This work started with the writing of a demand specification together with Kitron for a product PSQS, Power Supply Quality Simulator, which can generate some test pulses according to a standard for electronic units to Volvos vehicles. A design proposal was developed with the help the demand specification and was verified with the help of simulations. All electric schematics was designed with the guide of the design proposal. The pulses realized in the works of this thesis are those which Kitron experienced that they have a need to test in their own premises and which are possible to generate with the means available. All work took place at Kitron in Jönköping, the restriction of the work has been the cost of components not to be to high as well as the finished product shall be easily managed. This thesis work resulted in a unit which is possible to produce a number of disturbances on the voltage feed to a unit under test. Some pulses have not been completely correct according to Volvos standard. There are large possibilities to further develop PSQS to a unit that follows Volvos standard and even other vehicle producer’s standards.</p></p>

<p>This document contains the development of an amplifier for an ECG-signal and interfacing it to wireless communication. The purpose of this project is to get a clear ECG-signal without any noise, save it and send it through wireless communication.A challenge of the wireless communication unit is to send as little information as possible to make the communication faster, without loss of information in the ECG-signal.The context for this project is the integration of wireless communication in medical applications for home healthcare. This means that, patients are no longer bound to a specific healthcare location where they are monitored by medical instruments. Wireless communication will not only provide them with safe and accurate monitoring, but also the freedom of movement.</p>

<p>Isolationsdiagnostik är ett redskap som är av stor betydelse för underhållsoptimering av elektriska anläggningar. Ett av de möjliga mått på isolationsförsämring som kan användas i diagnosticeringssyfte är partiella urladdningar. Det här examensarbetet beskriver ett modelleringsförsök av ett resistivt-kapacitivt nätverk för simulering av partiella yturladdningar i Matlab. Tyvärr blev försöket misslyckat på grund av ett oväntat stort beroende av högspänningskapacitanser på ytresistiviteten. Ytterligare ett försök genomfördes i COMSOL Multiphysics, ett program baserat på finita elementmetoden ämnat för simuleringar av fysikaliska processer. Den huvudsakliga nackdelen med COMSOL Multiphysics modellen är långa simuleringstider. Det visade sig vara möjligt att simulera urladdningar i COMSOL Multiphysics. Här modellerades ytresistansen med hjälp av ett resistivt skikt. Yturladdningar simulerades genom att ändra det resistiva skiktets konduktivitet. Här upptäcks ytterligare ett problem: mycket långa simuleringstider vid användandet av olinjära konduktivitetsuttryck som beror på det elektriska fältet.</p><p>Alla simuleringar, både i Matlab och COMSOL Multiphysics, utfördes på en dator med Intel dual-core processor: 2.13 GHz, 0.99 GB of RAM.</p> / <p>Insulation diagnostics is a very important tool in optimization of electric installations’ maintenance. One of the possible measures of insulation deterioration that can be used for diagnostic purposes are partial discharges. This thesis work describes an attempt to model a resistive-capacitive network for simulating partial surface discharges in Matlab. Unfortunately this attempt proved to be a failure due to an unexpectedly considerable dependency of high voltage capacitances on surface resistivity. Another attempt described here was performed in COMSOL Multiphysics, a finite-element based program for simulation of physical processes. The main drawback with COMSOL Multiphysics model is long simulation times. It proved to be possible to simulate discharges in COMSOL Multiphysics. Here surface resistance was modeled with the help of a resistive layer. Discharges were simulated by changing conductivity of the mentioned layer. Here another problem was discovered: very long simulation times when using non-linear, electric field dependent expressions for conductivity.</p><p>All the simulations, both in Matlab and COMSOL Multiphysics, were performed on a computer with Intel dual-core processor: 2.13 GHz, 0.99 GB of RAM.</p>

<p>In the high-end research process of wireless systems and in the race for the development of the new technologies, MIMO (Multiple Input, Multiple Output) is getting more attention now days. It has a high potential usage in the 3G and 4G communications and beyond. The MIMO based system has got the ability to increase the data throughput in spectrum-limited conditions. With the increase and complexity of wireless applications, the spectrum efficiency improvement in the physical layer will be saturated. MIMO is predicted to be one of the major features for the next generation wireless networking. This thesis work is a part of an ongoing project of the Generic MIMO decoder design carried out at the research laboratory, LESTER at Lorient, France. I was involved in the study of MIMO concepts, orthogonal and Space-time codes and later involved in the design and optimization of the architecture for the core operator for the ML decoder used in the reception of the MIMO system,which is presented in this report work.</p>

<p>The main goal in this thesis is to select and test Forward Error Correction (FEC) schemes suitable for network video transmission over RTP/UDP. There is a general concern in communication networks which is to achieve a tradeoff between reliable transmission and the delay that it takes. Our purpose is to look for techniques that improve the reliability while the realtime delay constraints are fulfilled. In order to achieve it, the FEC techniques focus on recovering the packet losses that come up along any transmission. The FEC schemes that we have selected are Parity Check algorithm, ReedSolomon (RS) codes and a Convolutional code. Simulations are performed to test the different schemes.</p><p>The results obtained show that the RS codes are the more powerful schemes in terms of recovery capabilities. However they can not be deployed for every configuration since they go beyond the delay threshold. On the other hand, despite of the Parity Check codes being the less efficient in terms of error recovery, they show a reasonable low delay. Therefore, depending on the packet loss probability that we are working with, we may chose one or other of the different schemes. To summarize, this thesis includes a theoretical background, a thorough analysis of the FEC schemes chosen, simulation results, conclusions and proposed future work.</p>

<p> </p><p>Examensarbetsuppgiften har gått ut på att genomföra en prestandajämförelse mellan en hård och en mjuk processorkärna integrerad i en FPGA, i detta fall, en Virtex4 FX12 från Xilinx.</p><p>System med de olika kärnorna har tagits fram, där antalet klockcykler för att genomföra olika beräkningar har mäts. Bland annat har algoritmen Fast Fourier Transform och dess invers beräknats för en vektor.</p><p>De kärnor som har provats är den mjuka MicroBlaze framtagen av Xilinx samt den hårda PowerPC 405. Prestandan för systemet med mjuk kärna var 65 % av det med hård kärna</p><p>Förutom prestandamätningarna har en vidare teoretisk jämförelse mellan kärnorna genomförts. Utifrån den har slutsatsen dragits att när man behöver små volymer av FPGA-kretsar eller flera olika beräkningar skall göras är FPGAer med hård kärna att föredra. Om det är större volymer eller bara ett fåtal typer av beräkningar som skall utföras är en mjuk kärna mest fördelaktig, främst av ekonomiska skäl. Likaså om krav finns på att processorarkitekturen är anpassad efter specifika önskemål.</p> / <p>The purpose of the master thesis has been implementation of a performance comparison between hard and soft CPU cores integrated in FPGA, in this case, a <em>Virtex4 FX12</em> from Xilinx.</p><p>Test designs for the various kernels have been developed, where the amount of clock cycles to carry out a set of calculations have been measured. In particular, the algorithm Fast Fourier Transform and its inverse have been studied.</p><p>The cores that have been tested are the soft MicroBlaze developed by Xilinx, and the hard PowerPC 405. The results state that the performance of the soft kernel was 65% of the hard one.</p><p>In addition to performance tests, a further theoretical comparison of the two kernels has been made. On the basis of the above it has been concluded that when small quantities of FPGA-circuits are needed or several different calculations have to be done, a hard core is preferable. If there are larger volumes needed or just a few types of calculations to be made, a soft core is advantageous, primarily for economic reasons, as is the case if there is requirement of a processor core tailored for specific needs.</p>

<p>This essay is divided in several different parts, but all are tied up together by a fact that we want to increase productivity. We hope to do that by programming the PLC and to reach this with a better security for the person how are going to handle the cutting machine under it’s cutting process. We should as well look for some other ways to come up with better instructions and way to work and handle yourself during work. This programming is done in GRAPH7. This is a sequence block program from Siemens.</p> / <p>Examensarbetet består av flera olika delar, som alla utgår från det faktum att man vill öka produktionen . Samtidigt vill man ha säkra maskiner som är användarvänliga. De ska även kunna uppdateras av personalen på plats. Min uppgift är att programmera en sådan maskins styrsystem med hjälp av en PLC. Det finns en maskin som redan används; men företaget funderar på att bygga en till, om det skulle behövas för att öka produktionen Det jag skall göra är att skapa ett program till en sådan maskin för att användas i framtiden. Ytterligare en uppgift var att fel söka den redan befintliga maskinen och komma med förslag på förbättringar.</p><p>Denna programmering gjordes i GRAPH 7 som är ett program från Siemens. Programmet är uppbyggt i sekvensblock.</p>

<p>En läskamera är ett synhjälpmedel där en kamera filmar ett läsbord och sen visar bilden på en skärm.Bilden går sedan att manipulera så att man t.ex. får svart text på grön bakgrund. Det går även attförstora texten. När konkurrensen ökar och kameran blir bättre med HD-teknik så måste ävenbelysningen, som lyser upp läsbordet, uppdateras. Dagens belysning är ojämn och man kan se ringarefter linserna. Det är även önskvärt att byta ut de halogenlampor som används idag.Rapporten behandlar hur olika ljusledare, reflektorer eller linser kan ge en bra och jämn ljusbild. Detär även viktigt att hitta en belysning som återger färger braFör att få ett flimmerfritt ljus konstrueras en pulsbreddsmodulator med hög frekvens. Den gör detäven möjligt att dimma manuellt eller reglera automatiskt för eventuella förändringar i allmänljuset.Att ljuset är jämnt över hela läsbordet är önskvärt för att få bästa bild. Vi undersökte även om ettprogram kan kompensera för infallande eller frånvarande av ljus. Programmet ska kunna överföras tillen FPGA monterad på ett kretskort.</p> / <p>A video magnifier is a visual aid where a camera is recording on a reading table and then shows thepicture on a display. The picture can then be manipulated so that you e.g. you get a white text on agreen background. You are also able to enlarge the text. As the competition increases and camerasbecome better with HD-technique the lighting that lights up the reading table has to be updated.Today's lighting is irregular and one can see rings after the lenses. It's also desirable to replace today'shalogen lamps.In the report, we check if it is possible that light conductors, reflectors and lenses can give a good andeven light picture. It is also important to find a lighting that reproduces colors in a satisfying way.In order to get a flicker free light we designed a pulse with modulator with high frequency. This makesit possible to dim manually or control automatically for changes in the regular light.The picture is at its best when the light is even over the entire reading table. We investigated in aprogram that might compensate for possible falling or lack of light. The program will be transferredinto an FPGA to enable it to be assembled onto a printed circuit board.</p>

In the high-end research process of wireless systems and in the race for the development of the new technologies, MIMO (Multiple Input, Multiple Output) is getting more attention now days. It has a high potential usage in the 3G and 4G communications and beyond. The MIMO based system has got the ability to increase the data throughput in spectrum-limited conditions. With the increase and complexity of wireless applications, the spectrum efficiency improvement in the physical layer will be saturated. MIMO is predicted to be one of the major features for the next generation wireless networking. This thesis work is a part of an ongoing project of the Generic MIMO decoder design carried out at the research laboratory, LESTER at Lorient, France. I was involved in the study of MIMO concepts, orthogonal and Space-time codes and later involved in the design and optimization of the architecture for the core operator for the ML decoder used in the reception of the MIMO system,which is presented in this report work.