O presente artigo tem como objeto as dinâmicas geradas pelos modelos de recrutamento empregados nas Supremas Cortes da Argentina e do Chile. Sendo tais modelos antagônicos, visto que na Argentina o recrutamento se dá por indicação presidencial, enquanto no Chile se configura uma cooptação indireta, busca-se compreender qual é o papel que assumem na institucionalização, hierarquização e independência dos poderes judiciais em questão. Parte-se da hipótese que o recrutamento por indicação presidencial estabeleceu na Argentina uma elite judicial integrada ao desenvolvimento sociopolítico do país, apesar de ter facilitado o cerceamento à independência do Judiciário pelo Executivo. Já a cooptação chilena, ainda que tenha assegurado a independência judicial, incentivou a formação de uma elite com traços aristocráticos, autocentrada e que dificulta a renovação da interpretação judicial, deixando o Judiciário anacrônico. A hipótese do presente artigo será sustentada através da apresentação de um panorama histórico-estrutural da institucionalização dos judiciários em questão, observando o efeito dos modelos de recrutamento adotados, e das disputas para defini-los, em sua hierarquização e independência. Também se recorrerá ao método prosopográfico para aprofundar a apreensão da relação entre os padrões de recrutamento das Corte Suprema e a evolução do poder judicial. / This article has as object the dynamics generated by the models of recruitment employed by Supreme Courts in Argentina and Chile. Once these models are antagonistic, since in Argentina's recruitment happens through presidential appointment, while in Chile, it is a result from indirect cooptation, this paper is sought to understand the role they play in the institutionalization, hierarchization and independence of the referred judicial powers. The main hypothesis points out the recruitment by presidential appointment, established in Argentina, has generated an attentive and integrated judicial elite, concerned to the socio-political development of the country, despite having facilitated the retrenchment of the Judiciary independence by the Executive. On the other hand, Chilean cooptation, although it has ensured judicial independence, encouraged the formation of an elite with aristocratic traits, self-centered and reluctant in renewing judicial interpretation, leaving the Judiciary anachronistic. The hypothesis of this article will be sustained by the presentation of a historical-structural overview of the institutionalization of the both judiciaries, observing the effect of the recruitment models adopted, and the disputes to define them, in their hierarchization and independence. The prosopographic method will also be used to deepen the understanding of the relationship between the Supreme Court's recruitment patterns and the evolution of the judiciary. / El presente artículo tiene por objeto la dinámica generada por los modelos de reclutamiento empleados en las Cortes Supremas de Argentina y Chile. Una vez que estos modelos son antagónicos, ya que en Argentina el reclutamiento es por indicación presidencial, mientras que en Chile es por una cooptación indirecta, se busca comprender el rol que desempeñan en la institucionalización, la jerarquización y la independencia de los poderes judiciales en cuestión. La principal hipótesis es que el reclutamiento por indicación presidencial estableció en Argentina una élite judicial integrada al desarrollo sociopolítico del país, a pesar de haber facilitado la reducción a la independencia del Poder Judicial por parte del Poder Ejecutivo. Por otro lado, la cooptación de Chile, a pesar de que aseguro la independencia judicial, promovió la formación de una élite con rasgos aristocráticos, centrada en sí misma y que dificulta la renovación de la interpretación judicial, dejando el poder judicial anacrónico. La hipótesis de este artículo será sostenida mediante la presentación de un panorama histórico-estructural de la institucionalización del poder judicial de Argentina y Chile, observando el efecto de los modelos de reclutamiento adoptados, y las disputas para definirlos, en su jerarquización e independencia. También se utilizará el método prosopográfico para profundizar la comprensión de la relación entre los patrones de reclutamiento de la Corte Suprema y la evolución del poder judicial.

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar a influência da elite empresarial local nas alternativas políticas para a cidade do Rio de Janeiro ao longo dos anos 1990. A importância de compreender o papel da elite empresarial carioca na construção de um projeto político para a cidade do Rio de Janeiro está pautada no postulado de que essa elite é peça fundamental para a projeção da cidade, atuando em várias esferas de poder, entre as quais o Executivo e o Legislativo estadual e municipal. A nossa investigação baseia-se, também, no fato de que os gestores da prefeitura, ao construir um projeto para cidade do Rio de Janeiro, estiveram atentos ao empresariado local, compondo parcerias. Neste sentido, a nossa pesquisa procurou analisar os aspectos políticos e ideológicos sobre os quais se fundamentaram tais parcerias. Tal influência ocorreu de diversas formas: projetos liderados pelos empresários cariocas, cargos no executivo e criação de conselhos empresariais para a resolução de determinados problemas da cidade. / The goal of this paper is to investigate the influence of the local business elite over the political alternatives for Rio de Janeiro city in the 1990`s. It is extremely important to understand the role of the carioca business elite in the process of creating a political project to Rio de Janeiro city, due to the fact that this elite is a key element to the projection of the city, since it exerts influence over the state and municipal Executive and Legislative powers. This research is also based on the fact that the municipal managers took into consideration the local businesses, with the intention of having them as partners, when the city's political project was idealized. This way, our research aims at analyzing the ideological and political aspects which lie behind such partnerships. This influence presented itself in different forms throughout the process: projects which were led by carioca enterpreneurs, positions in the Executive power and the creation of local business counselling committes responsible for dealing with some specific problems of the city.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work has for objective to comprehend the process of social and political insertion of german families in Santa Maria's society during the Empire and the first moments of Republic, covering a period about 60 years, since the first families of German immigrants had coming to Santa Maria around 1830, until the proclamation of the Constitution Riograndense July 14, 1891 . Through a dialog with the italian micro-history and utilising the metodology called prosopography, we will reconstruct the collective profile of 47 "germans" from Santa Maria's elite, belonging 16 local families, remaking the individual and collectives trajectories of some characters, in a vertical analysis, tracking their strategies for social inclusion, such as family ties and business, networks relationships, the economic activities that they developed and their performances in local politics. In this metodological exercise, we will elaborate a biographical questionnaire, with questions that will be apply in a standardized way for the documentation and bibliography about one each of characters from delimited group, constituting the database to guide our analysis. / Este trabalho tem por objetivo compreender o processo de inserção social e política de famílias de origem alemã na sociedade santa-mariense durante o Império e momentos iniciais da República, abrangendo um período de aproximadamente 60 anos, da chegada das primeiras famílias de imigrantes alemães à Santa Maria por volta de 1830, até a proclamação da Constituição Rio-Grandense de 14 de julho de 1891. Através de uma diálogo com a micro-história italiana e fazendo uso de ferramentas metodológicas da prosopografia, iremos traçar o perfil coletivo de 47 alemães da elite de Santa Maria, pertencentes a 16 famílias locais, reconstruindo as trajetórias individuais e coletivas de alguns daqueles sujeitos, numa análise verticalizada, rastreando suas estratégias de inserção social, como vínculos familiares e de negócios, redes de relações e compadrios, as atividades econômicas que desempenhavam e a atuação na política local. Neste exercício metodológico, elaboraremos um questionário biográfico, com questões que serão aplicadas de forma padronizada à documentação e bibliografia referente a cada personagem do grupo delimitado, constituindo o banco de dados que guiará nossa análise.

O presente artigo tem como objeto as dinâmicas geradas pelos modelos de recrutamento empregados nas Supremas Cortes da Argentina e do Chile. Sendo tais modelos antagônicos, visto que na Argentina o recrutamento se dá por indicação presidencial, enquanto no Chile se configura uma cooptação indireta, busca-se compreender qual é o papel que assumem na institucionalização, hierarquização e independência dos poderes judiciais em questão. Parte-se da hipótese que o recrutamento por indicação presidencial estabeleceu na Argentina uma elite judicial integrada ao desenvolvimento sociopolítico do país, apesar de ter facilitado o cerceamento à independência do Judiciário pelo Executivo. Já a cooptação chilena, ainda que tenha assegurado a independência judicial, incentivou a formação de uma elite com traços aristocráticos, autocentrada e que dificulta a renovação da interpretação judicial, deixando o Judiciário anacrônico. A hipótese do presente artigo será sustentada através da apresentação de um panorama histórico-estrutural da institucionalização dos judiciários em questão, observando o efeito dos modelos de recrutamento adotados, e das disputas para defini-los, em sua hierarquização e independência. Também se recorrerá ao método prosopográfico para aprofundar a apreensão da relação entre os padrões de recrutamento das Corte Suprema e a evolução do poder judicial. / This article has as object the dynamics generated by the models of recruitment employed by Supreme Courts in Argentina and Chile. Once these models are antagonistic, since in Argentina's recruitment happens through presidential appointment, while in Chile, it is a result from indirect cooptation, this paper is sought to understand the role they play in the institutionalization, hierarchization and independence of the referred judicial powers. The main hypothesis points out the recruitment by presidential appointment, established in Argentina, has generated an attentive and integrated judicial elite, concerned to the socio-political development of the country, despite having facilitated the retrenchment of the Judiciary independence by the Executive. On the other hand, Chilean cooptation, although it has ensured judicial independence, encouraged the formation of an elite with aristocratic traits, self-centered and reluctant in renewing judicial interpretation, leaving the Judiciary anachronistic. The hypothesis of this article will be sustained by the presentation of a historical-structural overview of the institutionalization of the both judiciaries, observing the effect of the recruitment models adopted, and the disputes to define them, in their hierarchization and independence. The prosopographic method will also be used to deepen the understanding of the relationship between the Supreme Court's recruitment patterns and the evolution of the judiciary. / El presente artículo tiene por objeto la dinámica generada por los modelos de reclutamiento empleados en las Cortes Supremas de Argentina y Chile. Una vez que estos modelos son antagónicos, ya que en Argentina el reclutamiento es por indicación presidencial, mientras que en Chile es por una cooptación indirecta, se busca comprender el rol que desempeñan en la institucionalización, la jerarquización y la independencia de los poderes judiciales en cuestión. La principal hipótesis es que el reclutamiento por indicación presidencial estableció en Argentina una élite judicial integrada al desarrollo sociopolítico del país, a pesar de haber facilitado la reducción a la independencia del Poder Judicial por parte del Poder Ejecutivo. Por otro lado, la cooptación de Chile, a pesar de que aseguro la independencia judicial, promovió la formación de una élite con rasgos aristocráticos, centrada en sí misma y que dificulta la renovación de la interpretación judicial, dejando el poder judicial anacrónico. La hipótesis de este artículo será sostenida mediante la presentación de un panorama histórico-estructural de la institucionalización del poder judicial de Argentina y Chile, observando el efecto de los modelos de reclutamiento adoptados, y las disputas para definirlos, en su jerarquización e independencia. También se utilizará el método prosopográfico para profundizar la comprensión de la relación entre los patrones de reclutamiento de la Corte Suprema y la evolución del poder judicial.

Esta pesquisa trata da formação e urbanização do município de Varginha, situado no Sul de Minas Gerais, do período de sua emancipação (1882) até 1920. Varginha foi uma das cidades sul-mineiras emancipadas num contexto de expansão da atividade da cafeicultura pelo estado, sendo elevada à categoria de vila justamente quando o Brasil como um todo passava por modernização de padrões de consumo, com destaque para o processo de urbanização, ou seja, a transição do século XIX para o século XX. Abordou-se o processo de urbanização do município por meio, sobretudo, de atas de Câmara, registros de imóveis e inventários post-mortem pertencentes ao município, formado pela cidade de Varginha e, na época, os distritos de Pontal e Carmo da Cachoeira. Com as atas da Câmara Municipal, foi destacado o processo de urbanização local conduzido pelos vereadores, com a aprovação de projetos e leis relativos às melhorias urbanas; por meio dos registros de imóveis, partindo de análises das transações de imóveis rurais e urbanos, foi possível compreender como parte da população lidava com as transformações do espaço urbano; por fim, com a utilização dos inventários post-mortem, considerando a estrutura de riqueza do conjunto de inventariados e de membros da elite, entendemos quem eram as personagens que mais se beneficiavam das transformações urbanas. Com esses três grupos de fontes primárias além de demais fontes e bibliografia empregadas na dissertação foi possível reconstruir a História Econômica de Varginha, dando atenção para as especificidades de seu processo de urbanização. Varginha passava por transformações em seu espaço urbano, porém, ao mesmo tempo, contava com grande peso de atividades ligadas ao campo, daí o processo de urbanização marcado pela presença de uma elite agrária. / This research describes the development and urbanization of the city of Varginha, located in southern Minas Gerais, from the period of their emancipation (1882) until 1920. Varginha was one of the emancipated towns from the south of Minas Gerais in a context of expansion of the coffee growing activity by the state, it was elevated to a village just when Brazil as a whole was undergoing modernization consumption patterns, highlighting the process of urbanization, that is, the transition from the nineteenth to the twentieth century. Its urbanization process was dealt with, mainly, by using records of the city council, property registrations and postmortem inventories belonging to the municipality, which was formed by the city of Varginha and, at the time, the districts of Pontal and Carmo da Cachoeira. With the records of the city council, the local urbanization process conducted by city councilors was highlighted, with the approval of projects and laws relating to urban improvements; by the property records, from analysis of rural and urban real estate transactions, it was possible to understand how a share of the population dealt with the transformation of urban space; finally, with the use of postmortem inventories, considering the wealth structure of the set of inventoried and members of the elite, we understand who were the characters who most benefited from the urban transformations. With these three groups of primary sources in addition to other sources and references used in the dissertation it was possible to reconstruct the Economic History of Varginha, focusing on the specifics of its urbanization process. Varginha was undergoing changes in its urban space, but at the same time, had a great amount of activities related to the countryside, hence the process of urbanization marked by the presence of agrarian elite.

Até a Ilustração, em decorrência da grande influência da religião no imaginário popular, das enormes limitações do saber médico e da ausência de serviço público de saúde, o êxito do processo de cura dos enfermos era predominantemente concebido antes de tudo como uma graça de Deus, concedida aos que fossem dignos de merecê-la. Por essa razão, a maior parte da população ficava entregue à sua própria sorte quando se via ameaçada pelas doenças. A partir de então, com o impulso dado à ciência, que já vinha sendo estimulada desde a Renascença, a elite médica começou a reformular as bases da medicina. Em meio a isso, foi mostrando a possibilidade de os problemas de saúde serem combatidos, inclusive preventivamente, por meio da combinação entre as técnicas de tal campo de conhecimento e ações governamentais. Assim, ela mobilizou-se para, por um lado, aprimorar os seus recursos contra as enfermidades com novas descobertas, por outro, elaborar propostas destinadas à melhora das condições da saúde pública, uma vez que essa melhora estava sendo cada vez mais compreendida como um pré-requisito do avanço da civilização e como uma necessidade humanitária. No Brasil, a elite médica que aqui atuou no século XIX, em sintonia com a reformulação do seu saber que estava ocorrendo na Europa e com alguns ideais da Ilustração, sobretudo o de progresso, empenhou-se para apresentar meios que pudessem superar a péssima situação sanitária do país. Dessa forma, seguindo a tendência de seus pares europeus, ela buscou promover a institucionalização da medicina, criando instituições de pesquisa e divulgação de conhecimento, para defender seus interesses corporativos e combater as causas que muito comprometiam a saúde dos indivíduos em geral, inclusive dos escravos. Entre elas, dedicou especial atenção àquelas que poderiam ser superadas com a mudança de costumes, tanto em relação ao corpo das cidades, quanto aos corpos dos seus habitantes. Com esse objetivo, os médicos que integravam a elite do seu campo de conhecimento no Brasil defenderam a intervenção governamental na vida social para impor novos hábitos condizentes com os preceitos da higiene à população, bem como a necessidade de a saúde ser transformada em objeto de interesse público, de acordo com o que estava ocorrendo na Europa desde a Ilustração, o que, com efeito, aos poucos foi aproximando o seu saber ao poder do Estado. Desse modo, eles acabaram, por meio dessa aproximação e do seu esforço destinado a promover uma reforma dos costumes prejudiciais à saúde, sendo convertidos na sociedade brasileira em um dos seus principais agentes reformadores a partir do século XIX. / Until the Enlightenment, due to the large influence of religion in peoples lives, the great limitations of medical knowledge and the absence of a decent public health service, the success of the healing processes was mainly conceived as Holy Grace, presented to those who were found worthy of it. Thus people were forced to rely on their own luck when threatened by diseases. From then on, with the throttle in science, which had already been encouraged ever since the Renaissance, the medical elite began to reformulate the basis of medicine. Meanwhile, it began to show a possibility of effective treatment for health problems, including preventive medicine through by combining its techniques along with governmental action. Hence it was mobilized so that on one hand it could develop its resources against diseases with new discoveries while on the other hand elaborating propositions to improve public health conditions, since it became clear that this was a requirement for the advancements in society and a human necessity. In Brazil, the medical elite had its major influence during the XIX century, in synchrony with the reformulating of its knowledge, the same went on in Europe enforced by Enlightenment ideals, particularly that of progress, working its way to change the decadent sanitary system of the country. Hence, following a European tendency, it struggled to promote the institutionalizing of medicine, creating research institutions and means to spread knowledge, to defend its corporative interests and fight the cause of health problems among the general public, including the slaves. Among which special focus was dedicated to those that could be overcome by the change of habits, in terms of city prospects, as well as its inhabitants. With this in mind, physicians who were part of the elite in their field of work in Brazil defended government intervention within social aspects to impose habits condescend with the hygienic precepts of the population, as well as the need of making health an object of public interest, accordingly to what had been happening in Europe since the Enlightenment, which, as a result, little by little approximated its knowledge to State power. Thus it was accomplished through this approximation and struggle destined to promote change in the habits which were prejudicial to health, having thus been converted in Brazilian society in one of its main reforming agents since the 19th century.

Både ospecifik akut- och kronisk ländryggssmärta (LBP) är stora problem världen över, både för den generella populationen och elitidrottare. Elitidrottare ställs för höga fysiska påfrestningar som kan påverka LBP. I studien undersöks prevalens av LBP hos elithandbollsspelare samt eventuella samband mellan enskilda variabler såsom exempelvis träningsmängd och spelpositioner och LBP hos elithandbollsspelare. Utöver detta undersöks även spelarnas bedömning av huruvida LBP påverkar deltagandet i idrotten. En webbaserad enkät skickades ut till elitklubbar i Handbollsligan, SHE och Allsvenskan. I studien deltog 91 individer, 46 män och 45 kvinnor. Frågorna i enkäten behandlade prevalens av LBP samt variabler som kan ha ett samband med LBP. Totalt hade 77% besvärats av LBP och 40% av dessa lider av kronisk LBP. En högre medianålder var signifikant associerat med LBP (p=0,044). Inga signifikanta skillnader syntes i fördelningstester mellan prevalent LBP och spelstil (kvinnor p=0,6 män p=0,4 totalt p=0,8), LBP och anfallsposition (kvinnor p=0,8 män p=0,3 totalt p=0,5), LBP och försvarsposition (kvinnor p=0,2 män p=0,8 totalt p=0,7). Logistisk regression påvisade inget signifikant samband mellan träningsmängd och LBP (p=0,1, odds-ratio 0,574, CI 0,296 – 1,11). Justering för ålder påverkade inte oddsen för LBP nämnvärt (p=0,1, odds-ratio 0,581, CI 0,294 – 1,14). Det syntes en stor diskrepans i huruvida spelarna missade träning och matcher jämfört med hur LBP påverkade deltagandet överlag. Inga signifikanta samband mellan spelstil, spelposition eller träningsmängd och LBP påvisades i studien. Det visas dock att LBP är vanligt förekommande inom svensk elithandboll men att deltagarantalet var för litet för att dra säkra slutsatser kring detta. / Both unspecific acute and chronic low-back pain (LBP) are global problems in the general public aswell as elite athletes. Elite-athletes are exposed to high physical demands which could affect LBP. This study investigated the prevalence of LBP in elite-handballers, associations between LBP and several variables such as handball-sessions/week and playing-position. Secondly, the study investigated if LBP impedes on players participation within sport. A web-based survey was sent to elite-clubs in Sweden’s highest divisions; Handbollsligan, SHE, Allsvenskan. A total of 91 players participated, 46 men and 45 women. The survey-questions investigated the prevalence of LBP and variables which could be associated with LBP. A total of 77% stated issues with LBP, 40% of these suffers from chronic LBP. A higher median age were associated with LBP (p=044). No statistical significance was found in Chi-2 tests between prevalent LBP and style of play (women p=0,6 men p=0,6 total p=0,8), LBP and offensive-position (women p=0,8 Men p=0,3 total p=0,5), LBP and defensive-position (women p=0,2 men p=0,8 total p=0,7). No significant association was found between handball-sessions/week and LBP (p=0,1, odds-ratio 0,574, CI 0,296 – 1,11). Adjustment for age did not affect the outcome mentionably (p=0,1, odds-ratio 0,581, CI 0,294 – 1,14). Many players experienced that LBP affected their participation overall but few missed matches and training because of LBP. No significant association between style of play, playing-position or handball-sessions and LBP was found. LBP is common in swedish elite-handballers, but the number of participants were too low to state this for certain.

Inequalities among top positions in the business sector are prominent and have been shown to partly be explained by social networks, which are prone to be built already during college. Social networks are a vital part of one’s socialization process, where gender and socialization, as well as gender and social networks within the fields of business, are insufficiently explored. Thus, the purpose of this study is to increase understanding of how students, in the context of elite business schools, think and act regarding their socialization process, and thus social networks. Further, we aim to explore the role of gender in these respects. To fulfil our purpose, we applied a qualitative research design by analysing 19 interviews. Our study shows that students have different patterns of socialization behaviour. These can be viewed as a scale, ranging from being extremely social to barely having friends at school, where male students make up the majority on both extremes and female students the majority in the middle. Students positioned towards the social end of the scale could benefit the most in their future careers, which both might help explain existing inequalities and give an opportunity to act for change. / Network and net worth. A longitudinal study of women’s and men’s social networks in Swedish business education and their effect on career outcomes

Introduction: Alpine skiing has changed since the 1990s and it is unclear what sport specific strength is within modern alpine elite skiing. Purpose: The aim of this study was to create a strength profile and to investigate what sport specific strength is within alpine elite skiers. Method: A total number of 24 participant took part in this cross-sectional study, where eleven alpine elite skiers were compared with thirteen well-trained strength athletes with different sports background. The participants were tested in squat jump (SJ), counter movement jump (CMJ), drop jump (DJ) as well as isometric, isokinetic concentric and isokinetic eccentric strength with different dynamic velocities. In addition to these tests, reaction strength index (RSI) and eccentric utilization ratio (EUR) were calculated. Correlation analyses were performed to investigate if there were any relationships between the jump test variables and the isometric and eccentric strength tests. Results: The SKI group jumped higher in relation to their bodyweight (BW) in SJ (P>0,01), CMJ (P>0,05) and DJ (P>0,01). The SKI group also showed significantly higher RSI values (P>0,05). For the strength tests, the SKI group performed significantly better in all the eccentric velocities (P>0,05), the isometric test (P>0,01) and in the slowest concentric velocity (P>0,01). The SKI group showed significantly higher strength values (P>0,05) in relative isometric strength with knee angles between 20°-60°, where the largest significant difference appeared at 25° (P>0,001). No significant differences were found in the absolute values in either the jump or the strength tests. Only moderate (r=0,30-0,49) significant (P>0,05) correlations were found between the fastest eccentric tests and the SJ and DJ within all athletes. No significant correlations were found within the SKI group alone. Conclusion: This study presented evidence that sport specific strength for alpine elite skiers may primarily consist of isometric strength, training in slow concentric velocities and general eccentric training. The results indicate that the sport specific strength for alpine elite skiers does not include concentric training in moderate and fast concentric movements.

This study aimed to investigate, analyze, and illuminate the perception and experiences of elite male handball players on toxic leadership in sports. The sport handball was chosen as a study object with a phenomenological approach. 9 individual interviews were conducted with 9 different elite male handball players who play in 9 different clubs in Handbollsligan, the top male division in Sweden. The chosen leadership theory was the toxic triangle theory, which entails that there need to be three different dimensions to toxic leadership: the destructive leader, the susceptible followers, and the conducive environment.  The results show that players have experienced toxic leadership. Three different aspects of toxic leadership were found and analyzed in this study. Firstly, destructive leaders exhibit abusive behavior, striving for personal power and manipulating other people within the organization. Secondly, players/followers who obey and conform to the leaders’ actions, experience negative emotions like anxiety, worry, and loss of self-esteem. Thirdly, the conducive environment that enables the leader’s destructive behavior has been discovered to be isolated, had a lack of communication, and was under the total rule of the destructive leader. In summary, this foretells the experiences of elite male handball players with toxic leadership.